Departamento de Electró nica, Sistemas e Informá tica

Ingeniería Electrónica

(ESI)

Lab Experiment 1
Single-phase sinusoidal measurements

Analysis and Modeling of Mechatronic Systems Dr. Esteban Martinez-Guerrero

Module: AC analysis circuits. 2023

1. Objectives
The objectives of this lab experiment are:

1.1. To understand the characteristics of alternating current (AC).

1.2. To measure the main parameters of alternating current waves.

1.3. To set properly the oscilloscope for sinusoidal measurements

2. Components and Instrumentation

2 Carbon Resistors of 100 , and 220  at ½ W.
1 Electrolytic Capacitor of 4.7 uF at 25V
1 DIP Radial Power Choke Inductor of 4.7 mH
1 Protoboard
Connecting wires (20cm of 24-AWG wire, at least 3 colors: red, black, and any other color)
A digital multimeter (DMM) with 2½ or more digits
An oscilloscope with x1 or x10 probes.

3. Introduction
Sinusoids are sine or cosine waveforms that can describe many engineering phenomena. For
instance, electrical energy is transported as a sinusoidal waveform. Many types of electrical
signals such as square, triangle, and saw-tooth waves are modeled using sinusoids. All these
waveforms are available in a function generator. The manipulation implies the understanding of

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the main parameters that describe each waveform behavior. These quantities are described below
for the sinusoidal waveform.

3.1 Sine waveform characteristics

Amplitude. The maximum amplitude of a sine wave is the height of a positive half-cycle or a
negative half-cycle is called the peak value and is commonly defined by Vp (see Fig. 1). The
height of the hills and valleys of a sinusoid is called peak-to-peak value (Vp-p). Both carry the
physical units of what the sinusoid is describing (in electrical signals units can be volts or amps).

Period. The period T (See Fig. 1) is the time it takes a sinusoid to complete one cycle. The
period T has units of seconds.

Frequency. There are two types of frequencies that can describe a sine waveform. The normal
frequency f is how many times the sinusoid repeats per unit time. It has units of cycles per
second or Hertz (shortly Hz). The other frequency is the angular frequency ω which is how many
radians the sinusoid passes per second. Thus, ω has units of radians per second.

Phase. The phase 𝜙 of a sine waveform is the shift along the t-axis (see Fig. 1) with respect to
the reference waveform. The phase can be expressed in units of radians or degrees. Note, a sine
wave and cosine wave only differ by a phase shift of 90° or 𝝅/𝟐 radians. It means they are the
same waveform but with a different 𝜙.

Time Shift. The time shift ts of a sine waveform is a horizontal shift along the t-axis and is a
time measurement of the phase. The time shift has units of seconds.

Fig. 1. Sine waveform [1].

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3.2 Sinusoidal Relationships

The general equation of a sinusoid is given below and refers to Fig. 1.

v(𝑡) = Vp𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) (3.1)

The average value of a sinusoidal waveform is given by Eq. (3.2)

𝑇
𝑉̃ = ∫02 𝑉𝑝 sin(𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 2𝑉
= 0.637𝑉𝑝 (3.2)
𝑝
= 𝜋

The RMS value is calculated by multiplying the peak-to-peak voltage by the square root of 2, Eq.
(3.3).
1 𝑇 𝑉𝑝
𝑉 = √ ∫ 𝑉2𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = = (3.3)
0.707𝑉
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑝 𝑝
𝑇 0 √2

The angular frequency is related to the normal frequency by Equation (3.4).

ω = 2πf (3.4)

The angular frequency is also related to the period by Equation (3.5).

𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑇 (3.5)

By inspection, the normal frequency is related to the period by Equation (3.6).

f = 1/𝑇 (3.6)

The time shift is related to the phase (radians) and the frequency by Equation (3.7).

𝑡 𝑠 = − 𝜙/ 𝜔 (3.7)

The time shift ts can be converted to radians with the equation (3.8)

𝜙 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑡𝑠 (3.8)

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4. Sinusoidal measurements

(1)
Construct the circuit in the protoboard as shown in Figure 4.1a. In this schematic, Vfg is a
function generator, R1, and R2 are carbon resistors with indicated values. Note, the Polarity
of the alligator clip connections is important for correct measurements with an
oscilloscope; use either connection shown in Fig. 4.1b or 4.1c, not the connection shown in
Fig. 4.1a.
(2)
Using the given values for voltage and frequency of the sine wave indicated in Table 4.1,
calculate the period T and the angular frequency w. Also, measure voltage Vp-p and
calculate VRMS.

(3)
Complete Table 4.1 using the given values for voltage and frequency.

(4)
Construct the second circuit in the protoboard as shown in Figure 4.2a, here Vfg is a function
generator, R1, and R2 are carbon resistors, C is an electrolytic capacitor, and L is a radial
power choke inductor.
(5)
Using the oscilloscope, make measurements across the resistor, capacitor, and inductor once
a time. Use Vfg = 5Vp-p, and f = 2652.5 Hz. Complete Table 4.2.

a.
Connect Channel 1 of the oscilloscope as shown in Fig. 4.2a and measure Vp-p of the
function generator signal. (Note. Make sure, all the black or negative alligator clips are
hooked together when making measurements with an oscilloscope).
b.
Leaving Channel 1 connected, connect Channel 2 of the oscilloscope as shown in
Fig. 4.2b and measure the amplitude, period, frequency, and time shift of voltage in the
resistor that is in series with the capacitor.
c.
Leaving Channel 1 connected, connect Channel 2 of the oscilloscope across the
capacitor as shown in Fig. 4.2c, and measure the amplitude, period, frequency, and time
shift (ts). Also, calculate the phase between the two signals and complete the row in
Table 4.2.
d.
Leaving Channel 1 connected, connect Channel 2 of the oscilloscope across the
inductor as shown in Fig. 4.2d, and measure the amplitude, period, frequency, and time
shift (ts). Also, calculate the phase between the two signals and complete the row in
Table 4.2.

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Vch1
VCh1
+ R2 220
Ch1_red V +
V
fg_red Ch1_blk Ch1_red Ch2_red
fg_red fg_red Ch1_red
R1 100

VCh1
R1 100 +

+
V

R1 100
(c)
+

Vfg

+
Vfg
(a) Vfg (b)
R2 220

R2 220
Ch1_blk
fg_blk fg_blk Ch2_blk
fg_blk Ch1_blk

Fig. 4.1. Connection of oscilloscope channels to do correct measurements: (a) wrong connection,
note that probe is shorting resistor R2; (b) correct connection by using the two channels of the
oscilloscope; (c) correct connection by interchanging R2 by R1.

Table 4.1 Sinusoid measurements in a resistive circuit.

Function generator Oscilloscope (measured) Calculated
Vfg (V) Frequency (kHz) Vp-p (V) Vrms (V) T (s) w (rad/s)  (°)
1.0 1
5.0 2

fg_red
Ch1_red
Ch1_red
+
R9 100

R10 100

L1 4.7m
VCh1d

C1 4.7u
Ch2_red
+

Vfg Vfg
+
+

R3 100

R4 100
V V
Vch2d
VCh1
C4 4.7u

L4 4.7m

Ch1_blk Ch1_blk
fg_blk
fg_blk Ch2_blk

Fig. 4.2a Fig. 4.2b.

fg_red
fg_red
Ch1_red
Ch1_red
R5 100

R6 100

+
3 4.7u

V VCh1e
Ch2_red
+

VG1
Vfg
+ +
L2 4.7m

V V
C2 4.7u

VCh2e VC

fg_b
Ch1_blk fg_blk
Ch2_blk

Fig. 4.2c. Fig. 4.2d.

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 Departamento de Electró nica, Sistemas e Informá tica
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Table 4.2. Sinusoid measurements in RC and RL circuits.

Signal Amplitude Phase
Vp-p (V) ts (s)  (rad)  (°)
Vfg ---------------------
VR3
VC
VL

Report
Write a report including all the calculations and lab procedures, schematics of circuits, results as
well as the discussion of results and your conclusions.

Deadline and Assessment

The deadline for submitting the report is published in the Canvas platform. The report can be
written either in English or in Spanish.
This lab experiment can be realized in teams of up to 2 students.
The evaluation of the lab will be as follows:
Quality of the report 40%
The functionality of the circuit 60%

Note, both the functionality of the circuit implemented in the protoboard and the quality of the
report, are the responsibility of all members of the team then, depending on the collaborative
work observed in the team, the professor can ask any member of the team, about details of the
lab realization.

References
[1] https://www.uomus.edu.iq/img/lectures21/WameedMUCLecture_2021_92855373.pdf

Perifé rico Sur Manuel Gó mez Morín Tel: +52 33 3669 3598 / Fax: +52 33 3669 3511
8585 45090 Tlaquepaque, Jal., Mé xico www.iteso.mx