Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
C¸c qu¸ tr×nh nhiÖt ®éng c¬ b¶n cña kLT& h¬i
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3.1.2
C¸c qu¸ tr×nh nhiÖt ®éng c¬ b¶n cña kLT& h¬i
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2.2.2
KhÝ lý t−ëng & Hçn hîp KLT
X¸c ®Þnh th«ng sè tr¹ng th¸i c¬ b¶n
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2.2.3
KhÝ lý t−ëng & Hçn hîp KLT
C¸c ®¹i l−îng ®Æc tr−ng
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2.2.3
KhÝ lý t−ëng & Hçn hîp KLT
C¸c ®¹i l−îng ®Æc tr−ng
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4.2.1 Chu tr×nh khÝ lý t−ëng
Chu tr×nh ®éng c¬ ®èt trong Ph©n lo¹i
- Th¶i nhiÖt
Th¶i nhiÖt ®¼ng ¸p: Tuabin khÝ, ®éng c¬ ph¶n lùc
Th¶i nhiÖt ®¼ng tÝch: §éng c¬ ®èt trong
- Nhiªn liÖu:
R¾n
Láng (§C¬ Otto dïng x¨ng, §c¬ Diesel dïng dÇu)
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4.2.1 Chu tr×nh KhÝ lý t−ëng
Chu tr×nh ®éng c¬ ®èt trong cÊp nhiÖt hçn hîp
ε= v 1
; ε ≈ 13 ÷ 18 λ =
p x ρ = v3
v 2 p 2
v x
q1 = CV(TX-T2) + Cp(T3-TX)=
CV.T1εk-1[(λ-1)+kλ(ρ - 1)] ,(j/kg)
q2 = -Cv(T4-T1)
= -Cv.T1 .[λ.ρk - 1] , (j/kg)
l =q1 - |q2|
= CV.T1εk-1[(λ-1)+kλ(ρ - 1)] -
Cv.T1(λρk - 1) , (j/kg)
λρ k − 1
η t = q = 1 − ε k −1 [(λ − 1) + kλ (ρ − 1)]
l 1
1
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4.2.1 Chu tr×nh KhÝ lý t−ëng
Chu tr×nh ®éng c¬ ®èt trong cÊp nhiÖt ®¼ng tÝch
ε= v ε ≈ 5÷7
p ρ =1
λ=
1 3
v 2 p 2
q1 = CV(T3-T2) =
CV.T1εk-1[λ-1] ,(j/kg)
q2 = -Cv(T4-T1)
= -Cv.T1 .[λ - 1] , (j/kg)
l =q1 - |q2|
= CV.T1εk-1[λ-1] - Cv.T1(λ - 1)
= CV.T1[εk-1-1].[λ-1] (j/kg)
η
l 1
= = 1 − k −1
t q1 ε
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4.2.1 Chu tr×nh KhÝ lý t−ëng
Chu tr×nh ®éng c¬ ®èt trong cÊp nhiÖt ®¼ng ¸p
ε= v1
; ε ≈ 13 ÷ 18 λ = 1 ρ = v 3
v 2 v 2
q1 = CP(T3-T2) =
CP.T1εk-1.(ρ - 1) ,(j/kg)
q2 = -Cv(T4-T1)
= -Cv.T1 .(ρk – 1) , (j/kg)
l =q1 - |q2|
= Cp.T1εk-1.(ρ - 1) –
Cv.T1(ρk - 1) , (j/kg)
1 ρ k −1
η t = q = 1 − ε k −1 k (ρ − 1)
l
1
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4.2.2 Chu tr×nh KhÝ lý thùc
Chu tr×nh h¬i
Superheated
q = i −i
1 3 2 |q |= i − i
2 4 1 l = q1−|q 2| = i − i
3
2
− (i 4 − i1) = (i3 − i 4) − (i 2 − i1)
l i − i − (i − i ) i − i
l pump = i2 − i1 << i3 − i4 = l turbine → l ≈ i −i η = q = ≈
3 4 2 1 3 4
3 4 t
i −i
1
i −i 3 2 3 1
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4.3
Chu t×nh ng−îc chiÒu
Chu tr×nh h¬i
Pk; tk
Po; to
qo lo
qk
|q |= |q | = i − i q2 = q0 =i1 − i4
1 k 2 3 q i − i |q | − l |q |
ε= = = = −1 = ϕ −1
0 1 4 1 0 1
l = |q | − q = i − i
0 1 2 2 1 l i −i
0 2 1 l l 0 0
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2.4.1
Kh«ng khÝ Èm
§Þnh nghÜa vμ ph©n lo¹i
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2.4.1
Kh«ng khÝ Èm
§Þnh nghÜa vμ ph©n lo¹i
C«ng thøc tÝnh to¸n
pV = GRT
G = Gk + Gh
T = Tk = Th
V = Vk = Vh
p = p k + ph
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2.4.2
Kh«ng khÝ Èm
C¸c ®¹i l−îng ®Æc tr−ng
1. §é Èm tuyÖt ®èi
KÝ hiÖu: ρ §¬n vÞ ®o: kg/m3
ρ = Gh/V = Gh/Vh = ρh
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2.4.2
Kh«ng khÝ Èm
C¸c ®¹i l−îng ®Æc tr−ng
2. §é Èm t−¬ng ®èi
KÝ hiÖu: ϕ §¬n vÞ ®o: - ; [%]
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2.4.2
Kh«ng khÝ Èm
C¸c ®¹i l−îng ®Æc tr−ng
3. §é chøa h¬i
KÝ hiÖu: d §¬n vÞ ®o: kgh/kgk; gh/kgk
§Þnh nghÜa = mh¬i n−íc trong kk© øng víi 1kgkk kh«
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2.4.2
Kh«ng khÝ Èm
C¸c ®¹i l−îng ®Æc tr−ng
4. Entanpy
I = ik + d.ih
= t + d.(2500 + 1,93.t) (*)
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5.3
DÉn nhiÖt æn ®Þnh kh«ng cã nguån trong
DÉn nhiÖt qua v¸ch ph¼ng nhiÒu líp
t t1 − t 2 t 2 − t3 t 4 − t3
q1 = q2 = q3 =
R1 R2 R3
q1 q2 q3
Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3
1 2 3 4 F1 = F2 = F3
q q = q1 = q2 = q3
t1 − t n+1
q= n
δi
δ1
λ1
δ2
λ2
δ3
λ3
x ∑
i =1 λi
V1 − V4 V2 − V3
i Rd1 Rd2 Rd3 i= =
Rd 1 + Rd 2 + Rd 3 Rd 2
V1 V2 V3 V4
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5.3
DÉn nhiÖt æn ®Þnh kh«ng cã nguån trong
DÉn nhiÖt qua v¸ch ph¼ng nhiÒu líp
q1 q2 q3
1 2 3 4 δ1
t1 − t 2 = Δt1 = q
q
λ1
δ1 δ2 δ3 x
λ1 λ2 λ3
δ2 δ1 δ 2
t3 = t 2 − q = t1 − q ( + )
λ2 λ1 λ2
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5.3
DÉn nhiÖt æn ®Þnh kh«ng cã nguån trong
DÉn nhiÖt qua v¸ch trô 1 líp
dt
t Q = −λ 2πrl dt = −
Q dr
dr 2πλl r
λ1 Q
t=− ln r + C t = t1 = −
Q
ln r1 + C
2πλl 2πλ
ql
Q r ql d
t = t1 − ln = t1 − ln
2πλl r1 2πλ d1
R1
R2 x
ql =
(t1 − t 2 )
1 d2
; W
m
[ ] Q = ql .l ; [W ]
ln
2πλ d1
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5.3
DÉn nhiÖt æn ®Þnh kh«ng cã nguån trong
DÉn nhiÖt qua v¸ch trô nhiÒu líp
(t1 − t 2 ) (t 2 − t3 )
ql ,1 = ql , 2 =
1 d2 1 d3
t ln ln
2πλ1 d1 2πλ2 d 2
(t3 − t 4 )
q1 q2 q3 ql ,3 =
1 d4
ln
2πλ3 d 3
1 2 3 4 q
Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3
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6.2
HÖ sè táa nhiÖt ®èi l−u vμ ph−¬ng ph¸p x¸c ®Þnh
Tiªu chuÈn ®ång d¹ng
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6.3
Trao ®æi nhiÖt ®èi l−u tù nhiªn
Trong kh«ng gian v« h¹n
α↑ 30%
α↓ 30%
q λtd
q= (t w1 − t w2 ); W m 2
δ
λtd = ε dl .λ
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6.4
Trao ®æi nhiÖt ®èi l−u C−ìng bøc
Khi l−u chÊt chuyÓn ®éng trong èng
ChÊt láng:
Nuf = 0,5.Ref0,5.Prf0,38.(Prf/Prw)0,25.εϕ khi Re = 5 ÷ 103
Nuf = 0,25.Ref0,6.Prf0,38.(Prf/Prw)0,25.εϕ khi Re = 103÷ 2.105
Kh«ng khÝ:
Nuf = 0,216.Ref0,6.εϕ khi Re = 103÷ 2.105
Nuf = 0,43.Ref0,5.εϕ khi Re = 5 ÷ 103
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6.4
Trao ®æi nhiÖt ®èi l−u C−ìng bøc
Khi l−u chÊt chuyÓn ®éng ngoμi èng
0.9
ε0.8
ϕ
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
ϕ 90
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6.4
Trao ®æi nhiÖt ®èi l−u C−ìng bøc
Khi l−u chÊt chuyÓn ®éng ngoμi chïm èng
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6.4
Trao ®æi nhiÖt ®èi l−u C−ìng bøc
Khi l−u chÊt chuyÓn ®éng ngoμi chïm èng
S2
Ngoµi chïm èng song song:
S1
α3= α4 = …= αn
α1 = 0,6.α3; α + α 2 + (n − 2).α 3 n − 0,5
α= 1 = α3
α2 = 0,9.α3 n n
εs = (S2/d)0,15
S2
Ngoμi chïm èng sole
S1 α3= α4 = … = αn
α1 = 0,6.α3; α = α1 + α 2 + (n − 2).α 3 =
n − 0,7
α3
α2 = 0,7.α3 n n
εs = (S1/S2)1/6 khi S1/S2 < 2
= 1,12 khi S1/S2 >=2
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6.5
Trao ®æi nhiÖt khi s«i
Sù phô thuéc cña q, α vμo Δt trong qu¸ tr×nh s«i
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6.5
Trao ®æi nhiÖt khi Ng−ng
C¸c c«ng thøc tÝnh tãan
- C«ng thøc hiÖu chØnh khi bÒ mÆt ng−ng nghiªn 1 gãc ϕ so víi
ph−¬ng th¼ng ®øng αϕ = α 4 cos ϕ
r . ρ l . g .λ l
3
- HÖ sè táa nhiÖt (èng n. ngang) α = 0 , 728 .4
ν l .(t s − t w ).d
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7.1
C¸c kh¸i niÖm c¬ b¶n
Kh¸i niÖm, ®Æc tr−ng vμ ®Æc tÝnh cña bøc x¹
q12 = E12=Ehd1-Ehd2
T1 E12 Ehd1=E1+(1-A1)Ehd2
T2
A1 Ehd2=E2+(1-A2)Ehd1
A2
F1
F2 E1=ε1Co(T1/100)4
E2=ε2Co(T2/100)4
1 ⎡⎛ T1 ⎞ ⎛ T2 ⎞ ⎤
4 4
q12 = CO ⎢⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ ⎥
+ − 1 ⎢⎣⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎥⎦
1 1
ε1 ε2
1
ε qd =
1 1
+ −1
ε1 ε2
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7.2
Trao ®æi nhiÖt bøc x¹ gi÷a c¸c vËt
Trao ®æi nhiÖt gi÷a 2 vËt bäc nhau
Q: 1→2: Q1 Q12=Qhd1-Qhd2
1 ⎡⎛ T1 ⎞ ⎛ T2 ⎞ ⎤
4 4
Q12 = CO F1 ⎢⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ ⎥
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ F1 ⎢
⎣⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎥⎦
+ ⎜⎜ −1⎟⎟
ε1 ⎝ ε 2 ⎠ F2
1 ⎡ ⎛ T1 ⎞ ⎛ T2 ⎞ ⎤
4 4
⎡⎛ T ⎞ 4 ⎛ T f ⎞ 4 ⎤
ε wCO ⎢⎜ w ⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎥⎦
α bx =
Tw − T f
qbx = α bx .(Tw − T f )
q’
Q=α.F.Δt =αbx.F.Δt +αdl.F.Δt = (αbx+ αdl).F.Δt
αdl αbx α = αbx+ αdl
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8.1
TruyÒn nhiÖt
TruyÒn nhiÖt qua v¸ch ph¼ng 1 vμ nhiÒu líp
qα1 q1 q2 q3 qα2
tf1 Q = K.F.ΔT = F.ΔT/R
tf2
1 2 3 4
q
δ1 δ2 δ3
λ1 λ2 λ3
x
i
Rα1 Rd1 Rd2 Rd3 Rα2
Vf1 V1 V2 V3 V4 Vf2
1 1 1 1
k= = = =
1 δ1 δ 2 δ 3 1
+ + + + Rα 1 + R1 + R2 + R3 + Rα 2 ∑ Ri R
α1 λ1 λ2 λ3 α2
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8.1
TruyÒn nhiÖt
TruyÒn nhiÖt qua v¸ch trô
Tw1 Tw2
Qα1 = Qλ = Qα2 = Q
α1 α2
Tf1
λ
δ Tf2 Q=
1
1
δ 1
(t f1 − t f 2 ) = kc (t f 1 − t f 2 )
+ +
α1 F1 λF1 α 2 F2
F1 F2
q1 =
Q
=
1 δ
1
1 F
(tf1 −tf 2)=
1 δ
1
1
(t f 1 − t f 2 )
F1 + + 1
+ +
α1 λ α 2 F2 α1 λ α 2 .ε c
q2 =
Q
=
1 F
1
δ F 1
(tf1 −tf 2)=
1
1
δ 1
(t f 1 − t f 2 )
F2 2
+ 2
+ .ε c + .ε c +
α1 F1 λ F1 α 2 α1 λ α2
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8.1
TruyÒn nhiÖt
Gi¶i ph¸p t¨ng c−êng truyÒn nhiÖt, c¸ch nhiÖt
Tf1
λ
δ Tf2 Q=
(t f1 −tf 2) Tf1
λ
δ Tf2
1 δ 1
+ +
F1 F2 α1 F1 λF1 α 2 F2 F1 F2
l
- T¨ng c−êng dÉn nhiÖt:
- T¨ng c−êng T§N §L:
- T¨ng c−êng T§N BX:
- NÕu α1>>α2 hoÆc α1<<α2 →t¨ng αnháhoÆc εc
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8.1
TruyÒn nhiÖt
C¸ch nhiÖt cho v¸ch trô
Tw1 Tw2
Q=
−tf 2) (t f1
=
(t f 1 − t f 2 )
α1 α2 1 1 d 1 d 1 1 d 1
+ ln 2 + ln cn + A+ ln cn +
πα1d1 2πλ1 d1 2πλ2 d 2 πα2 dcn 2πλ2 d 2 πα2 dcn
λ1 λcn
Tf1 Tf2
R RΣ
F1 F2
Rα
Rλ
d1 = d2 dth dcn
λcn α 2 .d th
d th = 2. ; hay =2
α2 λcn
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8.2
thiÕt bÞ trao ®æi nhiÖt
§Þnh nghÜa vµ ph©n lo¹i
-
'
t
1 KÝ hiÖu
L−u chÊt cã nhiÖt ®é cao: 1
' ''
t 2 t 2
L−u chÊt cã nhiÖt ®é thÊp: 2
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8.2
thiÕt bÞ trao ®æi nhiÖt
C¸c ph−¬ng tr×nh c¬ b¶n tÝnh to¸n thiÕt bÞ trao ®æi nhiÖt
''
F t 2
''
t'
1
2
k t 1
1
G1
'
t 2 G2
Q = Q1 = Q2 = Qk
1 α1.α 2 ⎛ W ⎞
k= ≈ ; ⎜ 2 ⎟
1 δ 1 α1 + α 2 ⎝m K ⎠
+ +
α1 λ α2
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8.2 thiÕt bÞ trao ®æi nhiÖt
X¸c ®Þnh ®é chªnh nhiÖt ®é trung b×nh cña thiÕt bÞ trao ®æi nhiÖt
'' '
t 2
t
2
'' '
'
t t 1 t ''
1 1 t
1
' ''
t2 '
t2
t 1 Δt 2 − Δt1
Δt =
' Δt 2
'' ln
t 2 t 2 Δt1
'' Δtcn = ε .Δt nc
t 1
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8.2 thiÕt bÞ trao ®æi nhiÖt
X¸c ®Þnh ®é chªnh nhiÖt ®é trung b×nh cña thiÕt bÞ trao ®æi nhiÖt
''
t
2 ' ''
' t'' t
1 t
1
t
1
1
'
t
2
''
t
2
'
t 2
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8.2 thiÕt bÞ trao ®æi nhiÖt
X¸c ®Þnh ®é chªnh nhiÖt ®é trung b×nh cña thiÕt bÞ trao ®æi nhiÖt
'
t
2 t '
1
'
t
1
''
t t ''
1 1
''
t '' t
2 '
t
2 2
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