LAB REPORT 5

Course name (and course’s ID): Practice in Biology S1_2023-24_G06

Instructor: Ms. Phạm Hồng Điệp
Group number: 5 – Saturday afternoon
Group member: Phạm Hữu Tuấn Anh BTBTIU23119
Bùi Ngọc Thảo My BTBTIU23134
Trần Bảo Ngọc BTBTIU23145
Trần Vũ Thanh Thảo BTBTIU23115
Date of submission: 01/12/2023

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I/ MITOSIS

1/ Introduction:

- Mitosis is a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that occurs when a parent
cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells. During cell division, mitosis
refers specifically to the separation of the duplicated genetic material carried in the
nucleus.
- Mitosis is conventionally divided into five stages known as prophase, prometaphase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- While mitosis is taking place, there is no cell growth and all of the cellular energy is
focused on cell division.
- Prophase: The replicated pairs of chromosomes condense and compact themselves.
The pairs of chromosomes that have been replicated are called sister chromatids, and
they remain joined at a central point called the centromere. A large structure called
the mitotic spindle also forms from long proteins called microtubules on each side, or
pole, of the cell.
- Metaphase: The microtubules pull the sister chromatids back and forth until they align
in a plane, called the equatorial plane, along the center of the cell.
- Anaphase: The sister chromatids are separated simultaneously at their centromeres.
The separated chromosomes are then pulled by the spindle to opposite poles of the
cell. Anaphase ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of
chromosomes.
- Telophase: A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate
the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm. The chromosomes begin to uncoil, which
makes them diffuse and less compact. Along with telophase, the cell undergoes a
separate process called cytokinesis that divides the cytoplasm of the parental cell into
two daughter cells.

2/ Procedure:

- Materials: compound microscope, filter paper, coverslip, glass slide, onion root peel
sample, needle, oil immersion objective.
- Procedure:
+ Add 1 drop of oil immersion objective into the sample.
+ Put on a coverslip
+ Observe the prepared sample under the microscope (100x)
+ Observe the phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

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3/ Results: Report different phases of Mitosis:

Figure I.1 Interphase (Microscope 100x)

A cell spends most of its life in interphase, which has three phases: G1, S, and G2. In the G1
phase, the cell grows and takes in nutrients. In the S phase, the cell's DNA is replicated. Each
replicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatids connected at the centromere. The G2
phase is another growth phase, after which the cell is ready for mitosis

Figure I.2 Prophase (Microscope 100x)

In prophase, the cell starts to break down some structures and build others up, setting the stage
for division of the chromosomes. The chromosomes start to condense. The mitotic spindle
begins to form. The nucleolus disappears.

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Figure I.3 Metaphase (Microscope 100x)

In metaphase, the spindle has captured all the chromosomes and lined them up at the middle of
the cell, ready to divide. All the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. At this stage, the
two kinetochores of each chromosome should be attached to microtubules from opposite
spindle poles.

Figure I.4 Anaphase (Microscope 100x)

In anaphase, the sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite
ends of the cell. The protein “glue” that holds the sister chromatids together is broken down,
allowing them to separate. Each is now its own chromosome. The chromosomes of each pair
are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell. Microtubules not attached to chromosomes
elongate and push apart, separating the poles and making the cell longer.

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Figure I.5 Telophase (Microscope 100x)

In telophase, the cell is nearly done dividing, and it starts to re-establish its normal structures
as cytokinesis (division of the cell contents) takes place. The mitotic spindle is broken down
into its building blocks. Two new nuclei form, one for each set of chromosomes. Nuclear
membranes and nucleoli reappear. The chromosomes begin to decondense and return to their
“stringy” form.

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II) Meiosis

1/ Introduction:

- Meiosis is used for just one purpose in the human body: the production of gametes—
sex cells, or sperm and eggs. Its goal is to make daughter cells with exactly half as many
chromosomes as the starting cell.
- Meiosis in humans is a division process that takes us from a diploid cell—one with two
sets of chromosomes—to haploid cells—ones with a single set of chromosomes. In
humans, the haploid cells made in meiosis are sperm and eggs. When a sperm and an
egg join in fertilization, the two haploid sets of chromosomes form a complete diploid
set: a new genome.
- Phase of meiosis:
+ Meiosis I: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I.
+ Meiosis II: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II.
- Prophase I: The chromosomes coil up and appear as duplicated chromosomes. The
nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate and the spindle forms. Crossing over between
homologous chromosomes can take place during this phase.
- Metaphase I: Bivalents of homologous chromosomes (tetrads) become aligned in the
center of the cell and are attached to spindle fibers.
- Anaphase I: begins when homologous chromosomes separate, whereby chromosomes
of each identical pair will move towards different poles of the spindle.
- Telophase I: The nuclear envelope reforms and nucleoli reappears. This stage is absent
in some species.
- Prophase II: The duplicated chromosomes recondense. Nuclear membrane disintegrates
again while formation of spindle is seen in each daughter cell.
- Metaphase II: The duplicated chromosomes line up into one row at the equatorial plate
of each spindle.
- Anaphase II: Sister chromatids start to separate towards opposite poles of the spindle.
- Telophase II: Nuclear envelope reforms around each single set of chromosomes at each
cell pole. Cell is further divided and finally four daughter cells are produced. The
chromosomes return to relax.

2/ Procedure:

- Materials: compound microscope, filter paper, coverslip, glass slide, onion root peel
sample, needle, oil immersion objective.
- Procedure:
+ Add 1 drop of oil immersion objective into the sample.
+ Put on a coverslip
+ Observe the prepared sample under the microscope (100x)
+ Observe the phases of meiosis I and meiosis II: prophase I, metaphase I,
anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II.

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3) Results: Report different phases of Meiosis

Figure II.1: Interphase (Microscope 100x): The DNA in the cell is copied resulting in two
identical full set of chromosomes

Figure II.2: Prophase I (Microscope 100x): The copied chromosomes condense into X-
shaped structures that can be easily seen under the microscope

Figure II.3: Metaphase I (Microscope 100x): The chromosomes pairs line up next to each
other along the centre of the cell

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Figure II.4: Anaphase I (Microscope 100x): The pair of chromosomes are then pulled up
apart by the meiotic spindle, which pulls one chromosome to one pole of the cell and the
chromosome to the opposite pole

Figure II.5: Telophase I (Microscope 100x): The chromosomes complete their move to the
opposite poles of the cell

Figure II.6: Prophase II (Microscope 100x): Now there are two daughter cells, each with 23
chromosomes

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Figure II.7: Metaphase II (Microscope 100x): In each of the two daughter cells the
chromosomes (pair of sister chromatids) line up end-to-end along the equator of the cell

Figure II.8: Anaphase II (Microscope 100x): The sister chromatids are then pulled to
opposite poles due to the action of the meiotic spindle

Figure II.9: Telophase II (Microscope 100x): The chromosomes complete their move to the
opposite poles of the cell