Spacephy

sicsshor
tquest
ions/
Answer
sby(
Mr.
Habi
burRehman)
Q1whati
sthemodel ofoursol
arsy
stem? thedisccloudofmat t
erlef
toverfr
om the
TheSol
arSyst
em consist
sof: nebulathatformedt heSun,Theseint
erst
ell
ar
cloudsofgasanddusti ncl
udedmany
1.TheSun2. Ei
ghtpl
anet
s3.Natural
and elementsthatwer ecreateddur
ingthefi
nal
art
if
ici
alsat
elli
tes4.
Dwarfpl
anets5.Ast
eroi
ds stagesofast ar'
sli
fecycle.
andcomet s
Gravit
ycol l
apsedt hemat t
erfrom t
henebulai
n
Q2Namet he8planetsi
nourSol
arSystem i
n onitselfcausingittospinaroundtheSun,The
ascendi
ngorderoft
hedist
ancef
rom theSun grav
itationalatt
racti
onbetweenal lt
hesmall
are: part
iclescausedt hem tojointoget
herand
growinanaccr eti
onprocess
1.Mer
cur
y 2.
Venus3.
Ear
th4.
Mar
s
Arot
ati
ngaccr
eti
ondi
sci
sfor
medwhent
he
5.
Jupi
ter6.
Sat
urn7.
Uranus8.
Nept
une pl
anet
semerged

Q3whatisdif
ferencebet
weenNat
ural
& Q7Expl
aint
heper
iodi
ccy
cleofdayandni
ght
?
Ar
ti
fi
cial
satel
li
te:
TheEar t
h'srot
ationar
ounditsaxiscreatesday
Somepl anetshav emoonswhi
chorbitt
hem, andnight.Dayisexperi
encedbyt hehalfofthe
Moonsar eanexampleofnat
ural
satell
i
tes. Eart
h'ssurfacethati
sfaci
ngtheSun.Ni ghtis
Art
if
ici
al satel
l
itesar
eman-madeandcanor bi
t theotherhalfoftheEar
th'
ssurface,f
acing
anyobjectinspace awayf r
om theSun

Q4whati
sdi
ff
erencebet
weenAst
eroi
ds& Q8defineOneli
ght-
yearis?Thedist
ance
Comet
s? tr
avell
edbyli
ghtthr
ough( t
hevacuum of
)
spaceinoneyear
.Onelightyear=9.5×
Aster
oidsandcometsalsoorbi
tthesun, 1012km =9.
5×1015m
anasteroidi
sasmallr
ockyobjectwhichor
bit
s
theSun,Theast
eroi
dbeltli
esbetweenMars Q9drawfl
owchar
tforl
i
fecy
cleofast
arf
or
andJupiter bot
hcases.

Cometsaremadeofdustandiceandor bi
t Lif
ecycl
eofast
arwhi
chi
smuchbi
ggert
han
theSuni
nadiff
erentor
bitt
othoseofplanets, theSun
thei
cemeltswhenthecometapproachesthe
Sunandformsthecomet’
stai
l.

Q5whati
sAccr
eti
onModel
oft
heSol
ar
Sy
stem?

Thereare4rockyandsmallpl
anet
s:Mer
cury,
Venus,Ear
thandMar s,
Thesearet
henearest
totheSun.

Thereare4gaseousandlargeplanet
s:Jupi
ter
,
Satur
n,UranusandNeptune,Therear
ethe
fur
thestfr
om thesun.

Q6Ref
ertotheaccr
eti
onmodelf
ort
he Thel
i
fecy
cleofasol
armassst
ar
for
mat
ionoftheSol
arSyst
em.

Thepl
anet
swer
efor
medf
rom t
her
emnant
sof
 Spacephy
sicsshor
tquest
ions/
Answer
sby(
Mr.
Habi
burRehman)
4.RedGi
antorRedSuperGi
ant

 Aftersever albill
iony earst hehy drogen
causingt hef usionr eactionsint hest ar
willbegi
nt or unout
 On cethi
shappens, t
hef usionreact ions
i
nt hecor ewi llstarttodiedown
 Th iscausest hecor e
toshrinkandheatup.Thecor ewillshrink
becauset hei nwar df orceduet ograv it
ywi l
l
becomegr eatert hant heout war dfor cedue
tothepr essureoft heexpandi nggasesas
thefusiondiesdown.Anewser i
esof
Q10Li
feCy
cleofSt
ars reacti
onswi llthenoccurar oundt hecor e,
forexampl e,hel i
um nucl eiwi ll
1.Nebul
a--
--
All
-st
arsf
ormfrom agi
ant undergof usiont of orm bery l
lium
i
nter
stel
l
arcloudofhydr
ogen
gasanddustcall
edanebul
a Theser eacti
onswil
lcausetheout
erpartof
thestartoexpand.Ast art
hesamesizeast he
2.Protost
ar-
--
Theforceofgravi
tywithina Sunorsmal l
erwill
becomear edgi
ant.Astar
nebulapull
sthepart
icl
esclosertogetherunt
il muchl argerthantheSunwill
becomear ed
i
tformsahotbal l
ofgas,knownasapr ot
ost
ar supergiant.Iti
sredbecausetheout
er
surf
acest artstocool
 Ast hepar ti
clesar
epul l
edcloser
toget herthedensi
tyoft heprot
ostar 5.ForRedGi
antSt
ars
wi l
li
ncr ease.
Thiswillr
esulti
nmor e
frequentcol l
i
sionsbetweent he PlanetaryNebula--
--
Oncet hissecondstageof
particleswhichcauses fusi
onr eacti
onshav efini
shed,thestarwil
l
thet emper at
uretoincrease becomeunst abl
eandej ecttheouterlay
erof
dustandgas.Thel ayerofdustandgaswhi ch
3.MainSequenceSt
ar--
--
Oncetheprotost
ar i
sej ectediscall
edapl anetarynebul
a
becomeshotenough,nucl
earf
usionreact
ions
occurwi
thi
nitscor
e WhiteDwar f-
--
-Thecorewhichislef
tbehi
nd
wil
lcoll
apsecompl etel
y,duetothepul
l
Thehy drogennucleiwil
lfuset o ofgravi
ty,andthestarwill
becomeawhi t
e
form hel
ium nuclei
.Everyfusionreacti
on dwarf.Thewhi t
edwar fwil
lbecooli
ngdown
rel
easesheat( andli
ght)energywhi chkeeps andasar esult,t
heamountofener gyi
temit
s
thecorehot .
Onceapr otostarisfor
med, i
tsl
if
e wil
ldecrease
cycl
ewi lldependonitsmass. Onceast ari
s
bornitisknownasamai n-
sequencest ar Bl
ackDwar f-
--
Oncethestarhaslosta
si
gnificantamountofenergyitbecomes
 Dur
ingthemai nsequence,t
hest aris ablackdwar f.
Itwil
lconti
nuetocoolunt
ili
t
i
nequil
ibrium andsaidtobest able ev
ent uall
ydisappearsfr
om si
ght
o Th einwardforcedue
togr avi
tyisequaltotheoutwar d 6.ForRedSuperGi
ant
s
pressur ef
orcefrom t
hef usion
reactions Supernova-
--
-Oncet
hefusi
onr eact
ionsinsi
de
theredsupergi
antf
inal
l
yfi
nish,thecoreofthe
 Spacephy
sicsshor
tquest
ions/
Answer
sby(
Mr.
Habi
burRehman)
starwil
lcol
lapsesuddenl
ycausi
ngagi
gant
ic
explosi
on.Thisi
scall
edasupernov
a

Att hecentreoft hisexplosionadensebody ,

call
edaneut ronstarwi l
lform. Theouter
remnant softhestarwi l
lbeej ectedint
ospace
duringthesupernov aexplosion, f
orming
aplanetarynebula.Thenebul af rom a
supernovamayf orm newst arswi t
hor bi
ti
ng
planets
Mov i
ngtowardst hesuni
tsspeedi ncresesso
Neut
ronSt
ar(
orBl
ackHol
e) i
tskinet
icenergiesalsoi
ncreaseswher eas
mov i
ngawayf rom sunpotenti
alenergies
 I
nt hecaseoft hebiggeststar
s,the i
ncreaseandkinet i
cener
gydecr eses.
neutronstarthatformsatthecentre
wil
l conti
nuetocol l
apseundertheforce Q14compar
ethet
emper
atur
eandcol
ourof
ofgr avi
tyunti
li
tformsabl ackhole.A st
ars
bl
ackhol eisanext remel
ydensepoi nt
i
nspacet hatnotevenli
ghtcanescape Astar
'scolourisrel
atedtoit
ssurf
ace
fr
om. t
emperature
Aredstaristhecoolest
Abluestaristhehottest
Q15describesthenuclearr
eact
ionoccur
sin
t
hecoreofst ar?
Q11def
ineor
bit
alspeed? hydrogenat
omsunder
gonucl
earf
usi
ont
o
for
m heli
um
theaver
ageorbi
talspeedofanobj
ectcanbe
defi
nedbytheequati
on:

v
==2πr
/T Wher
e:
Q16whatdoy
ouknowaboutt
heMi
l
kyWay
?
v=orbi
tal
speedi nmetrespersecond(m/s)
r=av
erageradiusoftheorbi
tinmetres(m) TheMil
kyWayisoneofmanybil
li
onsofgalaxi
es
T=orbi
talper
iodinseconds(s) maki
nguptheUniv
erse.
thedi
ameteroftheMilky
Wayisappr
oxi
matel
y100000l
ight-
year
s
Q12Cal cul
atet
het i
metakenforl
i
ghtf
rom the Q17Descr
iber
edshi
ft?
SuntoreachMer cur
yift
heradi
usofMercur
y '
s
9
orbi
tis5.8×10 m. Anincreasei
ntheobser
vedwavel
engt
hof
el
ectromagnetr
adi
ati
onemit
tedfr
om recedi
ng
 t
ime=5. 9
8×10 m /3.
0×10 m/
s=1.
93 8 st
arsandgalaxi
es

Ifanobj
ectmov esawayfrom anobserver
Q13di scussthechangesi
nki
net
icand thewavelengt
hoflighti
ncreases,
Thisi
sknown
potent
ialener
giesascomet
smovestowar
ds asredshi
ftastheli
ghtmov estowardst
heredend
orawayf r
om sun.
ofthespectr
um

scusshowobs
Q18di er
vat
ionofr
edshi
ftf
rom
di
stantgal
axi
essuppor
tst
heBi
gBangt
heor
y?

 I
fthegal
axi
esar
emov
ingawayf
rom us
 Spacephy
sicsshor
tquest
ions/
Answer
sby(
Mr.
Habi
burRehman)
i
tmeanst hatt heuni verseisexpandi
ng pr
opor
ti
onal
toi
tsdi
stancef
rom Ear
th
 Theobservationofr edshi
ftfr
om dist
ant
gal
axiessuppor t
st heBigBangt heor
y H0=v
/d
 Thismeanst hatt hef urt
herawaya
gal
axy,thefast eritismov i
ngaway H0=Hubbl
econst s-1)
ant(
fr
om us
v=recessionalvel
oci
tyofanobject
, t
he
 Q19whati sBigBang? vel
oci
tyofanobj ectmovingawayfrom an
 Around14bi lli
onyearsago, t
he obser
ver( -
1
km s )d=di st
ancebetweenthe
Univer
sebeganf r
om av erysmal l obj
ectandt heEarth(
km)
regi
ont hatwasext r
emel y
hotanddense Q23def
inedHubbl
eConst
ant
,H0 ?
 Thenther ewasagi antexplosion,which
i
sknownast heBigBang Ther
ati
oofthespeedatwhichthegalaxyi
s
 Thiscausedt heuniver
se movi
ngawayfrom t
heEart
h, t
oitsdi
stance
toexpandf rom asingl
epoi nt
, cooli
ng fr
om t
heEar
th
asitdoesso, toformtheuni versetoday
 Eachpoi ntexpandsawayf rom t he
 Theacceptedv
alueoft
heHubble
others –18 -
1
const
antisH0=2.2×10 s

Q24explai
nthedistanceofafargal
axydcan
bedeter
minedusingthebri
ght
nessofa
super
novainthatgal
axy?
Q20whataret
het
woEv
idencef
ort
heBi
g
Bangt
heory? Greatert hedi
stanceofafargal
axyd
smallerthebri
ghtnessofasuper
novai
n
 TheBi gBangt heoryisverywell thatgalaxy
supportedbyev idencefrom arangeof
sources Q25di
scusst
hegr
adi
entoft
hegr
aph?
 Themai npi ecesofev i
denceare
o r ed-shifti
nt heli
ght
o Co smicMi crowaveBackground
Radiation( CMBR)

Q21whatareCosmi
cMi
crowav
eBackgr
ound
Radi
ati
on CMBR?

 TheCMBi sat ypeofelect r

omagneti
c
radiati
onwhi chi saremnantf rom t
he
earl
yst agesoft heUni v
er se
 Thegr adientoft hegraphcanbeused
 Ithasawav elengthofar ound1mm
tofindt heAgeoft heUniverse
maki ngitami crowav e,hencethename
 Wh ent hedist
anceequal szero,this
Cosmi cMi crowav eBackgr ound
representsallthemat terintheUni ver
se
radiati
on
beingatasi nglepoi nt
 thereciprocaloft hegradientrepresent
s
Q22def
ineHubbl
e'
sLaw?
ti
meandgi vest heamountoft ime
whicht heUniversehasbeenexpandi ng
Ther
ecessi
onal
vel
oci
tyvofagal
axyi
s
for
 Spacephy
sicsshor
tquest
ions/
Answer
sby(
Mr.
Habi
burRehman)
 Astr
onomershaveusedthi
sfor
mul
ato
est
imatetheageoftheUni
ver
seat
about13.
7bil
li
onyears

Q26Adi stantgalaxyi
s20l ight
-yearsaway
fr
om Ear th.UseHubble’sLawt odet er
minet he
vel
ocityoft hegalaxyasitmov esawayf rom
Eart
h.TheHubbl econstantiscurrentl
yagreed
-
18 -
1 15
tobe2. 2x10 s . 1l
i
ghty ear≈9. 5x10 m

d=20l
i
ghty
ear 2x10-18s-1
s Ho=2.

1l 5x1015m
y≈9.
So,20l
y=20x(9.5x1015)=1.
9x1017m

Fr
om t
hedat
abookl
etv≈H0d
:

v≈(
So, 2.2x10-18)x(
1.9x1017)=0.
418m s-1

Thevel
ocit
yofthegal ax
yasi
tmov
esaway
fr
om Ear
th0.42m s-1

Q27Di
scusst
hecomposi
ti
onofsun

Suni sastarofmedi um si
ze,consist
ing
most l
yofhy drogenandhelium,andthatit
radiat
esmostofi t
senergyintheinfr
ared,
visi
bleandul t
ravi
oletr
egionsofthe
electr
omagnet icspect
rum