1.When an ice cube in a glass of water melts, the water level: 6.lWater boils faster - This is incorrect.
This is incorrect. Water boils at the same
a. falls - This choice is not correct. When the ice cube melts, it turns into
liquid water, which occupies the same volume as the ice, so the water
level doesn't fall.
b. rises - This is the correct choice. When the ice cube melts, it adds an
equivalent volume of liquid water to the glass, causing the water level to
rise.
c. remains the same - This choice is not correct. As mentioned earlier,
when the ice melts, it increases the volume of water in the glass, causing
the water level to rise.
d. varies - This choice is not specific and does not provide a clear
explanation. The change in water level when ice melts is a well-defined
phenomenon; it rises.
So, the correct answer is b. rises, because the water level in the glass
increases when the ice cube melts.
2.When two pots of the same size are filled with boiling water, one
colored white and the other black, the water will cool at different rates
due to their colors.
a. Will cool at the same rate - This choice is not correct. The water in the
black pot will cool faster than the water in the white pot.
b. In black pot - This is the correct choice. The black pot absorbs and
radiates heat more efficiently than the white pot, so it will lose heat to
its surroundings more quickly, causing the water inside to cool faster.
c. In white pot - This choice is not correct. The white pot reflects more
heat and absorbs less, so it will retain heat longer than the black pot,
causing the water inside to cool more slowly.
d. In both pots - This choice is not correct. The rate at which water cools in
each pot is influenced by the pot's color, so they will cool at different
rates.
So, the correct answer is b. In the black pot, the water will cool faster due
to its color's heat-absorbing properties.
3.Gametes (a) are the sex cells (sperm and egg) that carry genetic
information from parents, but they do not determine specific traits like
height.
Alleles (b) are different versions of genes and are involved in determining
traits, but they are not the primary carriers of genetic information from
parents to offspring.
Chromosomes (c) are structures in cells that contain genes. While they
play a role in the transmission of genetic information, they are not directly
responsible for the inheritance of specific traits.
Genes (d) are the units of heredity that carry information for specific
traits. In the case of inheriting tallness from your father, it's the genes
related to height that are passed from one generation to the next.
So, genes are the most direct and accurate answer to this question as they
carry the specific information responsible for the inheritance of physical
traits like height.
4.The handle of a spoon dipped in a cup of hot water becomnes warm.
What is the method of heat transfer?
Condensation (a) is a phase change from a gas to a liquid and is not
relevant in this context.
Convection (b) is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids
(liquids or gases). It doesn't apply when a spoon handle is simply placed in
hot water without significant fluid motion.
Radiation (c) is the transfer of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves
(e.g., heat from the sun). It doesn't typically apply to objects in contact
with each other.
Conduction (d) is the process of heat transfer through direct contact
between objects with different temperatures. In this case, the spoon
handle becomes warm when placed in hot water because heat is
transferred from the hot water to the spoon handle through direct
contact, which is an example of conduction.
to describe the overall process of removing broken rock pieces from the
temperature in a pressure cooker as it does in an open pot. The boiling
speed doesn't change.
II. It raises the boiling point of water - This is correct. A pressure cooker
increases the pressure inside, which raises the boiling point of water. This
higher boiling point allows food to cook at higher temperatures.
III. It raises the cooking temperature of food - This is correct. Because of
the increased pressure in a pressure cooker, the temperature inside can
exceed the normal boiling point of water, leading to faster cooking.
IV. It is tightly closed - This is correct. A pressure cooker is tightly sealed,
which prevents steam from escaping. This trapped steam increases
pressure and, in turn, raises the boiling point of water.
So, the correct answer is: E. II, IlI, and IV.
7. If we experience greenhouse effect, we shall have
I. Warmer Climate: This choice is correct. The greenhouse effect is caused
by the accumulation of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) in the
atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, leading to a rise in the
Earth's average temperature, which results in a warmer climate.
II. Increase in the Level of CO2 in the Atmosphere: This choice is correct.
The greenhouse effect is primarily driven by an increase in the
concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. These gases trap heat, contributing to global warming.
III. Cooler Climate: This choice is not correct. The greenhouse effect leads
to a warmer climate, not a cooler one. It's the opposite effect.
IV. Increase in the Level of O2 in the Atmosphere: This choice is not
correct. The increase in oxygen (O2) in the atmosphere is not related to
the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases like CO2 and methane (CH4) are
the key components involved in this phenomenon.
8.One consequence of global waming is coastal flooding becanse of the
which is in tum caused by
a. El Niño phenomenon changed precipitation pattern.This choice suggests
that El Niño causes changed precipitation patterns, but it doesn't directly
connect El Niño to coastal flooding. It's not the best choice.
b. Melting of the ice caps - the rising of the sea level.This choice correctly
identifies the relationship between the melting of ice caps and the rising
of sea levels. It's a significant consequence of global warming and is a
direct cause of coastal flooding.
c. Rising of the sea level - the melting of the ice caps.This option reverses
the cause and effect relationship. It suggests that the sea level rises first
and causes the melting of ice caps, which is not accurate. Ice caps melting
contributes to sea-level rise.
d. La Niña phenomenon - changed precipitation pattern.Similar to option
(a), this choice connects La Niña to changed precipitation patterns, but it
doesn't directly relate La Niña to coastal flooding.
9.The removal of broken pieces of rocks from the parent rock by the action
of wind or water is termed
a. erosion - This is the correct answer. Erosion refers to the process of the
gradual removal or wearing away of material, such as rock, soil, or
sediment, by natural forces like wind, water, or ice. It includes the
transportation of broken rock pieces from their original location.
b. weathering - This is incorrect. Weathering is the process by which rocks
are broken down into smaller pieces through physical, chemical, or
biological means. It prepares the rocks for erosion, but it's not the removal
process itself.
c. deposition - This is incorrect. Deposition refers to the settling or
accumulation of sediments or particles, typically after they have been
eroded and transported by natural forces. It's the opposite of removal.
d. silting - This is incorrect. Silting is a specific type of deposition where
fine particles like silt settle out of water. It's not a term used
14.Answer: c. Cerebrum
Explanation: The cerebrum, specifically the cerebral cortex, is responsible
for memory and intelligence. It's the largest part of the brain and plays a
parent rock.
10.Trace the conversion of energy that occurs when plants mannfacture
food.
a. Radiant energy to chemical energy
Plants undergo a process called photosynthesis, where they convert light
energy (radiant energy) from the sun into chemical energy in the form of
glucose (food). This process involves the conversion of radiant energy into
chemical energy.
The other options are incorrect because they do not accurately describe
the energy conversion involved in photosynthesis. Plants do not convert
radiant energy into kinetic energy (b), mechanical energy into potential
energy (c), or light energy into kinetic energy (d) during photosynthesis
11.a. Law of Inertia
The Law of Inertia states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an
object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the
same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force.
When a bus suddenly stops, the riders inside it continue to move forward
because of their inertia, wanting to stay in motion even though the bus is
slowing down.
Therefore, the Law of Inertia provides an explanation for why the riders in
the bus are pushed forward during a sudden stop.
The other options are incorrect for the following reasons:
b. Law of Interaction (Newton's Third Law) deals with action and reaction
pairs, not the tendency of objects to stay in motion.
c. Law of Universal Gravitation is about the force of attraction between
two objects due to their mass and the distance between them, not
relevant to the situation.
d. Hooke's Law is related to the deformation of elastic materials, not the
motion of objects in a bus.
12. D.Solar
a. Partial Luna - This is not correct. There's no standard term called "Partial
Luna" to describe an eclipse. "Luna" typically refers to the moon, but this
choice doesn't relate to the described scenario.
b. Stellar - This is not correct. "Stellar" refers to anything related to stars,
not eclipses involving the moon and the sun.
c. Lunar - This is not correct. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes
between the sun and the moon, not when the moon is between the sun
and the Earth.
d. Solar - This is the correct answer. A solar eclipse occurs when the moon
passes directly between the sun and the Earth, blocking out the sun's light.
13.a. Hinge-The type of joint responsible for bending our arms and legs is
a hinge joint. Hinge joints allow movement in one direction, similar to
how a door hinge works, and they facilitate flexion and extension
movements. In the case of our arms and legs, hinge joints at the elbow
and knee allow for bending and straightening movements.
b. Pivot: Pivot joints allow rotation around a central axis, like the joint at
the neck that allows us to turn our head. They are not primarily
responsible for bending our arms and legs.
c. Ball and socket: Ball and socket joints, such as the shoulder and hip
joints, allow for a wide range of movement, including rotation and
circumduction. They are not responsible for the primary bending of arms
and legs.
d. Sliding: There isn't a common joint type referred to as a "sliding" joint in
human anatomy. It's not a correct choice for the type of joint responsible
for bending our arms and legs.
18.a. Earth rotates from west to east.
The Earth rotates on its axis from west to east. This rotation causes the
Sun to appear to rise in the east and set in the west. As the Earth rotates,
central role in complex cognitive functions, including memory formation,
problem-solving, reasoning, and other higher-order thinking processes.
The other options, a. Cerebellum, b. Medulla, and d. Thalamus, have
different functions. The cerebellum is primarily responsible for motor
coordination, the medulla controls vital functions like breathing and
heartbeat, and the thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory
information.
15.b. tropical rainforest
The Philippines belongs to a type of biome known as a tropical
rainforest. This biome is characterized by high temperatures, high
humidity, and heavy rainfall throughout the year. The Philippines, being
a tropical archipelago in Southeast Asia, has a climate and vegetation
that align with the characteristics of a tropical rainforest biome.
a. deciduous forest - Deciduous forests are typically found in temperate
regions and are characterized by trees that shed their leaves in the
autumn. This biome is not applicable to the Philippines.
c. taiga - The taiga biome, also known as boreal forest, is primarily found in
northern regions with cold climates, such as parts of North America,
Europe, and Asia. It is characterized by coniferous trees. The Philippines is
not in a northern, cold region, so taiga is not the correct biome.
d. grassland - Grasslands are typically found in regions with moderate
rainfall and consist mostly of grasses with scattered trees. While there are
some grassy areas in the Philippines, the dominant biome is tropical
rainforest due to the country's climate and geography. Therefore,
grassland is not the correct biome for the Philippines.
16. What is the common cause of the temporary wilting of plaits at
noon?
a. Increased condensation: This is incorrect. Increased condensation
typically occurs when moisture in the air turns into water droplets, often in
the form of dew. It's not a common cause of wilting in plants.
b. Rapid transpiration: This is correct. Rapid transpiration is the primary
cause of temporary wilting in plants at noon. When the sun is at its peak
and temperatures are high, plants open their stomata to release excess
heat and allow for the exchange of gases. This results in the loss of water
vapor from the leaves, causing the plant to temporarily wilt as it loses
turgidity.
c. Rapid respiration: This is incorrect. While respiration is an essential
process in plants, rapid respiration is not the primary cause of wilting at
noon. Transpiration plays a more significant role in this context.
d. Increased oxidation: This is incorrect. Increased oxidation is not a
common cause of temporary wilting in plants at noon. It's related to
metabolic processes and not directly linked to wilting due to
environmental factors.
So, the correct answer is (b) Rapid transpiration, as it best explains the
temporary wilting of plants at noon when they lose water through
transpiration to regulate their temperature.
17.b. A dicot leaf has netted venation.This statement is correct. Dicot
leaves typically have a network or reticulate pattern of veins, which
means the veins branch out and form a network of smaller veins
throughout the leaf.//a. A dicot leaf has a smooth surface.This statement
is not a reliable characteristic for distinguishing between dicot and
monocot leaves. The surface texture of leaves can vary greatly among
plant species and is not a consistent feature for differentiation.//c. A dicot
leaf has parallel venation.This statement is incorrect. Parallel venation is a
characteristic of monocot leaves, where the veins run parallel to each
other without forming a network.//d. A dicot leaf has a wide margin.This
statement is generally incorrect. The margin or edge of a leaf can vary
among plant species, and it's not a reliable characteristic for distinguishing
between dicot and monocot leaves.
21.a. Second order producers - This term is not commonly used in
ecological contexts. In the energy pyramid, producers occupy a lower level
than consumers.
b. First order consumers - These are typically herbivores that consume
plants (producers). They are one level above producers but still relatively
low in the energy pyramid.
c. Third order consumers - These are carnivores that consume second-
order consumers or other carnivores. They are higher up in the energy
pyramid than first-order consumers, so this could be the correct answer.
the side facing the Sun experiences daylight, while the side in the
shadow experiences night. This eastward rotation of the Earth is the
reason we observe the Sun rising in the east.
b. Earth rotates from east to west: This is not correct; Earth's rotation is
from west to east.
c. Earth revolves from east to west: This refers to Earth's orbital motion
around the Sun, which is not related to the direction of sunrise.
d. Earth's axis is tilted: While Earth's axis is tilted, this tilt is responsible for
the changing seasons, not the direction of sunrise.
19.c. ecosystem An ecosystem is a community of living organisms
interacting with their nonliving environment. This term encompasses all
the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors in a particular area,
including plants, animals, microorganisms, soil, water, air, and more. It's
the complete ecological system in which these interactions occur.
a. population: A population refers to a group of individuals of the same
species living in a specific area. While populations are part of an
ecosystem, they don't encompass the entire ecosystem.
b. species: A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and
produce fertile offspring. It's a fundamental unit of classification in biology,
but it doesn't describe the interactions within an ecosystem.
d. biosphere: The biosphere is the sum of all ecosystems on Earth, where
life exists. It includes all living organisms and their interactions, but it's a
broader concept than an ecosystem, as it covers the entire planet.
20.a.Corn----rat----cat
This food chain starts with a producer (corn), which is eaten by a primary
consumer (rat), and then the rat is eaten by a secondary consumer (cat).
This is a valid food chain, as it follows the typical structure of a food chain.
b. Rice----rat----man
In this food chain, rice is the producer, and it's being suggested that a rat
eats rice, and then a man eats the rat. While rats can eat rice, it's unusual
for humans to eat rats, so this choice is less likely to occur in nature.
c. Corn----Man----cat
This food chain begins with a producer (corn) and suggests that a human
eats corn and then a cat eats the human. However, humans are not
typically part of natural food chains, and it's not common for cats to prey
on humans, so this choice is incorrect.
d. Rice---cat----rat
In this food chain, rice is the producer, a cat is the primary consumer, and
a rat is suggested to be eaten by the cat. This is a plausible food chain
because cats are known to hunt and eat rats, making this choice correct.
So, the correct food chain is:
a. Corn----rat----cat
Explanation: Food chains typically consist of a producer (like a plant), a
primary consumer (an herbivore or omnivore that eats the producer), and
a secondary consumer (an animal that eats the primary consumer). Choice
(a) follows this structure correctly, while choice (b) is less common in
nature, choice (c) involves humans inappropriately, and choice (d) reverses
the roles of cat and rat in a less common scenario.
protons but different numbers of neutrons.
So, the correct answer is d. Neutron, because the number of neutrons in
the nucleus is what determines the isotope of an element. Isotopes have
the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons, which
gives them different atomic masses.
25.The correct answer is c. Darwin.
Charles Darwin is the scientist who proposed the theory of evolution
based on natural selection. He published his groundbreaking work, "On
d. Producers - Producers, such as plants, form the base of the energy
pyramid and are found at the lowest level because they capture energy
from the sun. They are not at the highest point.
c. Third order consumers - They are at the highest point in the energy
pyramid as they are at a trophic level where energy availability is the
lowest due to energy loss as you move up the pyramid.
Mutualism is a type of ecological interaction where both species benefit
from their relationship. Let's evaluate each choice:
22.a. Man and lice - This is not an example of mutualism. Lice harm
humans by feeding on their blood, so it's more of a parasitic relationship.
b. Chick and corn plant - This is not an example of mutualism either.
Chickens may eat corn, but the corn plant is not benefiting from this
interaction.
c. Monkey and banana - This is also not an example of mutualism.
Monkeys might eat bananas, but bananas don't benefit from this
relationship.
d. Butterfly and bean flower - This is an example of mutualism.Butterflies
benefit from nectar and help in pollinating the bean flower, which
benefits the flower by aiding in reproduction.
So, the correct answer is d. Butterfly and bean flower, because it
demonstrates mutualism where both species benefit from their
interaction.
23.a. Thermodynamics
The law that states that heat flows from bodies at high temperature to
those at low temperature is a fundamental principle of thermodynamics.
This principle is often referred to as the second law of thermodynamics,
which is essential in understanding how energy flows and is transformed
in various processes.
Choice (a) "Thermodynamics" is correct because this law is a fundamental
concept within the field of thermodynamics.
Choice (b) "Energy change" is not the specific law that describes this heat
flow; it's a broader concept.
Choice (c) "Retention of Energy" is not a recognized law in
thermodynamics.
Choice (d) "Transformation of Energy" is not a specific law but rather a
general concept related to energy changes.
So, the correct choice is (a) "Thermodynamics" because it directly relates
to the principle that describes heat transfer from high-temperature bodies
to low-temperature bodies.
24.a. Positron: Positrons are antimatter particles with a positive charge.
They are not found in the nuclei of regular atoms and do not determine
the isotope of an element. Isotopes are primarily defined by the number of
neutrons in the nucleus.
b. Electron: Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the
nucleus of an atom. They are not involved in determining the isotope of an
element. Electrons determine the chemical properties and reactivity of an
atom but not its isotopic identity.
c. Proton: Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of
an atom. While the number of protons (the atomic number) does
determine the identity of an element, it does not differentiate between
isotopes. Isotopes have the same number of
29.a. The eukaryote has a nucleus, but the prokaryote does not have. In
eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is enclosed within a membrane-
bound nucleus, while in prokaryotic cells, there is no membrane-bound
nucleus, and the genetic material is located in the cytoplasm. This
distinction is a fundamental characteristic that separates these two types
of cells.
b. The prokaryote does not have a nucleus.
c. The size of a cell does not determine whether it's a prokaryote or
eukaryote; both can vary in size.
d. Eukaryotes are not the only type of cells capable of photosynthesis;
some prokaryotes, like cyanobacteria, are also capable of photosynthesis.
the Origin of Species," in 1859, in which he outlined the concept of natural
selection as the mechanism for species evolution.
a. Watson - James Watson, along with Francis Crick, is known for the
discovery of the double helix structure of DNA, not for the theory of
evolution.
b. Lamarck - Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed an early theory of evolution
that suggested that acquired traits could be inherited, but this idea has
largely been discredited in favor of Darwin's theory of natural selection.
d. Mendel - Gregor Mendel is known for his work on the principles of
heredity and genetics through his experiments with pea plants, which
were important discoveries but not directly related to the theory of
evolution.
So, the correct answer is "c. Darwin" because he is the scientist associated
with the theory of evolution based on natural selection.
26.c. Oxygen
During photosynthesis, plants and some other organisms convert carbon
dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into glucose and oxygen (O2) in the
presence of sunlight. So, the correct answer is:
a.Carbon dioxide is consumed during photosynthesis, not released.
b.Nitrogen and d.hydrogen are not typically released or involved in the
photosynthesis process.
27.c. Seismograph
A seismograph is designed to record and measure the vibrations and
movements caused by seismic waves during an earthquake. It helps in
determining the earthquake's intensity and provides valuable data for
studying seismic activity.
a. An anemometer measures wind speed, not earthquake intensity.
b. A barograph is used to record atmospheric pressure changes, not
seismic activity.
d. A clinometer is used to measure angles or slopes, not earthquake
intensity.
28.a. Alpha, Gamma, Alpha: This sequence has two alpha emissions with a
gamma emission in between. Alpha particles are the least penetrating, and
gamma rays are the most penetrating. So, this sequence is incorrect.
b. Alpha, Beta, Gamma: This sequence starts with alpha, which is the
least penetrating, followed by beta, which is more penetrating, and ends
with gamma, which is the most penetrating. This is the correct order.
c. Gamma, Beta, Alpha: This sequence starts with gamma, which is the
most penetrating, followed by beta, and ends with alpha. This is the
reverse order of increasing penetrating power, so it's incorrect.
d. Beta, Gamma, Alpha: This sequence starts with beta, followed by
gamma, and ends with alpha. This is also the reverse order of increasing
penetrating power, so it's incorrect.
So, the correct answer is (b) Alpha, Beta, Gamma. Alpha particles have the
least penetrating power, followed by beta particles, and gamma rays have
the greatest penetrating power.
d. Oxygen - This is also incorrect. Oxygen is a product of photosynthesis,
and a decrease in its availability would not be a cause of reduced
photosynthesis. In fact, during photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into
the atmosphere.
So, the correct answer is (a) Carbon dioxide, as a reduction in its
availability directly affects the rate of photosynthesis.
33.c. Both mechanical and chemical digestion
a.Mechanical digestion in the mouth involves the physical breakdown of
food through chewing and mixing with saliva. This helps to increase the
surface area of the food particles.
30.b. The parasite enjoys the benefits of a relationship in which the host
is harmed or killed.
b. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the
parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (the host). The parasite
derives nutrients or other advantages from the host, often causing harm
or even death to the host in the process. This relationship is parasitic
because it benefits the parasite while harming the host.
a. This describes a mutualistic relationship, not a parasitic one. In
mutualism, both the parasite and the host benefit.
c. This describes a scenario more like predation, where the host benefits
by killing or harming the parasite, not a parasitic relationship.
d. This doesn't accurately describe the nature of parasitism, as parasites
typically benefit at the expense of the host.
31.b. Root hairs in the epidermis
Vascular tissue responsible for transporting water is known as xylem.
Xylem in the root connects to root hairs in the epidermis. Root hairs are
specialized structures in the epidermis of the root that greatly increase the
surface area for absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. This
connection is essential for the uptake of water and minerals from the soil
by the plant.
a. Meristems in the root tip:Meristems are regions of actively dividing cells
in plants responsible for growth. While the root tip contains meristematic
tissue, it is primarily involved in root growth and not directly connected to
the transport of water in leaves. Xylem in the root carries water from the
root to the stem and leaves.
c. Pistils in the flower:Pistils are the female reproductive parts of a flower,
which consist of the stigma, style, and ovary. These parts are involved in
pollination and reproduction, not the transportation of water. The xylem
tissue in plants is responsible for water transport, and it is typically found
in the stem and roots.
d. Xylem in the stem:
Xylem in the stem does play a role in transporting water, but the question
specifically asks about the connection in leaves. In leaves, the xylem tissue
connects directly to the veins and is responsible for transporting water to
the leaf cells for photosynthesis. It doesn't connect directly to other
structures like the pistils in the flower or meristems in the root tip.
So, option b (Root hairs in the epidermis) is the correct answer because it
correctly identifies the direct connection of xylem tissue responsible for
water transport in leaves.
32.a. Carbon dioxide - This is correct. A reduction in the availability of
carbon dioxide can indeed lead to a decrease in the rate of
photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is one of the essential reactants in the
process of photosynthesis, and plants use it to produce glucose and
oxygen.
b. Hydrogen - This is incorrect. While hydrogen is involved in various
biochemical reactions, it is not a limiting factor in photosynthesis, and a
decrease in hydrogen availability does not directly lead to a decrease in
photosynthesis rates.
c. Carbon monoxide - This is incorrect. Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas and
not a substance typically involved in photosynthesis. It does not play a role
in the process and is harmful to plants.
36.b. Autotrophy
Autotrophy is the metabolic process by which organisms, such as plants,
produce their own food using energy from sunlight or inorganic
compounds. Heterotrophy (a) is the process where organisms obtain food
by consuming other organisms, so it's the opposite of autotrophy.
Homotrophy (c) and ditrophy (d) are not recognized biological terms in the
context of food production or metabolism.
37.a. Ribosomes.Ribosomes are cell organelles responsible for protein
synthesis, not cellular division.
b.Chromosomes contain genetic information and are involved in cellular
division, specifically during mitosis and meiosis.
c.The mitotic spindle is a structure made of microtubules that plays a
crucial role in cellular division by separating chromosomes.
b.Chemical digestion in the mouth begins with the action of enzymes in
saliva, particularly amylase, which starts breaking down starches (complex
carbohydrates) into simpler sugars. This is a chemical process.
So, both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (enzymatic action of saliva)
digestion occur in the mouth when an individual chews a piece of bread.
34.a. Human beings continue to get taller because of thousands of years of
proper nutrition.
This is not a proper example of natural selection. The increase in human
height due to improved nutrition is a result of environmental factors
(nutrition) rather than genetic changes being passed on to offspring
through natural selection.
b. A community of ladybugs begins having offspring with darker shells, in
order to hide from their predators.
This is a proper example of natural selection. Ladybugs with darker shells
are better camouflaged and have a higher chance of survival because they
are less likely to be eaten by predators. Over time, the proportion of
ladybugs with darker shells in the population will increase as they pass on
their advantageous traits to their offspring.
c. Albino rodents die off quickly in a community, being more vulnerable to
certain pancreatic diseases.
This is a proper example of natural selection. Albino rodents have a
genetic disadvantage in this case, making them more vulnerable to specific
diseases. As they are less likely to survive and reproduce, the traits
associated with albinism will become less common in the population over
generations.
d. Seagulls begin to eat so many fish so that only those with dark blue
scale color survive.
This is not a proper example of natural selection. Seagulls changing their
diet does not lead to changes in the scale color of fish. Natural selection
involves traits within a species that affect survival and reproduction, with
those advantageous traits becoming more common over time.
So, the correct answer is:
b. A community of ladybugs begins having offspring with darker shells, in
order to hide from their predators.
c. Albino rodents die off quickly in a community, being more vulnerable
to certain pancreatic diseases.
These examples illustrate the principles of natural selection, where traits
that confer a survival advantage become more prevalent in a population
over time.
35.a. Centromeres - Correct. Centromeres are duplicated during mitosis.
They are the regions of a chromosome that hold the sister chromatids
together.
b. Chromosomes - Correct. Chromosomes are duplicated during mitosis.
Each chromosome replicates to form two identical sister chromatids.
c. Chloroplasts - Incorrect. Chloroplasts are not duplicated during mitosis.
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and are duplicated
through a different process called binary fission.////d. Centrosomes -
Correct. Centrosomes are duplicated during mitosis. They play a crucial
role in organizing and anchoring microtubules during cell division.
41.c. All living things have a nervous system.This statement is false. Not
all living things have a nervous system. In fact, many simple single-celled
organisms and some multicellular organisms, like plants, do not have a
nervous system. A nervous system is a more complex feature typically
found in animals, and not all living things are animals.
a. All living things use energy to function - This is true. Living organisms
require energy to carry out various processes.
b. All living things are composed of cells - This is true. Cells are the basic
structural and functional units of living organisms.
d. All living things are capable of reproduction - This is generally true, as
reproduction is a characteristic of living organisms. However, some
individual organisms within a species may be sterile or incapable of
reproduction.
42. b. Tissue.A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a
d.Cytoplasm is the substance within the cell that contains various
organelles, including those involved in cellular division.
38.a. Wolves working together to hunt in a pack - This is an example of
cooperation and social behavior, but it's not a symbiotic relationship.
Wolves in a pack work together for mutual benefit, but they are not
different species relying on each other.
b. Plants growing in the same rolling meadow - This is not a symbiotic
relationship. Plants in the same meadow may compete for resources like
sunlight and nutrients, but they are not dependent on each other in a way
that defines symbiosis.
c. Different kinds of fishes living in one aquarium - This is also not a
symbiotic relationship. Different fish species sharing an aquarium can
coexist, but they do not have a direct, specialized interaction that defines
symbiosis.
d. Weeds clinging to the roots of trees in your backyard - This represents
a type of symbiotic relationship known as "epiphytism" or "epiphytic
plants." Some plants, often referred to as "weeds" in this context, grow
on the surface of trees and use them for support. This relationship can be
considered mutualistic because the weed benefits from being elevated
to receive more sunlight, while it doesn't typically harm the tree.
So, the correct answer is option d, "Weeds clinging to the roots of trees in
your backyard." This represents a type of symbiosis where one species
(the weed) benefits from the presence of another (the tree) without
necessarily causing harm.
39.b. Mitose
Sucrose, glucose, and galactose are all examples of naturally-occurring
sugars found in various foods and in the human body.
Mitose, on the other hand, is not a naturally-occurring sugar. It appears to
be a misspelling or a non-standard term related to cell division (mitosis),
which is not a sugar.
So, (b) is correct is that it does not represent a naturally-occurring sugar,
unlike the other options.
40.c. Cell.A cell is the smallest unit of life because it is the basic structural
and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells can carry out essential
life processes, such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction, and they
are the building blocks from which tissues, organs, and entire organisms
are constructed.
a.An embryo is a multicellular structure, not the smallest unit of life.
b.Organelles are subcellular structures found within cells, but they are not
considered independent units of life.
d.Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, not living entities.
46.Which of the following is TRUE about light and seeing?
a. Light hits an object, bounces, and then enters the eyes.
Correct: This is the basic principle of how we see things. Light from a
source (like the sun or a light bulb) strikes objects, reflects off them, and
then enters our eyes. The eye processes this light, and our brain
interprets the signals, allowing us to perceive the object.
b. Light goes out from the eyes, hits an object, and then returns to the
eyes.
Incorrect: This is a misconception. Eyes don't emit light; they only receive
and process it.
c. Light rays coming from an object meets light coming from a light source,
and then enters the eyes.
specific function in the body.
a.An organ is made up of different types of tissues working together to
perform a more complex function.
c.An organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out a
particular set of functions.
d.An organism refers to an individual living being, such as a human or an
animal.
43.a. moon on the earth.During a solar eclipse, the Moon comes
between the Sun and the Earth, casting its shadow on the Earth's
surface. This is why we see the shadow of the Moon on the Earth during
a solar eclipse.
b. The Earth doesn't cast a shadow on the Sun during a solar eclipse.
c. The Moon's shadow is not cast on the Sun during a solar eclipse.
d. The Earth's shadow on the Moon is associated with a lunar eclipse, not a
solar eclipse.
44.a. Thinning of the ozone layer: This statement is incorrect. Global
warming is primarily associated with the increase in greenhouse gases in
the Earth's atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide. Thinning of the ozone
layer is primarily caused by human-made chemicals known as ozone-
depleting substances, not global warming.
b. Extreme weather events: This statement is correct. Global warming is
linked to an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather
events, such as hurricanes, heatwaves, droughts, and heavy rainfall.
c. Changes in the timing of seasonal patterns in ecosystems: This
statement is correct. Global warming can disrupt the timing of seasonal
patterns in ecosystems, affecting the behavior of plants and animals.
d. Expansion of tropical diseases: This statement is correct. Global
warming can lead to the expansion of tropical diseases, as rising
temperatures can create more favorable conditions for disease vectors like
mosquitoes.
45.c. Molecules from bagoong spread in the air.This is the correct
answer. Bagoong emits strong odors because its molecules spread into
the surrounding air, causing the characteristic smell.
a. Air and volatile particles from bagoong mix and get spoiled further - This
is not the primary reason for the smell of bagoong. While the interaction
of air and volatile compounds can contribute to the smell, it's not the main
cause.
b. That is the natural scent of bagoong - While it's true that bagoong has a
strong smell, this choice doesn't explain why it smells the way it does. It's
more of a statement about the odor rather than the underlying cause.
d. It uses spoiled fish ingredients - While the use of fermented or salted
fish is a common component of bagoong, it's not the primary reason for its
smell. The smell primarily comes from the fermentation process and the
release of volatile compounds.
49.Monica respects the ideas of her colleagues even if they are very
much contrary to her own beliefs. What important scientific attitude is
seen in her actions?
a. Honesty.Incorrect: While honesty is an important scientific attitude, it
refers to the accurate reporting of findings, methodologies, and
interpretations. It doesn't directly relate to respecting contrasting
viewpoints.
b. Open-mindedness.Correct: Open-mindedness in the scientific context
means being receptive to different ideas or explanations without bias. It
involves considering alternative hypotheses or theories and being willing
to change one's own ideas in light of new evidence or perspectives.
c. Absence of prejudice.Partly Correct: While being free from prejudice is
essential in a scientific context and aligns with respecting opposing
viewpoints, open-mindedness more directly captures the essence of
considering and valuing different ideas, even if they conflict with one's
own.
d. Acceptance.Incorrect: Acceptance in a scientific context might imply
agreeing with or acknowledging the validity of a concept or theory. While
Incorrect: Light doesn't come directly from most objects (unless they are
luminous, like a light bulb or the sun). Instead, light from a source reflects
off objects, which is how we see them.
d. Light enters the eyes enabling people to see objects.
Partly Correct: While it's true that light entering the eyes allows us to see
objects, this statement doesn't explain the reflection process that allows
light to enter our eyes after bouncing off objects.
47.Why do leaves with green color look green in the sunlight?
a. The blue and yellow bounces off from the leaves.
Incorrect: Combining blue and yellow light gives green light, but this
statement suggests they bounce off separately, which wouldn't result in
green. Additionally, this isn't the primary reason leaves appear green.
b. They absorb the blue and yellow object and yellow light.
Partially Correct: While leaves absorb light of other wavelengths
efficiently, the phrasing of this option is confusing. The key reason leaves
appear green is due to the light they reflect, not only the light they absorb.
c. They absorb the green light.
Incorrect: If they absorbed green light, they wouldn't appear green.
Objects appear the color of the light they reflect, not the color they
absorb.
d. They reflect green light.
Correct: Chlorophyll, the main pigment in plants, absorbs light most
efficiently in the blue and red parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. The
green part of the spectrum is not absorbed as much, so it's reflected,
making the plant appear green to our eyes.
48.Why do people feel their ears pop or crack when they re up in the air?
a. There are fewer air particles.
Correct: As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. This
means there are fewer air particles pushing against the body. The
popping or cracking sensation is a result of the eustachian tube trying to
equalize the pressure between the middle ear and the surrounding
environment. When the tube opens, allowing the pressure to equalize,
you feel the "pop."
b. Air is cooler.Incorrect: While air tends to be cooler at higher altitudes,
the temperature is not the primary reason for the ear-popping sensation.
It's related to pressure changes.
c. There are more air particles.Incorrect: At higher altitudes, there are
actually fewer air particles, leading to a decrease in atmospheric pressure.
d. Air is cleaner.Incorrect: The cleanliness of the air is not related to the
ear-popping sensation. It's the change in pressure that causes the
sensation.
53.c.Melanie's behavior of giving a truthful report of observations
without withholding important information reflects the scientific attitude
Intellectual honesty in scientific research means being truthful,
transparent, and unbiased in reporting findings and observations. It
involves presenting the data and results accurately, even if they might
not align with personal beliefs or company interests.
a. Absence of bias - Incorrect because it doesn't solely capture the
essence of Melanie's behavior. Melanie's display of intellectual honesty
goes beyond just avoiding bias; it involves being truthful and transparent
in her reporting.
b. Faith in God - Incorrect because it is a personal belief and not a scientific
attitude. Scientific attitudes are related to the principles and values that
guide objective and evidence-based inquiry, which is separate from one's
religious beliefs.
d. Critical-mindedness - Incorrect because it doesn't directly describe
Melanie's behavior in this context. Critical-mindedness typically involves
questioning, analyzing, and evaluating information and evidence.
Melanie's behavior is more about the honesty and transparency in
Monica respects opposing views, it doesn't necessarily mean she accepts
or agrees with them. Open-mindedness better describes her willingness to
consider them.
50.a. Carefulness: This could be related but doesn't fully capture the
emphasis on logical thinking and analysis.
reporting rather than critical analysis.
54.c. Responsibility. Chona is actively participating in a task and dutifully
performing assigned tasks, which indicates a sense of responsibility
towards her role and the task at hand. This choice demonstrates an
individual's commitment and accountability for their actions and duties.

b. Precision: Precision is more about attention to detail and exactness,
whereas Carlito's approach is about the logical evaluation of evidence.
c. Rationality: This is correct because rationality involves making
decisions based on reason and logical analysis, which aligns with Carlito's
behavior.
d. Accuracy: While accuracy is important in scientific work, it doesn't fully
encompass the careful evaluation and logical thinking that Carlito is
displaying.
a. Camaraderie: Camaraderie refers to a sense of friendship and
teamwork, which is related to working well with others. While Chona may
indeed be working well with others, the specific behavior described in the
scenario primarily emphasizes her individual responsibility and active
participation rather than camaraderie.
b. Being a team player: Being a team player is similar to camaraderie and
implies collaboration with others in a group setting. While it's a valuable
trait, the scenario focuses more on Chona's individual effort and
responsibility rather than her role within a team.

51.b Risk Taking .In this situation, Mico's willingness to express his
opinions and try new ideas even at the risk of failure or criticism
demonstrates the scientific trait of:
Curiosity (a) would be displayed if Mico were eager to explore and learn,
but this question specifically highlights his willingness to take risks.
Diligence (c) would involve careful and persistent effort, but it doesn't
directly relate to the willingness to take risks in experimentation.
Absence of ambiguity (d) refers to clarity and lack of uncertainty in
scientific communication, which is not the primary trait demonstrated
here.
d. Unity: Unity is the state of being united or working together
harmoniously. While Chona's actions may contribute to unity in a group,
the scenario primarily highlights her personal responsibility and active
engagement rather than the concept of unity itself.
55.b. Nuclear fusion.The tremendous energy of the sun is primarily
produced through the process of nuclear fusion. In the sun's core,
hydrogen nuclei (protons) combine to form helium nuclei through a
series of fusion reactions. This process releases an enormous amount of
energy in the form of light and heat, which is what powers the sun and
provides us with sunlight.
a. Nuclear disintegration: This is not a commonly recognized term in the
context of the sun's energy production.

52.d. Humility.is the trait of recognizing one's limitations and being
willing to learn from others. In this case, Paul admits his potential for
errors and acknowledges the need to consult others, which
demonstrates humility.
Open-mindedness (a) is about being receptive to new ideas and
perspectives, which is related to Paul's recognition of the possibility of
better ideas, but it doesn't directly address his acknowledgment of his own
potential errors.
Objectivity (b) refers to the ability to observe and analyze without bias.
While it's important in science, it doesn't directly relate to Paul's
recognition of his limitations.
Rationality (c) is the trait of making decisions based on reason and
evidence, but it doesn't directly address Paul's humility in seeking
consultation from others.
c. Nuclear fission: Nuclear fission involves the splitting of heavy atomic
nuclei into smaller ones, and it is the process used in nuclear power plants.
It's not the main source of energy in the sun.
d. Nuclear decomposition: This term is not typically used in the context of
the sun's energy production either.
56.b. Water - Water has one of the highest specific heats of commonly
encountered substances. This means it can absorb a lot of heat energy
without a significant rise in temperature, making it excellent at
regulating temperature.
a. Sand - Sand has a relatively low specific heat compared to water. Sand
heats up and cools down relatively quickly.
c. Soil - The specific heat of soil can vary depending on its composition, but
in general, it falls between sand and water. It's higher than sand but lower
than water.

d. Wood - Wood also has a specific heat that's generally higher than sand
but lower than water.

: b. Water > c. Soil > d. Wood > a. Sand.

57.c. solid. because the particles in a solid are tightly packed, which
allows sound waves to propagate quickly through the medium.

a. gas - Sound travels slower in gases compared to solids because gas

particles are much farther apart and have less mechanical resistance to
propagate sound waves.

b. liquid - Sound travels at an intermediate speed in liquids. While liquids

are denser than gases, they are still less dense than solids, so sound travels
faster in solids than in liquids.

c. solid - This is the correct answer. Solids have tightly packed particles,
allowing sound waves to travel quickly due to strong intermolecular
forces.

d. air - Air is a type of gas, and as mentioned earlier, sound travels slower
in gases compared to solids and liquids. Air is less dense than liquids and
solids, which results in a slower speed of sound propagation.

58.d. Moon has no atmosphere.The absence of weather on the Moon is

primarily due to the fact that the Moon has no atmosphere. Unlike Earth,
which has a substantial atmosphere containing gases like nitrogen,
oxygen, and others, the Moon lacks this protective layer. Weather on
Earth is driven by the interactions of different atmospheric components,
such as temperature, air pressure, and moisture, which result in
phenomena like wind, clouds, and precipitation

a. Moon rotates on its axis fast.This statement is incorrect because the

Moon actually rotates on its axis very slowly. It takes about 27.3 Earth days
for the Moon to complete one full rotation, which is roughly the same
amount of time it takes to complete one orbit around Earth.

b. Moon's gravity is high.This statement is also incorrect. The Moon's

gravity is much lower than Earth's gravity. The Moon's gravitational pull is
only about 1/6th of Earth's gravity.

c. Moon revolves very fast.This statement is incorrect . The Moon revolves

around Earth at a relatively constant speed, which is why we always see
the same face of the Moon from Earth. Its revolution speed is not a
significant factor in the absence of weather; instead, it's the absence of an
atmosphere that prevents weather-related phenomena.

59.c. Increase its wavelength - Correct

Lowering the frequency of a wave on a string will increase its

wavelength. This relationship is described by the equation: speed =
frequency x wavelength. If frequency decreases, and speed remains
constant, then wavelength must increase.

a. Shorten its period - Incorrect.Lowering the frequency of a wave in a

string will actually increase its period, not shorten it. The period is
inversely proportional to frequency, so a lower frequency corresponds to a
longer period.

b. Lower its speed - Incorrect.The speed of a wave on a string is

determined by the tension in the string and its linear density, among other
factors. Changing the frequency of the wave does not directly affect the
speed of the wave on the string.

d. Lower its amplitude - Incorrect.Changing the frequency of a wave does

not directly affect its amplitude. The amplitude of a wave is typically
related to its energy and the initial disturbance that created it.

60.a. Bioremediation.Correct because bioremediation is a method that

uses living organisms, such as bacteria, plants, or fungi, to clean up toxic
waste. These organisms can break down or remove pollutants from
contaminated environments. In contrast, the other options are not
related to cleaning up toxic waste:

b. Deforestation is incorrect because it involves the removal of forests and

is not a method for cleaning toxic waste.

c. Carrying capacity is incorrect because it refers to the maximum

population size that an environment can support, and it's not a method of
waste cleanup.

d. Monoculture is incorrect because it is a farming practice where a single

crop is grown over a large area and is also unrelated to toxic waste
cleanup.
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