Meritus Academy M6 Class 5 notes

Geometry (1)

1. Lines

A line extends infinitely and is named by labeling two points on the line with capital letters or by putting
a lower case letter near it. Both are illustrated below:

1) Parallel Lines: Parallel lines have the same slope:

If they are always the same distance apart (called "equidistant"), and will never meet.

1) A Transversal is a line that crosses at least two other

lines.

2) The angles in matching corners are

called Corresponding Angles. It makes an “F” pattern.

3) The pairs of angles on opposite sides of the transversal

but inside the two lines are called Alternate Interior
Angles. It makes a “Z” pattern.

4) The pairs of angles on one side of the transversal but

inside the two lines are called Co-interior Angles. They
add up to 180 degrees.

2) Perpendicular Lines

Perpendicular lines intersect at right angles:


The symbol AB , which includes the arrow heads at both ends
indicates the whole line where AB , which does not have the arrow
heads, indicates a line segment, which is finite in length (only the
part of the line from A to B).

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Meritus Academy M6 Class 5 notes
2. Angles

1) Types of Angles

Right angle A right angle is one that measures

exactly 90 degrees:

Acute angles An acute angles is one that measures

between 0 degrees and 90 degrees:

Obtuse angle An obtuse angle is one that measures

between 90 degrees and 180 degrees:

Straight angle A straight angle is one that measures

exactly 180 degrees:

Complementary Two angles adding up to 90° are called

Angles complementary angles.
∠ABD + ∠DBC are Complementary.

Supplementary Two angles adding up to 180° are called

Angles supplementary angles.
∠ABD + ∠DBC are Supplementary

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Meritus Academy M6 Class 5 notes

Example 1:

What is the complementary angle to 68 degrees? *Complimentary angles sum up to be 90.

Basically we need an angle that when adding it to 68 we get 90.

Let’s set it up and solve it algebraically, letting x be the missing angle and see what we get:

The complimentary angle to 68 degrees is 22 degrees.

Example 2:

What is the supplementary angle to 125 degrees? *Supplementary angles sum up to be 180.
Basically we need an angle that when adding it to 125 we get 180.

Let’s set it up and solve it algebraically, letting x be the missing angle and see what we get:

The supplementary angle to 125 degrees is 55 degrees.

2) Vertical angles

Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two lines cross. They are equal.

Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two lines
cross.

In this example, a° and b° are vertical angles, and they are equal.

The interesting thing here is that vertical angles are equal: a° = b°

Example: Find angles a°, b° and c° below:

Because b° is vertically opposite 40°, it must also be 40°

A full circle is 360°, so that leaves 360° - 2 × 40° = 280°

Angles a° and c° are also vertically opposite, so must be equal,

which means they are 140° each.

Answer: a = 140°, b = 40° and c = 140°.

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Meritus Academy M6 Class 5 notes

3. Polygons

A polygon is a closed figure composed of three or more line segments that intersect at their endpoints.
The intersection at the endpoints is called the vertex.

Keep in mind that the number of sides and number of interior angles of a polygon are the same.
Polygons are named by the number of sides they have.

Two common polygons are

Triangle (3 sides) Quadrilateral (4 sides)

The sum of the measures of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is (n - 2) ∙ 1800.

1) The sum of the measures of the angles of any triangle always equals 180 degrees.

2) The sum of the measures of the angles of any quadrilateral always equals 360 degrees

Example 1
If a triangle has 3 sides, what would be the sum of the measures of the interior angles?
(n − 2)(1800 ) = (3 − 2)(1800 ) =
1800 .

Example 2
What would be the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a pentagon? What would be the
measure of each interior angle of a regular pentagon?

Putting 5 into the sum of the measures of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon formula we get:

So for any pentagon, whether it is regular or not, the sum of the measures of the interior angles is 540
degrees. Next we need to figure out what would be the measure of each interior angle of a regular
pentagon.

Since we are talking specifically about a regular pentagon that means all interior angles have the
same measure. And since the total of those measures is 540, what do you think the measure of each
interior angle is? Just divide the total, 540 by the number of angles, in this case 5, and 5400 ÷ 5 =
1080 .

4. Types of Triangles

1) The following three types of triangles are categorized by their angles:

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Meritus Academy M6 Class 5 notes

Acute triangle Obtuse triangle Right triangle

An acute triangle is a triangle An obtuse triangle is a triangle A right triangle is a triangle that
that has three acute angles: that has one obtuse angle: has a right angle:

2) The following three types of triangles are categorized by their sides:

Isosceles triangle Equilateral triangle Scalene triangle

An isosceles triangle is a An equilateral triangle is one that A scalene triangle is a triangle

triangle that has two equal has three equal sides: where no two sides are equal in
sides: length:

5. Quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral is a four sided polygon. Some of the more common quadrilaterals are:

Rectangle Parallelogram Trapezoid

A rectangle is a quadrilateral in A parallelogram is a quadrilateral A trapezoid is a

which the opposite sides are in which opposite sides are parallel quadrilateral in which one
equal in length and parallel to and have equal length and opposite pair of opposite sides are
each other and the four interior interior angles have the same parallel:
angles are each 90 degrees: measure:

Note that a square is a special Note that rectangles are a special

type of rectangle, one in which type of parallelograms.
all four sides are equal to each
other

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Meritus Academy M6 Class 5 notes

6. How to find unknown angles

• A quadrilateral is a polygon that has 4 sides and 4 angles.

• The sum of the measures of the angles of any quadrilateral always equals 360 degrees.

Solve:
Example 1:
80 +68+ 118 +? = 360

266 + ?=360

360 -266 = ?

? = 94

The sum of the measures of the angles of any

quadrilateral always equals 360 degrees.
Solve:
Example 2:
110 + 90 + 90 +? = 360

290 + ?=360

360 - 290 = ?

? = 70
The sum of the measures of the angles of any
quadrilateral always equals 360 degrees.

7. Triangles
Pythagorean Theorem

In a right angled triangle: the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other
two sides.

a2 + b2 = c2

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Meritus Academy M6 Class 5 notes

Example: Solve this triangle.

a2 + b2 = c2

52 + 122 = c2 , 5 + 144 = c2,

c2 = 169, c = √169, c = 13

► Let’s review the formulas for finding the area of polygons.

Name Shapes Formula

Area = Length  Width

A=l ⋅ w
Rectangle: Perimeter = 2  Lengths + 2  Widths
P = 2l + 2w

Area = Base  Height

Parallelogram
a = b⋅h

1
Area = of the base  the height
2
1
a= b⋅h
Triangle 2
Perimeter = a + b + c
(add the length of the three sides)

(b1 + b 2) h
1
=A
Trapezoid 2
Perimeter = a + b1 + b2 + c
P = a + b1 + b2 + c

The distance around the circle is a

circumference. The distance across the circle is
the diameter (d). The radius (r) is the distance
Circle from the center to a point on the circle.
( pi= π ≈ 3.14 ) More about circles.
d = 2r, c = π×d = 2π×r,
A = π×r2

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Meritus Academy M6 Class 5 notes

► Volume (V) and Surface Area (SA) Formulas

Name Shapes Formula

V = lwh
Rectangular Solid
SA =2lh + 2hw + 2lw
SA: Surface Area

V = π r 2h
Cylinder

SA 2π rh + 2π r 2
=

4
V = π r3
Sphere 3
=
SA 4=π r2 π d 2

►Questions in class:

1. How many times would a piece of paper need to be folded in half to create 64 layers?

2. If the radius of a circle is increased 100%, by how much is the area increased?

3. If ABC is an equilateral triangle, what is the sum of the measures of angles: a + b + c + d.

fig.3

4. I have some very beautiful ceramic tiles that were given to me. They are all in the shape of little right
triangles as shown in fig.4. I want to use them to cover all of a coffee table top that is 44 inches by 24
inches. How many of my triangular tiles will I need to make the coffee table top?

fig.4

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Meritus Academy M6 Class 5 notes

5. Here are 3 views of a die. The faces have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 dots. How many dots are opposite the side
with 6 dots?

fig.6

6. The sides of a square are increased by 5 m to make a new square whose area is 400 sq. m. What is the
perimeter of the old square?

7. ABCF is a trapezoid. ABDE is a square. Line segments FE, ED, and DC are all equal in length. Line
segment AB is 5 cm in length. What is the area of trapezoid ABCF?

fig.7
8. Square ABCD has a perimeter of 8 cm. If a circle is inscribed in the square as shown, what is the area
of the circle?

fig.8

9. What is the minimum number of triangles needed to form the hexagon in the diagram? How about
Octagon and decagon? Develop an expression for finding the minimum number of triangles needed to
form a nth-sided polygon.