LBB - Technical Report - Draft

LUBEMBE PROJECT TECHNICAL REPORT
MINERALS EXPLORATION ASSOCIATES SARL

SERVICE COMPANY
SOCIETE DE SERVICES
Partnering for a safe future
RCCM N° CD/L’SHI/13-M-0006 - Nat. ID : 441/259/DPE/KAT/2012 - Tax Number : A1800221L

1320 Météo 2 Av. Golf Météo 2 – Lubumbashi, DRC.
Cell: +243 890 022 195
E-mail: contact@minexconsult.com
Website: www.minexconsult.com
LUBEMBE PROJECT:
TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE FIELDWORK.
KATANGA PROVINCE
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
TECHNICAL REPORT N°M-KSB-002/2019

Prepared for
BTC MINING & SERVICES SARL.
Report Compiled By:

Kazadi S-B. Barry, Pr.Sci.Nat. MGSSA. M.Sc. Geol.
Minex Consulting – Competent Person
Reviewed By:
S. Kalbskopf, Pr.Sci.Nat., FGSSA, B.Sc (Hons) Geol.
June 2019
0
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Fieldwork undertaken over permit ZEA718 in the Lubembe region, some 100 km SE of
Lubumbashi, consisted of a geochemical survey conducted by the BMS team, a ground
geophysical survey, geological mapping of the existing open pit and an RC drilling programme .
The geochemical survey conducted on the Lubembe permit consisted of both soil and termite
mound sampling programs undertaken in 2018. The analysis of the XRF results from a total of 100
soil samples and a total of 382 termite mound samples identified a copper in-soil anomalous zone
surrounding the existing open pit with the Cu values up to 0.7% directly associated with the mining
activities undertaken prior to the sampling program. However, analysis of XRF results obtained
from the termite mound samples outlined three copper anomalous zones: (1) a western zone that
extends over approximately 500m x 400m with values up to 370 ppm Cu; (2) a middle anomaly
that covers an area 700m x 500m and (3) an eastern anomalous zone extending approximately
500m x 200m with Cu values up to 240 ppm.
The geological mapping of the Lubembe open pit identified geological units that belong to the
Lower Bancroft Kanwangungu Formation (RU.2) of the Zambian Copperbelt (ZCB) equivalent to
the R4 Mwashya sub-group in the Katanga Copperbelt. It consists of a mixture of superficially
leached argillaceous carbonate and siliciclastic rocks that are intruded by concordant gabbro
and/or dolerite within parallel and within a polylithic breccia unit in the pit. While copper
mineralisation is mostly stratabound within probable dolomite shale and altered siltstone,
epigenetic hypogene chalcopyrite and pyrite are also associated with brecciated and altered
dolerite The mineralised zone and host units comprise an overturned limb of a steeply west
dipping structure that is slightly folded towards the northern part with about a regional fold axis
trending WSW-ENE. South of the pit, the structure is less certain with possible cross faults and a
much thicker, postulated, west-dipping dolerite body that is erratically mineralised, particularly
where altered with quartz veinlets. Mineralisation extends over >400m and is still open in to the
north and south and downwards. Only chalcopyrite and pyrite have been recorded with malachite
and minor chrysocolla in the oxidised zone.
The ground geophysics survey employed the magnetotelluric technique along a cumulative 8.5
line-km using multi-frequency range data acquisition. A total of 5 profiles about 2km long each
were planned for the magnetotellurics (MT) survey, except section 8635700Nm which was only
500m. The analysis of the data has revealed an alternation between a highly resistive zone and
highly conductive zones indicating a steeply dipping geological structure. Two zones
characterised by high resistivity features have been identified: (1) The western high resistive body
that extends over 400 m long x 200m wide and about 150 m thick. This body is situated below
150m depth and has been outcropping in place, near the vertical faulted zone. (2) The eastern
high resistive body that extends on about 350m long x 100m wide and about 200m thick. This
body seems to be outcropping in the eastern part where the ground geophysics was conducted
and extends down to 300m.
1
A total of 20 RC holes and 6 pre-collars were completed on this project, totalling 2,991.00m Phase
I RC drilling programme. 1,346 samples were collected, prepared at the ALS Preparation
Laboratory in Lubumbashi and analysed using both the XRF Niton analyser at the Minex
Consulting office and ICP multi-element analysis at the ISO17025 accredited ALS Analytical
facilities in Johannesburg (South Africa). The XRF analyses revealed good results from LBB_RC007
with a cumulative intercept thickness of 22m @ 1.63% Cu with a high grade intercept of 11m @
2.3% Cu. The table below summarizes the better results received from the Phase I RC drilling
programme.
Cu Cumulative Avg
HOLE_ID FROM TO Lithology Thickness M_%
Grade thickness Grade
LBB_RC005 6.00 9.00 SPR 3.00 0.56 1.68 3.00 0.56
33.00 36.00 SDO 3.00 0.83 2.49
47.00 49.00 SDO 2.00 1.77 3.54
LBB_RC007 98.00 102.00 SSHX 4.00 2.29 9.17 22.00 1.62
140.00 142.00 SDO 2.00 0.89 1.78
146.00 156.00 SDO 11.00 2.30 25.30
51.00 53.00 SSH 2.00 3.65 7.31
LBB_RC011 91.00 94.00 SSH 3.00 2.25 6.75 8.00 2.32
126.00 128.00 SSH 3.00 1.06 3.17
48.00 49.00 SDO 1.00 0.76 0.76
67.00 68.00 SSLX 1.00 0.68 0.68
LBB_RC012 5.00 0.80
76.00 78.00 SSLX 2.00 0.93 1.87
97.00 98.00 SSLX 1.00 0.82 0.83
LBB_RC019 31.00 32.00 SDO 1.00 2.41 2.41 1.00 2.41
It is believed these intersections generally represent 50% to 60% of the true width.
Cobalt mineralisation has been also intercepted in a few of the RC holes occurring in oxidised
siltstone and shale with the highest grades registered ranging up to 0.5% Co.
Given that drilling shows mineralisation is open to the south, down dip and to the NNW, these
results highlight the potential for both Cu and Co. In addition, open-sided resistive zones and
associated geochemical anomalies imply that an additional ground geophysics survey is required
to extend the lines where appropriate, followed up by air core drilling programme to assess the
level of anomalism at the base of the significant saprolite profile
2
1.1 CONTENTS
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 CONTENTS.................................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 DISCLAIMER ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Scope of work ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.0 Reliance on Other Experts .................................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 Principal Sources of Information........................................................................................................................ 9
3.2 Qualifications, Experience and Independence ......................................................................................... 9
4.0 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION ................................................................................................. 11
4.1 Property Description ....................................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Location ............................................................................................................................................................... 12
5.0 ACCESSIBILITY ........................................................................................................................................................ 13
5.1 Accessibility and Infrastructure ................................................................................................................... 13
6.2 Climate and Physiography ............................................................................................................................ 17
7.0 HISTORY ................................................................................................................................................................... 17
8.0 GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND MINERALISATION ........................................................................................ 17
8.1 Regional Geological Setting ......................................................................................................................... 17
8.1.1 Stratigraphy of the Katangan Supergroup ..................................................................................... 21
8.1.2 The Roan Group Stratigraphy .............................................................................................................. 23
8.1.3. The Roan Breccia ..................................................................................................................................... 27
8.2. Zambian Copperbelt (ZCB) .......................................................................................................................... 27
8.2.1 The Lower Roan ............................................................................................................................................. 28
8.2.1 The Lower Roan ........................................................................................................................................ 30
8.2.2 The Upper Roan Group .......................................................................................................................... 30
8.2.3 The Mwashya Subgroup ........................................................................................................................ 30
8.3 Local Geology................................................................................................................................................ 30
8.4 Permit Geology ...................................................................................................................................................... 32
3
8.4.2 Detailed Lithological Descriptions ..................................................................................................... 37

8.4 Structure .............................................................................................................................................................. 44
9.0 DEPOSIT TYPES ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
9.1 Sediment-hosted Cu Mineralization..................................................................................................... 46
9.2 Other types of Cu Mineralisation........................................................................................................... 47
10.0 MINERALISATION.............................................................................................................................................. 48
11.0 EXPLORATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 51
11.1 Soil Sampling and Trenching..................................................................................................................... 51
11.2 Geological mapping...................................................................................................................................... 58
11.3 Pitting ................................................................................................................................................................. 59
11.4 Ground Geophysics ....................................................................................................................................... 59
11.4.1 Magnetotelluric method (MT)........................................................................................................... 59
12.0 REVERSE CIRCULATION DRILLING ............................................................................................................... 72
12.1 Exploration Strategy ................................................................................................................................. 74
12.2 Drilling analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 74
13.0 SAMPLING PREPARATION, ANALYSIS AND SECURITY ........................................................................ 75
14.0 DATA VERIFICATION ......................................................................................................................................... 76
14.1 Results ................................................................................................................................................................ 76
14.2 Niton QAQC Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 77
14.2.1 Standard Samples .................................................................................................................................. 78
14.2.2 Duplicate Samples ................................................................................................................................. 79
14.2.3 Blank Samples ......................................................................................................................................... 80
14.3 ALS Assays QAQC Analysis......................................................................................................................... 80
14.3.1 Standard Samples .................................................................................................................................. 80
14.3.2 Duplicate Samples ................................................................................................................................. 80
14.3.3 Blank Samples ......................................................................................................................................... 80
15.0 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES ................................................................................................................. 80
16.0 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING ................................................................... 80
17.0 ADAJCENT PROPERTIES ................................................................................................................................... 81
18.0 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................... 81
19.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 84
4
20.0 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................... 85

21.0 APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................................................. 89
21.1 Soil XRF results................................................................................................................................................ 89
21.2 Termite mounds XRF results ...................................................................................................................... 90
21.3 RC drilling XRF results .................................................................................................................................. 91
21.4 Copper Thickness map (metres)............................................................................................................... 92
21.5 Copper grade map ........................................................................................................................................ 93
21.6 Cumulative thickness map m%Cu ........................................................................................................... 94
21.7 Copper average grade ................................................................................................................................. 95
21.8 Depth to top of copper mineralisation.................................................................................................. 96
21.9 Geological x-section 8634850mS ............................................................................................................ 97
21.10 Geological x-section 8634950 ................................................................................................................ 98
21.11 Geological x-section 8635050 ................................................................................................................ 99
21.12 Geological x-section 8635100 .............................................................................................................. 100
1.2 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Contributing Authors. ................................................................................................................................ 10
Table 2: Details for the ZEA 718 ............................................................................................................................. 12
Table 3: Collars for the exploration pits completed at the Lubembe Project ....................................... 56
Table 4: Collar coordinates for the trenches completed at the Lubembe Project............................... 56
Table 5: Collar table for the RC holes completed in the Lubembe Project. ........................................... 72
Table 6: Drilling progress and analysis of completed drill holes. .............................................................. 75
Table 7: Lubembe Project Cu Intercepts table produced from Niton Results using 0.5% Cut-off
grade ................................................................................................................................................................................. 76
Table 8: Lubembe Project Co Intercepts table produced from Niton Results using 0.1% Cut-off
grade ................................................................................................................................................................................. 77
Table 9: CRM used in QAQC process. .................................................................................................................. 78
5
1.3 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Description of the Lubembe tenement. ............................................................................................ 11
Figure 2 Google Earth image showing the location of the Lubembe Project (ZEA 718) .................. 12
Figure 3: Location map of the Lubembe Project (ZEA718)........................................................................... 14
Figure 4: The road between Lubumbashi and Kasumbalesa Village ........................................................ 15
Figure 5: Kasumbalesa – Sakania road by junction to the permit. ............................................................ 15
Figure 6: Location of the Lubembe Project vs the known deposits and main cities .......................... 16
Figure 7: The Lufilian Arc and Central African Copperbelt ........................................................................... 18
Figure 8: Regional Geological map of the Lubembe Project ....................................................................... 20
Figure 9: Geological setting of the Zambian Copperbelt and the distribution of the stratabound
sediment hosted Copper deposits. ....................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 10: Broad stratigraphic divisions of the Congolese and Zambian copperbelts ...................... 22
Figure 11: The Katangan stratigraphic sequence (modified from Francois 2006) ............................... 26
Figure 12: The stratigraphic sequence of the Zambian Copperbelt (Michael et al., 2010). ............. 29
Figure 13: Local Setting of the Lubembe Cu Deposit..................................................................................... 31
Figure 14 : Polylithic breccia and hangingwall contact.................................................................................. 32
Figure 15: Surface geological map of the Lubembe open pit..................................................................... 34
Figure 16: Strongly weathered dolomitic shale observed on the wall of the open pit. .................... 35
Figure 17: Leached siliceous mineralised siltstone in NW corner of quarry .......................................... 35
Figure 18: sharp contact between the brecciated dolerite and the brownish sandy siltstone carrying
Cu oxides. ........................................................................................................................................................................ 36
Figure 19: Regolith profile showing residual soil on top of Laterite and saprock after shale
(LBB_RC007) ................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 20: Dolomitic Shale (LBB_RC003) ............................................................................................................. 38
Figure 21: Dolomitic shale with quartz veins carrying chalcopyrite and pyrite. ................................... 38
Figure 22: Light beige to khaki bedded shale LBB_RC 005 .......................................................................... 39
Figure 23: Massive siltstone alternating with a bedded dark grey sandy horizon (LBB_RC 004). . 40
Figure 24: Reddish to yellowish brown massive to banded sandstone (LBB RC 001). ....................... 41
Figure 25: RC chips from a massive dark green dolerite (LBB RC007). .................................................... 41
Figure 26: Open pit outcrop of brecciated dolerite showing the rounded clast shape. ................... 42
Figure 27: Brecciated dolerite with quartz veins (LBB RC 007). .................................................................. 42
Figure 28: Sandy siltstone chips from an undifferentiated brecciated zone (LBB_RC018). .............. 43
Figure 29: Brecciated dolomite chips from LBB_RC019 ................................................................................. 44
Figure 30: Schematic section through the open pit area.............................................................................. 45
Figure 31: Steeply dipping mineralised dolomite shale in the quarry ..................................................... 49
Figure 32: Mineralised siltstone with quartz tension vein ............................................................................ 50
Figure 33: Geochemical survey: Cu in-soil plots and Cu contour map. ................................................... 52
Figure 34: Cu in soil contours map and open pit mine- BMS Sampling. ................................................ 53
Figure 35: Geochemical survey: Cu in-soil plots vs Cu contours map. .................................................... 54
Figure 36: Termite Geochemical Survey : Cu contours. ................................................................................. 55
6
Figure 37: Trenches and exploration pits completed at the Lubembe Project by the BMS team. 57
Figure 38: Typical Copper clearing situated to the south of the open pit (a). Copper flower within
the Cu clearing (b). ...................................................................................................................................................... 58
Figure 39: Location map of the geophysics sections...................................................................................... 60
Figure 40: Section 8635500mS showing both the high and low resistive zones ................................. 62
Figure 41: Section 8635500mS reprocessed in Surfer.................................................................................... 63
Figure 43 Section 8635350mS reprocessed in Surfer. .................................................................................. 64
Figure 45: Section 8635150mS reprocessed in Surfer.................................................................................... 65
Figure 46: Section 8634950mS showing both the high and low resistive zones. ................................ 66
Figure 47: Section 8635150mN reprocessed in Surfer................................................................................... 66
Figure 48: Figure 47: Magnetotelluric data X-Section 8635500mS........................................................... 68
Figure 50: Magneto-telluric data X-Section 8635150mS with completed RC holes .......................... 69
Figure 51: Magnetotelluric data X-Section 8635150mS with completed RC Holes............................ 70
Figure 52: Magnetotelluric data X-Section 8634950mS vs completed RC holes................................. 71
Figure 53 : Collar map of the RC holes completed during the Phase I reconnaissance drilling. ... 73
Figure 54: AMIS CRM values from XRF analysis ............................................................................................... 79
Figure 55: Duplicate vs Original Cu content (XRF Analysis). ........................................................................ 80
Figure 62: Lubembe Cu thickness contour map. .............................................................................................. 92
Figure 63: Lubembe Cu grade contour map...................................................................................................... 93
Figure 64: Lubembe Cu cumulative thickness contour map........................................................................ 94
Figure 65: Lubembe Cu average contour map. ................................................................................................ 95
Figure 66: Lubembe Cu depth to top mineralisation contour map. ......................................................... 96
1.4 DISCLAIMER
The opinions expressed in this report are based on both the information supplied to Minex
Consulting Sarl by BTC Mining and Services Sarl. The information and conclusions within this
report are provided as a specific request from BTC Mining and Services Sarl to conduct the
fieldwork on the Lubembe tenement (ZEA 718). All information provided within this report comes
from field investigations, except where references are made. Minex Consulting will not accept
responsibility for any errors or omissions in the information supplied and does not accept any
consequential liability arising from commercial decisions or actions resulting from them. Opinions
presented in this report apply to the site conditions and features as they existed at the time of
Minex’s investigations, and those reasonably foreseeable. These opinions do not necessarily apply
to conditions and features that may arise after the date of this Report, about which Minex had no
prior knowledge nor had the opportunity to evaluate.
7
2.0 INTRODUCTION
This Independent Technical Report was prepared by Minerals Exploration Associates Sarl (Minex
Consulting) and the Department of Geology of the University of Lubumbashi (Geo/Unilu) on
behalf of BTC Mining Services SARL (BMS). BTC Mining Services SARL (BMS), is a DRC based private
company whose main office is located in Kinshasa.
The Consultants were commissioned to prepare a Technical Report covering the geochemical
surveys (soil and termite mounds sampling) conducted by the BMS geological team on the ZEA
718, the ground geophysics survey (Induced Polarization) on the Lubembe area conducted by the
university of Lubumbashi; the mapping of the small scale mine situated in the mid-northern part
of the tenement and the RC drilling program undertaken as a follow up of the phase I geochemical
surveys in order to fully understand the structural framework and hence identify areas which carry
Co-Cu mineralisation in the undifferentiated Roan of the south-eastern part of the Lufilian Arc.
2.1 Scope of work

The scope of the activities was as follows:
1. Assess the geochemical surveys conducted previously by the BMS geological team.
2. Assess, identify and interpret the structural context of the region in relation to
disseminated copper mineralisation that might exist in the project.
3. Map the existing small scale mine situated in the mid-northern part of the tenement and
assess the petrographical and lithological characteristics in order to determine the position
in the local stratigraphy.
4. Assess the extension of the open-pitable mineralisation around the existing small scale
mine and provide drilling targets for the follow up RC drilling program.
Both the soil and termite mounds samples were collected prior to Minex Consulting taking over
the project. The geochemical sampling program was conducted early in 2018 and all the collected
samples were firstly prepared and analysed at the BMS facilities using the XRF Niton gun; then re-
prepared and re-analysed at the Minex Consulting office using the portable XRF Niton analyzer.
Meantime, the small scale mine was mapped by the Minex Consulting team during three working
days in November 2019; prior to the mapping of the Lubembe pit, both the topographical and
the pit outline were surveyed using the DGSP tools by NUGGET Services Sarl.
While the ground geophysics survey (Magnetotelluric) a variant of the electro-magnetic method
was conducted during a month between the 6th of March to the 5th of April 2019 by the
Department of Geology of the University of Lubumbashi. The processing and interpretation of the
data were conducted during the month of April 2019.
The RC drilling programme was undertaken on the project from the 1st February to the 14th of
April 2019. Twenty (20) RC holes totalling 2,991.00m including 6 pre-collars were drilled near the
8
existing open pit in order to extend the oxides mineralization mined out. The drilling was
conducted by Tembo Drilling.
All the RC chips samples were submitted to ALS in Lubumbashi for preparation, prior to sending
to Johannesburg their ISO17025 accredited laboratory for analysis.
Minex Consulting Sarl set up a team of 6 including one Senior geologist (Francois Numbi), one
junior geologist (Idriss Diango), two senior field technicians (Athanase Nyembo and Edgar Suni)
and a junior field technician who act also as a driver (Reddy Mbuya) to undertake the trenching
and mapping fieldwork which had been planned and managed by Kazadi S-B. Barry whom Minex
Consulting is using as CP.
The Department of Geology of the University of Lubumbashi provided a team of 4 that includes
Prof Etienne Kadima (PhD in Geophysics), two senior assistants Jean-Luc Mulumba and Antoine
Lumu and a junior assistant (Benjamin Mambwe). Note that the ground geophysical survey
fieldwork was supervised by a Minex Consulting geologist (Francois Numbi).
3.0 Reliance on Other Experts
3.1 Principal Sources of Information

The review of the Project is based on information provided by:
• BTC Mining and Services SARL;

• The Department of Geology of the University of Lubumbashi;
• Minex Consulting Sarl.
With the exception of the QP’s listed in Table 1, none of the other contributors are “qualified”
persons as defined under NI 43-101 guidelines and while the facts supplied by BTC Mining and
Services SARL are believed to be correct, Minex expressly disclaims accountability for the accuracy
of information for which it holds no direct responsibility. Moreover, while details regarding the
legal status of the tenure are believed to be correct, Minex have not sought advice on the legality
of the agreement between BTC Mining and Services SARL and the holders of the permit. It is noted
that the soil geochemical sampling was initially conducted by the client’s own staff without
supervision from a qualified person and while the work was believed to have been carried out
according to industry best practice, and QP supervision was only available for repeat analyses.
The geophysical work conducted by the University of Lubumbashi was carried out by a team
frequently used as contractors in Katanga and is believed to conform to industry standard
practices but has not been audited by an independent geophysicist or qualified person.
3.2 Qualifications, Experience and Independence

This Technical report was compiled by a number of contributing authors as set out below in the
Table 1.
9
Table 1: Contributing Authors.
Qualified Person/Contributing
Employer Area of Technical Responsibility
Author
Kazadi S-B. Barry (QP) Minex Consulting Sarl Project Management.

RC Drilling scoping and
planning. Data analysis
and Interpretation. Ground
Geophysics report review. Final
Technical Report Compilation.
Dr Etienne Kadima GEO/UNILU Ground Geophysics surveys:

Fieldwork planning and
execution, Data analysis and
interpretation, Report
compilation
Francois Numbi Minex Consulting Sarl Fieldwork supervision;
Geological and structural

mapping;
Sampling;
Data capture and compilation.
Steffen Kalbskopf (QP) Minex Consulting Sarl Final Report review
None of the Consultants or any associates employed in the preparation of this Technical Report
have any beneficial interest in BTC Mining and Services SARL, or the mineral properties in which
BTC Mining and Services SARL has an interest. The Consultants are not insiders, associates or
affiliates of BTC Mining and Services SARL. The Consultants relationship with BTC Mining and
Services SARL is solely one of professional association between Client and Independent
Consultants.
The Report was prepared in return for professional fees based upon agreed commercial rates and
the payment of these fees is in no way contingent on the results of this Report.
10
4.0 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
4.1 Property Description

BTC Mining and Services SARL signed an agreement with a local artisanal miner’s cooperative
named Cooperative Grand Katanga pour le Developpement SARL, to which the DRC government
via the mining cadastre (CAMI) gave the right to conduct both exploration and small-scale mining
for five years starting on the 17th of August 2017. A ZEA or “Zone d’Exploitation Artisanale” is
normally granted to small scale artisanal miners for 99 years and gives them the right to conduct
both the exploration and the exploitation activities. The Lubembe Project is highly prospective
ground for sediment-hosted Cu-Co deposits of the Zambian Copperbelt style (ZCB). The Lubembe
Project is situated in the vicinity of well-known deposits such as the Tshisenda deposit (in the DRC)
which lies about 20 km NW, from the Lubembe deposit while the Kasaria deposit (in Zambia) is
around 30 km SE.
Figure 1: Description of the Lubembe tenement.
The Lubembe Project, permit ZEA 718, covers an extent of 4.24775 km2 comprising 5 cadastral
squares based on the WGS84 Geographic System, each square being 84.9555 ha in area, located
within the above-mentioned free artisanal mining licence , Table 2.
11
Table 2: Details for the ZEA 718
Tenement
Type Minerals Status Size Owner Expired date
ID
5 Mining
ZEA 718 ZEA Cu, Co Active Free artisanal mining area 16/08/2022
Squares
4.2 Location
The Lubembe Project (ZEA 718) is located about 100 km SE of the main city of Lubumbashi, and
at about 20 km SE of the Tshisenda underground Mine in the former Katanga Province (now Haut
Katanga) and at the co-ordinates defined by the Latitude 12° 20’39” S and the Longitude 28° 6’28”
N with an elevation of about 1,280m. The maps below (Figs 1 and 2) show the location of the
tenement on Google Earth Pro with nearby cities located on Figure 3. The area is rather flat, and
no significant hills or river valleys exist on the property.
Figure 2 Google Earth image showing the location of the Lubembe Project (ZEA 718)
12
5.0 ACCESSIBILITY
5.1 Accessibility and Infrastructure

The Project can be accessed using the national tarred road n°1 from the main city of Lubumbashi
to Kasumbalesa border post as far as Kasumbalesa village situated about 90 km SE of Lubumbashi.
A poorly maintained partially tarred road then turns north-eastwards towards the city of
Mokambo as far as Seyulu village before branching to the north east on a tertiary dirt road that is
also poorly maintained up to the tenement. It takes about 3 to 4 hours driving from Lubumbashi
to the site.
13
Figure 3: Location map of the Lubembe Project (ZEA718)
14
The figures 4 and 5 below show the conditions of the road and access to the Lubembe Project.
Figure 4: The road between Lubumbashi and Kasumbalesa Village
Figure 5: Kasumbalesa – Sakania road by junction to the permit.
15
The Lubembe Project (ZEA718) is situated in the vicinity of a well-developed region of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo in at the NW extremity of the Congo Pedicle. Lubumbashi is
the main city of the former Katanga Province with all infrastructure in acceptable condition. The
permit lies about 100 km north of the city of Ndola, the capital of the Zambian Copperbelt
Province. The project is also located close (5km) to the Zambian border and the DRC-Zambia rail
link, while Mokambo is only 30 km away to the SE. Parts of the permit have weak mobile phone
coverage.
Both cities (Lubumbashi and Ndola) have well-developed infrastructure including roads, railways,
cellular networks, water supply chain, hospitals, national airport, stores and powerlines.
Most of the existing mining companies established in the sub-region are using the port of Dar-
Es-Salaam (Tanzania) and Durban (South Africa) to export concentrates and refined copper and
cobalt products. More recently, the railway line from Kolwezi to Lobito in Angola has been open
to the public, and it has been added to support infrastructure for the mining sector of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The location of the Lubembe Project is considered as strategic in terms of its position with the
existing infrastructure in the Copperbelt region.
LUBEMBE
Figure 6: Location of the Lubembe Project vs the known deposits and main cities
16
The permit has no infrastructure on it except the gravel access road and a portion of the wider
gravel/partly tarred road to Mokambo. The site is accessible year-round although the final 1-2km
can be muddy after heavy rain.
6.2 Climate and Physiography

The area is mostly flat around 1280m a.m.s.l. and covered with mature Miombo (Brachystegia,
Julbernardia etc) woodland with a few scattered clearings for subsistence crops. The area lies
within a moist savannah type climate with just over 1100mm summer rain falling mostly between
the beginning of November and early April. Maximum summer temperatures range from just over
30°-31°C in October to 25°-28C with the onset of rains and minima in the region of 14-20°C.
Winter maxima and minima are in the region of 5°-8°C lower than the summer equivalents.
7.0 HISTORY
Apart from artisanal miners working sub-outcropping oxidised ore at the northern extremity of
the current open pit, there is no history of exploration save that discussed in the section on
exploration. It is likely that no more than a few hundred tonnes of hand-picked ore were extracted.
8.0 GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND MINERALISATION
8.1 Regional Geological Setting

The Lubembe Project is located in the former Katanga Province in the Central African Copperbelt
(CACB) belonging to the Lufilian Arc that straddles the international border between the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Zambia (Figure 7, Selley et al, 2005). The CACB forms
one of the largest metallogenic provinces of the world and hosts over 50% of the world’s cobalt
resources and at least 20% of the world’s copper.
17
Figure 7: The Lufilian Arc and Central African Copperbelt
The major Cu-Co deposits occur within the Neoproterozoic Katangan Supergroup of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the Roan Supergroup of Zambia. Within the DRC,
Cu and Co mineralisation is present from Lubembe and Frontier in the southeast up to and even
west of Kolwezi in the northwest, occupying the Fold and Thrust Belt within the Lufilian Arc. The
Cu-Co occurrences are mostly located in two stratigraphic levels forming the “Lower” and the
“Upper” orebodies with a total cumulative thickness varying between 15 and 55m (Cailteux et al.,
2005). Total resources of the Copperbelt in the DRC and Zambia are estimated at more than 150
million metric tonnes of Cu and 8 million metric tonnes of Co metal (Misra, 2000).
The Roan Group comprises both siliciclastic and carbonate to evaporite type sediments proximal
and distal respectively to the underlaying basement granite. The typical more mineralised hosts
in the Zambian-type Copperbelt comprise proximal siliciclastic sediments while the distal sabkha-
type evaporitic chemical sediments constitute the bulk of the Katangan-type Copperbelt.
18
Stratigraphic markers such as the RSC or Grey RAT in Katanga have no direct equivalents to the
south whereas the Zambian Ore Shale is possibly replaced by the pelitic dolomites of the Lower
Ore Body (R2.1) in the DRC. Many workers believe the Congolese RAT (R1) red-beds are the
temporal equivalent of the Lower Roan siliclastics in Zambia with mineralisation located in the
upper formations of the latter.
The Lubembe Project is located between the Kafue Anticline and the Mokambo basement domes;
about 2 km to east of the Kafue basement and is underlain by Neoproterozoic rocks belonging to
the undifferentiated Congolese-type Roan Group (Figures 8 and 9).
19
Kisenda Deposit
Kasaria Deposit
Figure 8: Regional Geological map of the Lubembe Project
20
Figure 9: Geological setting of the Zambian Copperbelt and the distribution of the stratabound sediment
hosted Copper deposits.
The section below describes the Roan subgroups in detail and its main subdivisions which are
summarized as follows:
8.1.1 Stratigraphy of the Katangan Supergroup

The lithostratigraphic subdivision of Katangan sediments is broadly based on two main divisions,
namely the Roan Group of siliclastic and evaporite sediments below the glacial diamictite marker,
the “Grand Conglomerate”, and the overlying Kundelungu Group of marine, fluvial and
21
terrigenous sediments, that also contains mid-stage glacial mixtite, the “Petit Conglomerate”
(François, 1973; 1974) (Figure 10). It comprises, from the bottom to the top, the following groups:
Figure 10: Broad stratigraphic divisions of the Congolese and Zambian copperbelts
22
8.1.1.1 Roan Group (R)

The Roan Group in Katanga consists of predominantly dolomitic rocks deposited in supratidal,
intratidal and lagoonal sedimentary environments (Lefebvre, 1978; Cailteux 1978a; 1978b; 1983;
1994)
The known transgressive sequence includes supratidal and continental deposits. The RAT
Subgroup (R1), is characterized in Zambia by some proximal facies of coarse‐grained sandstone
resulting from the erosion of Kibaride basement rocks, and in Katanga, by distal finer clastics and
dolostones (Cailteux et al., 1994). This subgroup is overlain by a transgressive succession of
supratidal sediments, intratidal and algal deposits (Mines Subgroup‐R2) carrying the bulk of the
stratiform copper‐cobalt mineralization. The facies changes at the top to a clayey‐dolomitic
confined sediment type. These are followed by a succession of similar sediments, moving from a
regressive (Dipeta‐R3) to a transgressive (Mwashya‐R4) sequence.
Little is known about the total thickness of Roan Group sediments; the base has never been
observed and tectonic discontinuities occur within the R1 and R3 subgroups.
8.1.1.2 Nguba Group (Ng)

Previously called Lower Kundelungu (Ki) (François, 1995; Cailteux et al., 2005), the group consists
predominantly of clastics deposited in a marine environment where argillaceous, arenaceous and
carbonate facies have been observed. It represents a major transgression over the underlying
Roan. Its total thickness varies between 1000 and 3000m. The lowermost unit is the “Grand
Conglomérat” which is overlain by silty shale to calcareous dolomitic formations, which locally
contain Cu in diamictite and Pb‐Zn mineralization in Kakontwe limestone, notably in the Kipushi,
Kengere and Lombe deposits (François 1973, 1974).
8.1.1.3 Kundelungu Group (Ku)

Formerly called the Upper Kundelungu (Ks) (François, 1995; Cailteux et al., 2003), this 300m thick
group comprises mainly argillaceous to sandy clastics and is floored by the “Petit Conglomérat”
diamictite (François, 1973; 1974; Batumike et al., 2006; 2007). The depositional environment is
marine, but with a larger transgressive tract than the Nguba (Batumike et al., 2006; 2007). The
facies are poorly diversified and laterally homogeneous over a large area of the whole basin
(Batumike et al., 2006).
8.1.2 The Roan Group Stratigraphy

The Roan Group unconformably overlies the Pre-Katangan basement rocks. The Roan Group in
the Katangan Copperbelt is subdivided into the following Subgroups (Fig. 11):
8.1.2.1 The Roches Argilo-Talqueuses (R.A.T) Subgroup (R1).

The RAT Subgroup is composed of red to maroon and purple, massive to irregularly bedded to
banded, sandy to dolomitic rocks occurring at the base of the Katangan Supergroup that typically
comprise a talcose altered matrix. The RAT formations become more dolomitic towards its top
23
contact with the Mines Subgroup due to increasing proportions of chloritic-dolomitic (talc)
cement (Michael et al., 2010). The red colour of the RAT is related to the presence of hematite in
the form of authigenic plates and pigment included in authigenic minerals such as quartz,
dolomite, and tourmaline (Cailteux, 1994).
The RAT Subgroup has been subdivided into three formations, based on drill core intersections
from Kamoto in the Kolwezi region (Oosterbosch, 1962). These three formations are described as
follows:
1. R1.1 (40m) irregularly striped sandy purple‐red pelite with minor dolomite;
2. R1.2 (45m) pink to purple‐grey argillaceous siltstone with minor dolomite; interbedded
sandstones occur at the base of the unit and a pink silicified, locally stromatolitic dolomite
occurs at the top;
3. R1.3 (150m) pink‐lilac chloritic dolomitic siltstone
The Red RAT is conformably overlain by the Grey RAT. This horizon is considered as the lower-
most unit of the Mines Series because of the Cu-Co mineralization that is widely observed within
it throughout the Katangan Copperbelt. While the lithologic, petrographic, and geochemical
features of Red and Grey R.A.T. are similar (Cailteux, 1994), there is a marked greyish colour change
and sharp redox contrast associated with the onset of mineralisation. Hitzman, (2008) and Kazadi,
(2012) suggest that the Grey RAT should be considered as the upper most unit of the RAT
Subgroup. For the current report, the Grey RAT will be considered as the lowest unit of the Mines
Subgroup, as there is not yet a consensus on this topic.
8.1.2.2 The Mines Subgroup (R2)

The Mines Subgroup, formerly called the Mines Series (François, 1973, 1974), constitutes the most
well‐known stratigraphic section of the Neoproterozoic Roan Group because of its Cu‐Co
mineralization. The Mines Group is categorized into five facies types, termed by François (1973)
as the Musonoi, Kilamusembu, Kalumbwe, Long, and Menda facies. The first 3 tend to be most
consistently mineralised.
Michael et al., (2010) described the Mines Subgroup as a carbonate unit that formed in a reducing
environment, and it has been subdivided into three formations (oldest to youngest): The Kamoto
Dolomite (R.2.1), the Dolomitic Shale (SD; R.2.2) and the Kambove Dolomite (known as C.M.N;
R.2.3). These formations can be summarized as follows:
• Kamoto Dolomite is subdivided into four units. The basal unit is Grey R.A.T., which consists
of a 4–8-m-thick chloritic and dolomitic siltstone. It is overlain by three mostly dolomitic
units, the “Dolomites stratifiées” or D. Strat. (stratified, fine-grained dolomites), “Roches
Siliceuses Feuilletées” or R.S.F. (siliceous, laminated dolomites), and “Roches Siliceuses
Cellulaires” or R.S.C. (massive and generally stromatolitic dolomites).
• The Dolomitic Shale (SD) Formation consists mostly of fine argillaceous clastic material
cemented by dolomite. The formation can be further subdivided based on the presence
24
of three carbonaceous marker units. Sedimentary rocks at the base of this formation were
deposited in a shallow-water, high-salinity environment (intertidal zone); rocks higher in
the formation are interpreted to have formed in a deeper-water environment.
• The Kambove Dolomite Formation (C.M.N.) is divided into (1) the Lower C.M.N. (mostly
dark dolomites, enriched in organic matter), and (2) the Upper C.M.N. (clean dolomites
containing interbedded, chloritic dolomitic siltstones).
8.1.2.3 The Dipeta Subgroup (R.3)

The Dipeta Subgroup is divided into four formations, each characterized by a high proportion of
argillaceous and siliciclastic beds at the base and by carbonate beds at the top (Cailteux, 1994;
Cailteux and others, 2005b, 2007). The argillaceous-siliciclastic strata include purple-blue, green,
or red siltstones, dolomitic shales, and sandstones. yellow, or red-brown dolomites, with local
white talcose dolomites. Evaporitic conditions are indicated by carbonate-quartz pseudomorphs
after gypsum and anhydrite, and by collapse breccias in the dolomites. Occurrence of hematite in
the siltstones suggests an oxidizing environment. The sequence of oxidized sandy argillaceous
facies overlain by lagoonal-type carbonate facies is consistent with a sabkha-type depositional
environment. The uppermost formation, the Kansuki (previously assigned to the Lower Mwashia)
is made up of carbonate rocks that contain some detrital and volcaniclastic beds plus a very thin
but magnetic ironstone.
8.1.2.4 The Mwashya Subgroup (R.4)

The clastic-dominant Mwashya Subgroup (formerly the Upper Mwashya) is subdivided into three
formations:
(1) the Kamoya formation characterized by dolomitic, silty shales, siltstones, and sandstones, and
containing a regional marker unit (the “Conglomerat de Mwashya” bed) at its base. The
“Conglomérat de Mwashya” was deposited by subaquatic mass transport by turbidity currents
and may have glacial characteristics (Cahen, 1978). Subordinate interbedded mafic volcaniclastics
are more common southwards in the region.
(2) the Kanfubu formations formed by finely bedded and slightly dolomitic shales, with a high
carbon content; and
(3) the Kanzadi formations which are marked by feldspathic sandstones alternating with black
shales or siltites (Cailteux and others, 2007).
25
Figure 11: The Katangan stratigraphic sequence (modified from Francois 2006)
26
8.1.3. The Roan Breccia

Roan Mega Breccia (RMB) is observed in the entire Fold and Thrust belt in the Lufilian Arc as
laterally extensive mixtites that are particularly well exposed in the cores of major folds and thrusts.
The RMB contains clasts of a few mm to 10 km in size (François, 1973; François and Cailteux, 1981;
Jackson and others, 2003), derived from different and specific stratigraphic units in the Roan
Group including R2 and R3, and sitting in a finer breccia matrix consisting of dolomitic, chloritic,
talcose siltstone. The breccia matrix is typically grey or lilac and might contain either rare sulfide
minerals or more commonly hematite (François, 1973; De Magnée and François, 1988).
Continuous sedimentary layers are preserved in these kilometre-scale blocks.
Several hypotheses have been advanced on the origin of these breccias: pure tectonic
compression due to the shortening of the Katangan basin (Cailteux and Kampunzu, 1999), syn-
sedimentary breccias or olistostromes (Wendorff, 2000; 2003), salt tectonics (Jackson et al., 2003;
Selley et al., 2005) and a combination of halokinetics and thrusting acting prior to compression
due to the shortening of the Katangan basin (Kazadi, 2012).
In the Katangan Copperbelt, Jackson et al. (2003) stipulate that the breccia occurs in the four
following settings:
✓ regional detachments of anticlines, synclines, over-thrusted anticline flanks, or klippen;

✓ local detachments within klippen;
✓ discordant diapiric intrusions and;
✓ oblique, strike-slip fault zones.
8.2. Zambian Copperbelt (ZCB)

The ZCB consists of the Basement Complex which is overlain by Neo-Proterozoic sediments of the
Katangan Supergroup, which host the bulk of stratiform copper-cobalt deposits of Zambia
(Konkola-Musoshi, Nchanga-Chingola, Nkana-Mindola, Mufulira, Luanshya-Baluba, and
Chambishi) and several deposits that are located just inside the DRC (Musoshi, Frontier, Lonshi)
(David, 2014). The Zambian Copperbelt formed within a relatively narrow series of basins and
horsts and contained one major evaporitic sequence within the Roan Group above the main Ore
Shale horizon (Hitzman, 2012).
As mentioned above, the Zambian-type Copperbelt (ZCB) differs from the Congolese Copperbelt
(CCB) by the depositional environment of the Roan Group. The Zambian-type Copperbelt (ZCB)
was deposited in fluvial, alluvial fan, aeolian and fan-delta environment (Binda, 1994; Selley et al.,
2005).
Geologists working in the Zambian Copperbelt have subdivided the Roan Supergroup into three
groups (Binda and Mulgrew, 1974; Selley et al., 2005; Michael et al., 2010; Hitzman et al., 2012):
(i) the Lower Roan which consist mostly of clastic units,

(ii) the Upper Roan that consist of the dolomitic units and
27
(iii) the Mwashya Group that consist of a shale-dominant unit.
8.2.1 The Lower Roan

The Lower Roan Group consist of clastics metasediments with minor dolomites towards the op
(Binda and Mulgrew, 1974). It can be subdivided into two units:
1. the Mindola Subgroup

2. the Kitwe Subgroup.
8.2.1.1 The Mindola Subgroup

Known as the RL7, the Mindola Subgroup is the lowermost unit of the Lower Roan group. It
consists of clastics that contain laterally discontinuous continental sandstones and conglomerates.
The thickness of the Mindola Subgroup varies widely and can change abruptly along strike, such
that it might be absent in places and can range up to several hundred meters in other places
(Michael et al., 2010: Hitzman et al., 2012). The Mindola Subgroup can be subdivided into three
formations:
✓ The Chinfunshi formation that consists of pebble and cobble conglomerates

✓ The Kafufya formation that consists of quartzites
✓ The Mutonda formation that consists of conglomerates, coarse arkoses and argillaceous
siltstones.
It is important to note that the Mutonda formation constitutes the red bed of the Mindola
Subgroup.
8.2.1.2 The Kitwe Subgroup

The Kitwe Subgroup is the equivalent to the Mines Subgroup in the Congolese Copperbelt. It
overlies the uppermost unit of the Mindola Subgroup and consists of an organic rich, marginal
marine siltstone or shale named the Copperbelt Orebody member, usually known as the “Ore
Shale” which was deposited during a regional transgressive episode over the red beds of the
Mindola Subgroup. The Kitwe Subgroup can be subdivided into three formations described as
follows:
✓ The Ore Shale Formation or the RL6 consists of finely laminated dolomitic siltstone with
lesser carbonaceous shale, argillaceous sandstone, and massive to microbially laminated
dolomite (Garlick, 1961a, Annels, 1974, Clemmey, 1974, Fleischer, 1984, Selley et al., 2005).
The Ore Shale is the main Cu-Co mineralisation carrier in the ZCB, around 5 to 20m thick
and can be also subdivided into three zones:
o A basal carbonaceous argillite facies to the west of the belt;
o An argillite-siltstone slope facies;
o Littoral facies represented by algal bioherms and sabkha deposits to the west
(Annels, 1984).
28
Figure 12: The stratigraphic sequence of the Zambian Copperbelt (Michael et al., 2010).
29
✓ The Pelito-arkosic Formation or the RL5 consists of arkoses, sandy to dolomitic argillites.
8.2.1 The Lower Roan

The Chingola Formation or the RL4 which consists of dolomite with argillite beds at the
top. The Chingola Formation constitutes the hangingwall formation to the Cu-Co
mineralisation that occurs in the ZCB.
8.2.2 The Upper Roan Group

Selley et al., (2005) and Michael et al., (2010) describe the Upper Roan Group as a thick succession
of dolomites, with subordinate argillites and breccias. The predominance of carbonate strata
distinguished the upper Roan from the Lower Roan. The Upper Roan Group is represented by the
Kirilabombwe Subgroup.
8.2.2.1 The Kirilabombwe Subgroup

The Kirilabombwe Subgroup consist of more than 100m thick of coarse arkose and conglomerate,
becoming more argillaceous towards the west. Binda and Mulgrew (1974) observed a lateral facies
changes from the arkose type to a gritty argillite type which is the most common lithotype
observed proceeding east to west. The Kirilabombwe Subgroup can be subdivided into two
formations describe as follow:
✓ The Kibalongo Formation or the RL3 that comprises shales with gritty beds.
✓ The Brancroft Kamwangungu Formation or the RU1 and RU2 that consists of dolostones
to arenitic dolomites interbedded with dolomitic shales. Intrusive gabbro has been
observed within these stratigraphical levels.
8.2.3 The Mwashya Subgroup

Mendelsohn (1961a), Marjonen (2000), Selley et al., (2005) and Michael et al., (2010) describe the
Mwashya Subgroup as a shale-dominant sequence that overlying the dolomite-dominant
succession of the Upper Roan. In the Northern Zambian Copperbelt, the Mwashya Subgroup
consists of a lower dolomite, an intermediate mixed dolomite-siltstone mudstone, and an upper
siltstone-mudstone-carbonaceous mudstone sequence with mafic intrusives and lesser volcanics;
a breccia occurs at the base of the Mwashia Group.
8.3 Local Geology

The local stratigraphy for the domes region has been studied in detail by several authors including
Mendelsohn (1961a), Fleischer et al., (1976) and Selley et al., (2005). The ZEA 718 Cu project
appears to occur within the Zambian-type Copperbelt.
Broadly speaking, the geology of the Lubembe licence is situated in a district that can be
subdivided into two major sub-regions: (Figure 13)
✓ The western sub-region, which consist of Neoproterozoic rock formations

including siliciclastic and dolomitic rocks that belong to the Roan Group. These
30
rocks formations show a general trend-oriented N-S. They have been intruded by
several layers of mafic rocks within this region.
✓ The eastern sub-region consists of Neoproterozoic rock formations including
conglomerates, sandstones and mudstones showing a general trend-oriented SW-
NE.
The contact between these two sub-group is marked by a SW-NE oriented thrust faulted zone.
Figure 13: Local Setting of the Lubembe Cu Deposit.
The Lubembe Cu project is situated in the vicinity of several known copper deposits which
belonging to both the Zambian-type and Congolese-type Copperbelt; deposits including Konkola
North, Konkola, Kinsenda, Musoshi, Mbaya and Kimpe.
The Lubumbe ZEA 718 open pit is situated to the mid-northern part of the tenement exposing
mostly siliciclastic rocks alternating with dolomitic shale layers belonging to the lower Mwashya.
31
These units are steeply dipping towards the West and striking N-S. They have been intruded by
doleritic sills and dykes belonging to the late Neoproterozoic (Key et al., 2001; Liyungu et al.,
2001). Detailed geological mapping of the open pit has been completed (Section 8.4 and 10.2);
while the RC drilling program was proximal and along strike to the south of the open pit.
8.4 Permit Geology

The account below focuses on the area around and along strike from and proximal to the open
pit, the only places where any exposures or sub-surface information is available.
Expect for laterite and allochthonous cover soil, the region is largely underlain by the poorly
exposed lower Mwashya sediments equivalent to the Lower Bancroft Kanwangungu formation
(RU.2) of the Zambian Copperbelt with a similar style of mineralisation, typically with a tectonic-
hydrothermal influence. These consist of a mixture of dolomitic shales and argillaceous siliciclastic
rocks that are intruded by gabbro and/or dolerite. While it is acknowledged that the superficial
exposures are still in the weathered zone and leached, it has been noted that as previously
mapped, the succession comprises Bancroft RU.2 silty sandstones, possible dolomitic to siliceous
argillites/shales and siltstones with 5-9m a belt of semi-concordant NNW-striking, matrix-
supported breccias, largely containing clasts of Kirilabombwe sediments as well as a dolerite
component.
Boundaries of these breccias were very sharp with the hangingwall border dipping 80° towards
075° and the footwall contact of the more dolomitic? siltstone breccia dipping 66° towards 055°,
Error! Reference source not found.4.
Figure 14 : Polylithic breccia and hangingwall contact
32
In the pit, most of the geological units are striking N-S and steeply dipping towards the W and
are shown in the map in Figure 15.
Commencing in the structural footwall (western side), sediments comprise a thick horizon of
mainly maroon to pale brownish-red, poorly bedded, silty sandstone dipping sub-vertically
westwards (UTM 35M 0621225mE, 8635361mN) trending 155°.
These arenaceous sediments grade into 2-4m of more finely laminated shales/siltstone dipping
80-85° towards 040°-045°. This is succeeded eastwards by 2m of possible dolomitic shales (Figures
14 and 16). The more intense brownish weathering of this saprock is attributed to a possible
dolomite component.
33
Figure 15: Surface geological map of the Lubembe open pit.
34
Figure 16: Strongly weathered dolomitic shale observed on the wall of the open pit.
There is a sharp contrast with the main “ore” bed that stands out as a white-cream, laminated
slightly sandy siltstone dipping 80-90° towards 035°. Some 3m wide on the NW face (0621214mE,
8635390mS), this stratum has been leached of Cu within 6m of the surface so that only black
oxides and limonite remain, Figure 17.
Figure 17: Leached siliceous mineralised siltstone in NW corner of quarry
35
Apart from the later quartz tension gashes, silicification along the bedding is noted, either as
discrete quartz laminae or more subtle hardening of the siltstone.
Progressing eastwards, it has been noted a thick zone (>10m) of inferred dolomitic shales and
siltstones dipping >62° →044° at 0621214mE, 8635393mS that are truncated by the breccias
referred to in Figure 14. The contact of brecciated dolerite and shales is shown in Figure 19.
Material to the east of these breccias is poorly exposed but was mapped as variably bedded shales
in October 2018.
At the southern end, it has been noted that the well mineralised pale siliceous siltstone that hosted
the mineralisation seen in the NW corner is partly cut out or displaced by mixed polylithic breccia
and very fractured dolerite. This tectonised zone is partly mineralised and malachite was noted,
particularly with quartz.
Brecciated dolerite
Sandy dolomitic
shale
Figure 18: sharp contact between the brecciated dolerite and the brownish sandy siltstone carrying Cu oxides.
According to an October 2018 map, a pit some 30-40m west of the main quarry exposed
weathered dolerite. This infers that there is more than one dolerite intrusion in the succession,
thereby partly explaining a greater thickness of this mafic body in the drill holes.
Drilling along the same strike some 400m south of the quarry (RC010, 8634850mS) revealed
purple/maroon shales typical of the Nguba, or possible Kundelungu. These particularly non
micaceous shales most likely belong to the Ng1.2 and show that the assumptions made by
Gecamines mapping that the Nguba lies much further to the southeast are incorrect
36
8.4.2 Detailed Lithological Descriptions

The following descriptions are based on RC chips.
8.4.2.1 Overburden
The overburden at the Lubembe Cu Project consists of both residual and allochthonous soil, loamy
to clay-rich soil <1-2m thick, grading into clayey saprolite and saprock from 3-7m thick over all
lithologies. The thickness of the soil is decreases to the east while the thickness of lateritic soil is
increasing. A more lateritic profile develops overlying the argillaceous shale that was mapped
towards the eastern side of the open pit.
after
Residual Soil
Lateritic Soil
Quartz veins
Saprock
shale
Figure 19: Regolith profile showing residual soil on top of Laterite and saprock after shale (LBB_RC007)
8.4.2.2 Dolomitic Shale

The dolomitic shale (SD) in the Lubembe region shows a bedded to laminated texture and has a
dark greenish to pale olive colour when fresh, giving a weak reaction to hydrochloric acid. Where
weathered, it becomes reddish brown with iron oxides.
37
Figure 20: Dolomitic Shale (LBB_RC003)
The dolomitic shale underlies a bedded to laminated green to pale olive shale and it is overlying
a well bedded pale olive argillaceous siltstone slightly silicified in places. The dolomitic shale is
carrying chalcopyrite and pyrite. The well mineralised sections were intercepted in the RC holes
LBB_RC003 and LBB_RC007. The well mineralised sections are situated close to the intrusive
dolerite and in the vicinity of major structures indicated by quartz veins.
Figure 21: Dolomitic shale with quartz veins carrying chalcopyrite and pyrite.
38
8.4.2.3 Shale
The shale layers were intercepted in most of the RC holes and consist of banded to laminated
argillaceous mudstone, mostly barren but carrying chalcopyrite in places where quartz stockworks
are intercepted. Shale layers are overly bedded to laminated siltstones.
Figure 22: Light beige to khaki bedded shale LBB_RC 005
8.4.2.4 Siltstone
The siltstone consists of a dark green to pale olive massive horizon alternating with laminated
sandy shale towards the basal contact. It shows also a dark grey sandy bedded horizon towards
its top contact. It is traversed by centimetre quartz veins in places and carries sporadic
disseminated pyrite in the sandy laminae.
The thickness of the siltstone is about 30 metres. It is decreasing downhole and to the west.
39
Figure 23: Massive siltstone alternating with a bedded dark grey sandy horizon (LBB_RC 004).
8.4.2.5 Sandstone
The sandstone in the permit consists of a massive to banded, maroon to light pink feldspathic
unit with traces of disseminated specular haematite. The sandstone layer constitutes the possible
red bed horizon to the copper mineralisation intercepted in the area. It lies beneath the bedded
to laminated grey to green siltstone.
The sandstone is mostly outcropping in the western side of the open pit and has about 40 metres
and so far, it has been intercepted only in the RC hole LBB RC 001.
Where weathered, the sandstone become reddish brown in colour with black Fe oxides that
includes limonite and hematite filling fractures lending the reddish or brownish hue.
40
Figure 24: Reddish to yellowish brown massive to banded sandstone (LBB RC 001).
8.4.2.6 Dolerite and brecciated dolerite

Massive dolerite was intercepted in most of the RC holes completed near both the eastern and
the southern sides of the Lubembe open pit. The dolerite layers intruded the sedimentary rocks
that are steeply dipping towards the west and are dipping gently towards the west and were not
intercepted in most of the RC holes completed to the east of the open pit. The western part where
thick dolerite layers were intercepted are separated with the eastern part by an inferred steeply
thrust fault as reported on Figure 30.
Figure 25: RC chips from a massive dark green dolerite (LBB RC007).
41
In places, especially close to major structure which are inferred as thrust faults, the dolerite shows
a brecciated texture that consists of rounded shape comprising into fusiform layers which are
directly situated to the fault zones. The fault zones are mostly indicated by massive quartz veins.
Figure 26: Open pit outcrop of brecciated dolerite showing the rounded clast shape.
Figure 27: Brecciated dolerite with quartz veins (LBB RC 007).
42
The brecciated dolerite carries disseminated chalcopyrite and pyrite in quartz veins.
8.4.2.7 Undifferentiated Breccia

The undifferentiated breccia is indicated by steeply dipping highly broken and fractured zone of
about 50 metres observed in RC holes LBB_RC018 and LBB_RC019 and limited by vertical fault
which has been observed to?? the southern part of the open pit at around the latitude 8635100mS.
The broken zone is consisted of mixture of green grey bedded to laminated dolomite, greyish
green laminated to massive sandy siltstone and quartz veins chips.
Figure 28: Sandy siltstone chips from an undifferentiated brecciated zone (LBB_RC018).
43
Figure 29: Brecciated dolomite chips from LBB_RC019
8.4 Structure
While the open pit reveals a subvertical to steeply westerly dipping sequence, Minex suspects that
the intense brecciation and fracturing may be associated with possible west over east thrusting
(based on horizontal extensional veins) with later weak warping about an ENE axis. However, clear
kinematic indicators could not be determined in the quarry. South of the quarry the geology is
more complicated. RC drilling infers:
✓ While there is a significant degree of sediment-hosted mineralisation control within the

quarry, this has been disrupted by tangential or parallel structures to the south in which
the main ore bed has been caught up in the polylithic breccias and associated dolerite as
per Figure 31. The dolerite predates the strike-parallel brecciation.
✓ Chalcopyrite mineralisation further south within argillaceous horizons seems to be

associated with some kind of silicification and possible weak dolomite alteration that is
coeval with tectonism, but while there appears to be a relationship to the dominant N-S
trend, there seems to be complexities associated with, or drag into cross faults that
severely displace the dolerite and may account for the much thicker intervals in 2 section
lines.
✓ The association of mineralisation with altered and brecciated dolerite is notable on the
southernmost line but less obvious to the north where chalcopyrite is limited to fault or
breccia-bound siltstone zones within the intrusion. Mineralisation seems proportional to
the amount of cataclasis, quartz veining and alteration.
✓ A hypothesised schematic section through the quarry area is shown in Figure 31 below.
However, if the possible dolerite noted in the pit west of the quarry is real, then there could
44
be a second steeply dipping body to the west that may either be a parallel intrusion or a
thrust repetition of the existing body. It should be noted that dolerite could give
anomalous copper in termite/soil samples in this environment.
Figure 30: Schematic section through the open pit area
The fact that very thick dolerite was disclosed in holes RC003 and RC007 <30m from the southern
edge of the quarry suggests that there is a major WNW-trending cross fault in between and would
also clarify why no dolerite was encountered in RC004 and RC005 further east on the same line.
However, 100m to the south (line 8635150mS), no intact dolerite has been intersected. The lack
of dolerite is most likely explained by cross faults or with lateral offsets, unless there has been
some kind of normal faulting cutting out the body. However, it should be noted that the thick
polylithic breccias mapped in the quarry and seen locally further south are also virtually absent.
On line 8635150mS, chalcopyrite occurs at irregular depths in quartz veinlets in sandy (partly
silicified?) siltstones and the overall configuration suggests that the zone dips very steeply
45
westwards. However, this does not allow for the fact that RC009 was abandoned in mineralisation
at 88m downhole (>70m vertically) while RC012 carried minor chalcopyrite to >70m below
surface. RD001, some 50m to the west of RC009, has yet to check if mineralisation extends at
depth and structures in siliceous siltstone and possible dolomitic siltstone are barren.
One hundred metres to the south, line 8635050mS, all the holes reveal that the dolerite is >100m
thick (both true and drilled width) and 2 closely spaced holes, RC008 and RC013, were both barren.
However, RC011, 30m west of RC008 went into brecciated dolerite after 20m downhole and
continued to intersect occasionally minor and significant chalcopyrite mineralisation in rather
brecciated and tectonised dolerite that hosts very minor shale/siltstone at intervals between 62m
and 82.5m. Significant amounts of chalcopyrite are disseminated in the altered dolerite with
reduced quantities over the interval 82.5-142m (downhole) in less altered dolerite. The fact that
such long intervals of Cu mineralisation exist here in contrast to the proximal holes to the east,
infer that that an inferred mineralising structure runs at an acute angle to the section line. It is
initially postulated that this “fault” runs most likely along a WNW orientation, dipping steeply NNE
which would produce an intersection line sub-parallel to hole RC011 and explain why so much of
the hole carries mineralisation. Such a structural orientation might then explain why the dolerite
is so thick, since this body may have been dragged into the tectonised zone, unless it already
conforms to the postulated shape noted in 30. Similarly, orientated structures may also displace
the dolerite the north and explain the absence of this intrusive on line 8635150mS.
9.0 DEPOSIT TYPES

Most of the Cu-Co deposits in the CACB are the stratiform sediment-hosted (SSH) mineralisation
type. In addition, the sediment-hosted Cu-Co deposits type, there are structurally controlled and
vein-type deposits (Kipushi, Deziwa, Frontier, Dikulushi for example).
9.1 Sediment-hosted Cu Mineralization.

Several models have been proposed to explain the sediment‐hosted copper‐cobalt mineralisation
in the Lufilian Arc. All these models fall within three major schools of thought which are:
epigenetic‐magmatic (Bateman, 1930; Davidson, 1931; Gray, 1932), syngenetic (Garlick, 1961;
Fleischer et al., 1976; Okitaudji, 1989; 2001) and diagenetic (Bartholomé et al., 1973; Bartholomé,
1974). Recent studies in both the Zambian (Bara et al., 2004; Selley et al., 2005, Broughton et al.,
2007) and the Congolese Copper belts (Cailteux et al., 2005; Dewaele et al., 2006; El Desouky et
al., 2007; Muchez et al., 2007) emphasize a multiphase origin of copper mineralisation.
Dewaele et al., (2006) suggest that the main phase of the stratiform mineralisation precedes the
Lufilian orogeny and that faults and fractures formed during this event affected the pre-existing
mineralisation and remobilized minor quantities of Cu‐Co minerals. Supergene alteration along
faults and fractures resulted in an enrichment of the mineralisation, with the formation of
secondary Cu‐oxides, Cu‐carbonates and Cu‐silicates.
46
Subtypes of sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits are distinguished by configuration,

host lithology and the nature of organic material in the sedimentary strata. Host rocks for reduced-
facies subtype include black shale, dark grey to black siltstone, dark-grey dolo-siltstone, grey
shale, and locally green shale or siltstone, all of which contain varying amounts of solid organic
material. Well-sorted, siliciclastic sandstones from a variety of deltaic topset depositional
environments are the host rocks for sandstone-type copper deposits.
Based on the type of the host rocks, stratiform Cu mineralization have been encountered in several
lithological positions of the Katangan Copperbelt and the main examples are described below:
1. Typical stratabound Cu mineralisation in the R2 Mines Subgroups exists at 3 different

stratigraphical levels:
✓ The Lower Ore Body (LOB) occurring in the basal sequence of the R2 (Grey RAT,
DStrat, RSF) carrying disseminated copper sulfides including carrollite, chalcocite,
bornite and chalcopyrite, preferably in arenaceous laminae, with irregularly
decreasing Cu content downwards from the basal contact of the RSC.
✓ Similarly, to the LOB, the Upper Ore Body occurs in a dolomitic shale unit,
commencing at the top contact of the RSC silicified dolomite. The principal
minerals are covellite, carrollite, chalcocite, bornite and chalcopyrite, with
increasing sulphides in carbonaceous zones in the SD, but generally decreasing
upwards and along strike from the richest centres. The BOMZ is part of the upper
ore body and is a dark sandy to shaley dolomite showing significant metal
enrichment.
✓ The third ore body occurs in the CMN (Kambove Dolomite) and consists of
disseminated and bedded chalcopyrite and bornite in carbonaceous dark layers.
Deposits include: Kamoto, Mutoshi, Kinsevere, Luiswishi, Kwatebala, Mashamba,
Dikuluwe, Nyoka, Virgule, T17, Kasombo, Kasonta, Lupoto.
2. Stratabound Cu mineralization in the Dipeta: Pungulume,
3. Stratabound Cu mineralisation in the Mwashya: Kipoi, Shituru, Mutanda
4. Stratabound Cu mineralisation in the Nguba: Kamoa-Kakula and Makalu, Lonshi.
9.2 Other types of Cu Mineralisation

Structurally controlled and vein-type Cu mineralisation are also encountered in the Katangan
Copperbelt. Typical examples of these deposits are represented by the Kipushi (Cu-Zn-Pb-Ge-Ag)
and Dikulushi (Cu-Ag) as well as the Frontier and Lonshi deposits in the Pedicle in the same region
as Luanshimba to the southeast.
The Kipushi Cu deposit is well known in that the age of the host rock that is younger than the bulk
of the common SSH Cu deposits in the Katangan Copperbelt and comprises structurally-
controlled Cu mineralisation that is hosted in breccias that fill the Kipushi Fault at the sheared
axial plane position of the Kipushi Anticline. Mineralisation “bleeds” off the fault into mantos and
47
fingers penetrating and replacing reactive sedimentary horizons of the northern limb of the
anticline.
However, the Dikulushi Cu-Ag deposit is situated in the Kundelungu foreland and consists of veins
and a steeply plunging, massive pipe-like body injected between two NNW-oriented faults in the
Kiaka unit near the contact with the Dikulushi unit. Based on the host rock, two types of
assemblages have been observed at Dikulushi: a subordinate poly-sulphides assemblage (Zn–
Pb–Fe–Cu–As) hosted within brecciated rocks along an anticlinal closure; and a vein-hosted Cu–
Ag assemblage.
The Lubembe ZEA 718 mineralisation has more the hallmarks of hydrothermally introduced
copper associated with tectonism but exploiting a favourable more siliceous siltstone/dolomite
shale and brittle dolerite
10.0 MINERALISATION
Broadly speaking, the exposed mineralisation is generally strata-bound and sediment hosted,
being confined to 5-10m wide zone of siliceous siltstone and/or dolomitic shale. Here, it occurs
occasionally disseminated along bedding laminae but mostly in tension veinlets and fractures.
However, in the quarry area, this unit and adjacent shales have been intruded by a largely
concordant dolerite dyke which locally displays brecciated contacts associated with a polylithic
breccia and a clear faulted contact with the host sediments. While malachite is occasionally
common near surface in the breccia matrix and joint surfaces, at depth, chalcopyrite and pyrite
occurs as blebs disseminated in fractured and altered dolerite and more particularly in quartz
veinlets in the intrusive as well as in adjacent sediments. This suggests there has been either
remobilisation of late or post-diagenetic sulphides but more likely, introduction of chalcopyrite
associated with cataclasis post-dating intrusion of the dyke.
48
Figure 31: Steeply dipping mineralised dolomite shale in the quarry
Below the leached zone in the quarry, by far the most common mineral is malachite with minor
chrysocolla, occurring as bedding, fracture-related and joint coatings, and as blebs in sub-
horizontal, quartz tension veinlets. These extension veinlets reveal typical fibrous infill, possible
ataxial crystal growth, with quartz crystals perpendicular to the vein boundaries accompanied by
coarse oxidised mineral blebs after sulphides, Figure 32.
In the quarry, limonite and oxidised Cu minerals commonly make up 2-10% of the “ore zone”,
which corresponds to the quantum of chalcopyrite and pyrite noted in drill chips where it
frequently occurs as small blebs in quartz veinlets. However, no signs of supergene Cu minerals
such as cuprite, covellite or chalcocite have been observed to-date. Some of the black oxides seem
to be harder than 3 on Moh’s scale and which may signify the presence of the cobalt hydroxide,
heterogenite as well as diverse manganese oxide minerals.
49
Figure 32: Mineralised siltstone with quartz tension vein
Along strike from the quarry, the association of mineralisation with altered and brecciated dolerite
is notable towards the south but less obvious to the north where chalcopyrite is limited to fault
or breccia-bound siltstone zones within the intrusion. Mineralisation seems proportional to the
amount of cataclasis, quartz veining and alteration. The latter takes the form of silica as quartz
veinlets with possible dolomite in places plus locally significant chlorite alteration in veinlets in
the sediments. However, the latter is possibly accompanied by sericite and is common in dolerite
and not necessarily indicative of copper mineralisation. There is possible subtle, pervasive
silicification of some of the argillaceous and dolomitic siltstone and shales.
Copper mineralisation on line 8635250mS (RC003, RC007) is contained in 2 narrow zones of

structurally emplaced and possible silicified siltstones within the dolerite, although the attitude of
these structures, particularly the lower zone, some 110m vertically below surface, is uncertain,
whereas further south longer intervals of disseminated chalcopyrite >pyrite in quartz-veined
dolerite infer proximity to a structure.
50
11.0 EXPLORATION
There are no records of any exploration activities conducted over licence ZEA 718. However, there
was a small scale mine situated in the mid-northern part of the tenement. So far there are no
records of any tonnage and/or grade of mineralised material that were removed from the
historical excavations.
11.1 Soil Sampling and Trenching

Although, BMS conducted both near mine and regional exploration program at the beginning of
the dry season in 2018. Both soil and termite mounds sampling program were conducted between
the 1st July and the 14th of August 2018. Two phase of soil sampling were undertaken by the BMS
team. A total of 100 soil samples were collected during the phase I program using a local grid of
200m x 200m. Then, an infill soil sampling program was undertaken using a local grid of 50m x
50m; and this was done near the small scale mine and far to the east of the mine, close to what
seems to be an inferred thrust-fault contact between the undifferentiated Roan and the Nguba.
All the soil samples collected by the BMS team were prepared and analysed using the XRF Niton
analyzer (Olympus) at the BMS facilities in the Lubembe camp. The received results from the soil
samples were partially interpreted and then late in November 2018, Minex Consulting team re-
analysed the collected soil samples and the following thematic maps were produced.
The results received from the soil samples are reported in the appendix 13.2 and show relatively
high Cu values up to 0.7 Cu_% near the mine as reported in Figure 33. The high Cu value seems
to be related to the contamination resulting from the mining activities undertaken prior to the
soil sampling program (Figure 34).
51
Figure 33: Geochemical survey: Cu in-soil plots and Cu contour map.
52
Figure 34: Cu in soil contours map and open pit mine- BMS Sampling.
In addition to the soil sampling, termite mounds were also sampled in three different zones of the
tenement; which were not related to the soil samples results. A total of 382 termite mounds
samples were collected in these three zones using a local grid of 50m x 50m. As for the soil
samples, the termite mound samples were prepared and analysed at the BMS facilities situated in
the Lubembe camp by the BMS team; then re-analysed by the Minex Consulting team.
The results received from the termite mound samples are reported in the appendix 13.3 and reveal
positive results with Cu values up to 725 ppm (Figures 35 and 36).
53
Figure 35: Geochemical survey: Cu in-soil plots vs Cu contours map.
The analysis of the Cu contours map indicates two distinctive Cu anomalies zones characterised
by Cu values above 250ppm. These zones are trending SW-NE. The eastern zone has Cu values
up to 750 ppm while the western zone does not show any Cu values above 500ppm.
54
Figure 36: Termite Geochemical Survey : Cu contours.
Additional less distinct high Cu zones have been identified both in the south-western part of the
tenement and along the thrust-fault contact between the undifferentiated Roan and the Nguba.
Apart from the soil and termite mounds sampling programmes, the BMS team conducted pitting
and trenching programs to follow up the geochemical survey. Ten (10) exploration pits totalling
76 metres reported in the table 2 and five (5) trenches totalling 363 metres are reported in the
table 3 were conducted in August 2018. Unfortunately, Minex Consulting did not re-analyse the
data of the both the trenching and the pitting as most of them did penetrate the thick laterite
overburden present in the area. However, the following map was drafted to show the location of
both the exploration pits and the trenches.
55
Table 3: Collars for the exploration pits completed at the Lubembe Project
Pit ID UTM_E UTM_N RL DEPTH
P11 621100 8635350 1277 10.00
P12 620875 8635125 1277 7.00
P13 620900 8635300 1277 10.00
P14 620643 8635106 1277 6.00
P15 620000 8635350 1277 8.00
P16 620800 8635200 1277 10.00
P21 621425 8635300 1277 7.00
P22 621425 8635100 1277 2.00
P23 621575 8635100 1277 6.00
P24 621375 8634900 1277 10.00
Table 4: Collar coordinates for the trenches completed at the Lubembe Project.
Trench Start Start RL End End RL

ID UTM_E UTM_N Start UTM_E UTM_N Start Azimuth Length
TR11 620550 8635350 1280 620625 8635375 1280 070 79.05
TR12 620600 8635175 1280 620675 8635225 1280 060 90.138
TR13 620860 8635100 1280 620940 8635125 1280 070 83.815
TR21 621450 8635200 1280 621600 8635300 1280 045 180.277
TR22 621750 8635000 1280 621850 8635100 1280 042 141.421
56
Figure 37: Trenches and exploration pits completed at the Lubembe Project by the BMS team.
Note that while conducting the assessment of the historical data received from the BMS team, a
typical copper clearing was observed to the south of the open pit and has several shrubs
diagnostic of copper-poisoned soils, Figure 38.
57
(b)
(a)
Figure 38: Typical Copper clearing situated to the south of the open pit (a). Copper flower within the Cu
clearing (b).
11.2 Geological mapping

Over most the Lubembe region, there is little geological exposure. However, there is an open pit
that was mapped by the Minex Consulting team late in November 2018 and in March 2019. The
Lubembe open pit is about 120m long, about 80m wide and it has been mined out down to 20m
below the local surface. It was mapped on a scale of 1 to 500.
58
11.3 Pitting
No exploration pitting has been conducted on the Lubembe project during this period.
11.4 Ground Geophysics

The ground geophysics survey was conducted by the Department of Geology of the university of
Lubumbashi during a month, from the 6th of March to the 5th of April 2019. The scope of the
ground magnetics survey was to delineate the zone of disseminated mineralisation within the
tenement. To achieve this, the team used the magnetotelluric technique which is a variant of the
ground electromagnetics (EM).
11.4.1 Magnetotelluric method (MT)

The magnetotelluric system consists of an EM prospecting method that measures naturally
occurring, time-varying magnetic and natural electric fields caused by lightning and the solar wind
etc. that run constantly through the earth. Their variations induce a magnetic field that can be
detected on the surface which depends on the potential charge of metallic and related ore
minerals, and is especially useful for detecting of massive and vein related ore bodies, which have
increased electric conductivity (Andreeave et al., 2006; Kulikov and Yakovlev, 2008; Varentsov et
al., 2013).
In the magnetotelluric method, both the Earth’s magnetic and the local electrical fields are used
to measure the electrical resistivity of the rock’s composition at the depth. In particular, the
electrical resistivity of the rocks and their minerals is an important physical property that needs to
be measured to understand the whole geological structure and its composition of a determined
region or area. The resistivity of the rock is a function of the mineral’s composition of the rocks;
crystalline igneous rocks are considered as very resistive rocks while the saline-filled sedimentary
rocks are considered as very conductive rocks. In practice, the resistivity readings obtained from
this method, is the aggregate of properties obtained from a volume of the earth’s material that
reflects several factors such as mineral composition, rock porosity and permeability as well as the
rock fluid composition and temperature.
11.4.1.1 Technique
The MT technique profiles the surveyed area by using two filter amplifiers and a telluric sensor.
The two filters (Telmags 2) are connected to both the telluric sensor and to the magnetic sensor.
The telluric sensor is made up of two stainless steel electrodes that are placed directly in the
ground. While the magnetics sensor (CM15) is of the inductive type with a ferrite core and flux
feedback allowing to obtain a constant response in a wide frequency range of about 50mV varying
between 5 and 500 Hz.
Typical MT frequencies are from 0.0005 Hz to 1,000 Hz. The ratio of the amplitudes of the electric
and magnetic fields is used to calculate the electrical resistivity of the ground at a depth
59
determined by the ground resistivity and the frequency of the measured signal. Higher ground
resistivity and lower frequencies allow greater depth of investigation. For traditional low-
frequency MT, typical depth of investigation is up to 20 km or greater, but generally targets within
the first 100 meters cannot be resolved.
11.4.1.2 Data Acquisition

A magnetotelluric profiling survey was conducted along a cumulative 8.5 l/km (lines-km) using
multi-frequency range data acquisition. A total of 5 east-west profiles of about 2 km each were
planned for the survey, except section 8635700mS that was 500m long.
Figure 39: Location map of the geophysics sections
The device used for the MT profile is the "TELMAG 2" (Tellurics Magnetotelluric) tools that was
entirely designed and produced at the Canadian Laboratory of Geophysics. The resolution of
measurement is up to 0.001mV, and precision is ±2%. It gains high stability and abnormity curves
matching with that of traditional geo-electrical equipment in lots of field survey.
This instrument can automatically form a curve graph and profile map with one button after the
completion of the data recording with no need to transfer the data to a computer for drawing
maps. The instrument is light and easy to carry, the length of measurement line needs only 10
60
metres, only one person can complete the operation (saving manpower and time), full touch LCD
screen, simple operation, external insert a large-capacity memory card, the instrument with real-
time mapping function, to map both high and low resistive units.
Profiling stations were equidistant of 5 metres along the line 8635350mS and of 7.5 metres on the
remaining lines. The Earth's magnetic field varies continuously in both time and space. By
measuring at ground level sites time variations of the magnetic field and the electric field, the
ratio of the electric and magnetic variations provides a measure of the electrical resistivity. Depth
information is obtained by measuring the time variations over a range of frequencies. High
frequencies penetrate the Earth to shallow depths only, while low frequencies penetrate deeper.
Information is obtained from a few hundred meters depth to hundreds of kilometres depth. For
this survey and the device used the depth of investigation was of 300 m.
The profiling data does not require any special treatment. At each station, the apparatus makes it
possible to read directly and simultaneously, for each preselected frequency, the value of the
telluric component Ex according to a given direction Ox and that of the magnetic component Hy
in a direction perpendicular to the first Ox Just then apply the formula:
2
𝐸
𝜌𝑎𝑥 = 0.2 𝑇 (𝐻𝑥 )
𝑦
With Ex electric field component in mV/km
Hy magnetic field component in gamma
T period in second
ρax apparent resistivity in Ωm
Data can be also expressed as a function of electrical potential in mV as with the used device.
11.4.1.3 Results and Interpretation

The data obtained from the device is reported as three files as follows:
1. An image file for the profile map (.bmp format) that presenting the variations of electric
potential obtained at each station and for each depth;
2. A file of the curves graph (.bmp format) for each frequency emission that is similar to a
magnetotelluric sounding;
3. A digital data file for each station that is reported in .csv format.
Magnetotelluric profiling results obtained from the ground geophysics survey conducted at the
Lubembe Project are presented in the figures below (40-50) labelled L-500, L-350, L-150, L-950
referring to the last three digits of their Northing coordinate. Each line was interpreted and
commented on.
61
The vertical character of the geological structure is particularly clear according to the all profiles.
The subsurface geo-electrical nature changes more laterally than vertically on the same profile.
So, it seems clearly that petrographic facies change laterally as observed in the quarry.
On the base of conductive propriety (electrical potential), different lateral block zones can be
defined. These blocks form three groups:
1. The low resistive unit is marked by electrical potential values varying from 0.001 to 0.01
mV.
2. The intermediate resistive unit is marked by electrical potential values ranging between
0.02 and 0.2 mV.
3. The high resistive unit is characterized by apparent electrical potential above 0.2 mV.
The high resistive zones were observed at the end of some sections such as L 8634950 and L
8635150. While the first two zones are alternating along the sections. The highly conductive zone
is associated with an aquifer or high water table and is generally not mineralized. The intermediate
conductive zone constitutes the mineralized zone that might be indicate the layers with
disseminated sulphides.
Section 8635500mS
This section is situated at about 100m to the north of the tenement and is in the PR12168. It has
been conducted with the objective to double check the continuity of the mineralization as
observed in the Lubembe open pit. It consists of a 2 km-long section-oriented E-W and the
readings have been taken down to 300m. The analysis of the data reveal that there is an alternation
of two zones characterised by a low resistive unit and high resistive rock type. The low resistivity
unit indicates a possible aquifer which is shown in blue while the highly resistive unit delineates a
possible mineralized zone.
Figure 40: Section 8635500mS showing both the high and low resistive zones
62
Figure 41: Section 8635500mS reprocessed in Surfer.
Red= mineralised zone and blue = unmineralised zone. A more resistive zone is indicated towards
the east of the section.
From the above figures, it is clearly noted that the is an alternation between the highly resistive
and the low resistive zones. Three mineralized bodies are defined along the section 8635500mS:
✓ The first mineralized zone is observed between the UTM_E coordinate 620500 and
620680;
✓ The second between the UTM_E coordinate 620900 and 621450 and;
✓ The third zone is between the UTM_E 621760 and 622050.
These inferred mineralized zones extend down to 300 m deep in some areas. It might consist of
mainly disseminated sulphides within a particular lithological unit. The highly conductive zones
which alternate with mineralized zones show very low electrical potential that corresponds to the
water table. These aquifers are related to specific lithological units and might reflect the attitude
of the strata and continue to 300m depths in certain locations.
Section 8635350mS
This section was conducted in the northern part of the tenement and is about 2 km long and it is
oriented E-W. The reading for the M.T survey was done down to 300 metres. The analysis of the
obtained data led to identify four zones characterised by high resistive units with the highest
resistive zone situated to the eastern end of the section. The analysis of the shape of all the
observed types of possible lithological units reveal that the area is characterised by steeply
dipping geological structures.
The high resistive zone along the section 8635350 show the thickness varying between 150m and
350m and are situated at below 150m with a strongly resistive zone outcropping in few narrow
places that might be indicating major brittle structures.
63
Figure 43 Section 8635350mS reprocessed in Surfer.
Red= mineralised zone and blue = unmineralised zone. More resistive zone is indicated towards
the east of the section.
Section 8635150mS
The section 8635150Nm was conducted at about 200m south the previous one and has the same
length (2km long) as the section 8635350mS. The analysis of the data obtained from the M.T. for
this section reveals the same alternation between the steeply dipping highly conductive and the
high resistive zones that are interpreted as sub-vertical geological units indicating different strata
carrying possible disseminated sulphides within the high resistive zone.
On this section, three zones characterised by strongly resistive zones were identified and consists
of about 300m to 400m thick bodies situated below 150m depth. As for the other section the far
eastern part of the section coincides with the highest resistive zone. This might infer a highly
prospective zone for disseminated sulphides.
64
Figure 45: Section 8635150mS reprocessed in Surfer
Red= mineralised zone and blue = unmineralised zone. More resistive zone is indicated towards the east of the section.
Section 8634950mS
The section 8634950mS is the most southern line where the magneto-tellurics survey was
conducted on the Lubembe Project carried it with the same parameters as the previous lines. The
analysis of the data has again demarcated three zones characterised by a high resistive zone that
seems to be continuously or partially connected; while the robust conductive zones are identified
as narrow vertical features.
The strongly resistive zones identified along this section are some 200m and 600m thick. As for
most of the sections surveyed within the tenement, the far eastern side has the most pronounced
resistive zone.
65
Figure 46: Section 8634950mS showing both the high and low resistive zones.
Figure 47: Section 8635150mN reprocessed in Surfer
Red= mineralised zone and blue = unmineralised zone. More resistive zone is indicated towards the east of the section.
11.4.1.4 Preliminary Conclusions

The magnetotelluric survey conducted on the Lubembe Project has revealed an alternation
between highly resistive zones and strongly conductive zones indicating steeply dipping
geological structures. The more conductive zones are interpreted as the lithologies carrying
enough water to be considered as aquifers, while the high resistive zones are inferred as the units
that carry disseminated sulphides. A unit characterised by a highest resistivity was identified
towards the eastern side of each profile and delineates an area that is considered as highly
prospective.
The identified highly resistive zones along all the profile show two segments separated by a
subvertical intensely conductive zone that might be considered as a steeply dipping thrust fault.
On section 8635350Nm, the strongly conductive zone coincides with the eastern side of the
Lubembe open pit where no visible mineralization was observed in both RC chips and while doing
the surface geological mapping. This impies careful comparisons need to be made with such zones
and the results from mapping and RC chip logging to determine the precise cause.
Two zones characterised by distinctly resistive features have been identified:
66
1. The western high resistive body that extends for about 400 m long x 200m wide and
approximately 150 m thick. This body is situated below 150m depth but ascends to surface
near the vertical faulted zone that coincides with the centre of open pit.
2. The eastern high resistive body that extends over ±350m length x 100m width and is about
200m thick. This body seems to be outcropping in the eastern part where the ground
geophysics was conducted and extends down to 300m depth.
The data obtained for the section 8635500 indicate that the high resistive zones is open
northwards. Also, the zone identified to the eastern end of each profile is consistent inferring that
this highly prospective area is open to the east and needs to be investigated further.
The following figures shows the completed RC drill holes on the magnetotelluric data for the
Lubembe Project. For the most part, the RC drill holes have not penetrated sufficiently deeply or
have not been collared in a position to verify the findings from the MT survey, partly because of
the absence of Cu anomalies and budget constraints and also because the MT survey was only
carried as the drilling started to wind down.
67
Figure 48: Figure 49: Magnetotelluric data X-Section 8635500mS
68
Figure 50: Magneto-telluric data X-Section 8635150mS with completed RC holes
69
Figure 51: Magnetotelluric data X-Section 8635150mS with completed RC Holes.
70
Figure 52: Magnetotelluric data X-Section 8634950mS vs completed RC holes.
71
12.0 REVERSE CIRCULATION DRILLING

The RC drilling programme was conducted by Tembo Drilling, using a Thor Rig. A total of 20 holes
were drilled totalling 2,991.00m as shown in the collar table below, Table 5. Note that most of the
RC holes did not reached the targeted depth due to the high pressure of the aquifer water and
the poor capacity of the rig. Six holes were planned as diamond pre-collars.
Table 5: Collar table for the RC holes completed in the Lubembe Project.
Hole ID UTM_E UTM_N RL Azimuth Dip EOH (m) Start Date End Date STATUS
LBB_RC001 621208 8635344 1280 90 -70 143.00 2/1/2019 04/02/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC002 621219 8635409 1277 90 -60 31.00 2/4/2019 04/02/2019 Abandoned
LBB_RC003 621271 8635247 1277 90 -60 151.00 2/5/2019 06/02/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC004 621372 8635248 1280 90 -60 121.00 2/7/2019 11/02/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC005 621322 8635245 1278 90 -60 122.00 2/11/2019 18/02/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC006 621322 8635346 1279 90 -55 130.00 2/18/2019 20/02/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC007 621250 8635246 1276 90 -55 159.00 2/20/2019 22/02/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC008 621250 8635048 1283 90 -55 102.00 2/25/2019 26/02/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC009 621249 8635153 1273 90 -55 88.00 2/28/2019 01/03/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC010 621244 8634846 1293 90 -55 121.00 3/4/2019 05/03/2019 Stopped
LBB_RD001 621214 8635146 1273 90 -60 109.00 3/6/2019 07/03/2019 Standby
LBB_RC011 621218 8635044 1278 90 -55 150.00 3/8/2019 11/03/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC012 621289 8635149 1271 360 90 101.00 3/12/2019 13/03/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC013 621270 8635043 1277 90 -55 67.00 3/14/2019 14/03/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC014 621188 8634952 1288 90 -55 159.00 3/14/2019 3/19/2019 Standby
LBB_RD002 621177 8635048 1277 90 -55 128.00 3/19/2019 3/20/2019 Standby
LBB_RD003 621185 8635147 1282 90 -55 153.00 3/21/2019 3/22/2019 Standby
LBB_RD004 621170 8635241 1283 90 -55 79.00 3/28/2019 3/29/2019 Standby
LBB_RD005 621172 8635346 1283 90 -55 140.00 3/29/2019 3/30/2019 Standby
LBB_RD006 621188 8635399 1281 90 -55 82.00 4/1/2019 4/2/2019 Standby
LBB_RC015 621443 8635196 1276 90 -55 103.00 4/3/2019 4/4/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC016 621562 8635204 1277 90 -55 121.00 4/5/2019 4/6/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC017 621457 8635096 1274 90 -55 49.00 4/8/2019 4/9/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC018 621213 8635097 1278 90 -55 149.00 4/10/2019 4/11/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC019 621284 8635091 1285 360 -90 153.00 4/11/2019 4/13/2019 Stopped
LBB_RC020 621340 8635102 1285 360 -90 80.00 4/14/2019 4/14/2019 Stopped
The RC drilling was been completed along nine (9) cross-sections-oriented E-W and dipping
towards the east, except three holes that were drilled vertically to check the most intense copper
anomalies. Most of the RC holes were planned to identify open pitable resources and to delineate
any available near mine mineralisation.
72
What hole number is

this? Why was it
What hole drilled?
number is this?
Figure 53 : Collar map of the RC holes completed during the Phase I reconnaissance drilling.
73
Sample marking was done on site, approved by a senior geologist or senior project geologist and
split on site. The bags were sealed with security tags and the samples taken to the ALS preparation
laboratory in Lubumbashi. The samples were crushed to 90% -75 µm.
Analysis was completed using Niton® XRF analyser at the Minex Consulting office in Lubumbashi
and by conventional wet geochemistry at ALS Global Laboratory in South Africa using four
digestion with ICP-AES finish analysis for Cu, Co and other related elements.
All RC drill collars were surveyed using a hand-held GPS which is normally accurate to within <3m.
No down hole survey was completed.
12.1 Exploration Strategy

The exploration strategy was designed to eliminate areas where it was deduced there was little or
no potential for economic mineralisation to enable the extension of the open pittable
mineralisation and this was based on the presence of visible mineralisation logged within the chips
collected from the RC holes.
A reconnaissance RC drilling programme was conducted near the existing mine and where the Cu
values received from the termite mounds were above 250ppm. The drilling was based on a drill
spacing 100 x 50 m stepping-out from the northern part of the open pit; extending southwards
from the known potential economic copper ore mineralisation.
12.2 Drilling analysis

Figure 52 and Table 5 summarize the progress of the drilling during each month of 2019. The
following table gives a brief summary of drilling related issues on the rig basis for each month of
2019.
From the below mentioned table, it is noted that the THOR rig had an average production with
an average of 46.44m per shift which is relatively low compared to the typical RC drill rig. The
THOR RC rig has insufficient not enough power to go below 150m and was thwarted by a high
water table on numerous occasions.
In addition, it is noted that mechanical issues hindered a good production during 2019 coupled
with breakdowns and difficult access conditions in the rainy season during this Phase I RC
reconnaissance drilling.
74
Table 6: Drilling progress and analysis of completed drill holes.
Avg metres total metres

Month Metres drilled Comments
per day drilled
Low average metre drilled. Rig operating only on

February 40.269231 1047.00 day shift. Several break downs noted. Target not
reached.

March 46.423077 1207.00 2991.00 day shift. Several break downs noted. Target not
reached.

April 52.642857 737.00 day shift. Several break downs noted. Target not
reached.
13.0 SAMPLING PREPARATION, ANALYSIS AND SECURITY

A total of 1,346 RC chips samples have been collected from 11 of the 20 RC holes completed on
the Lubembe Project among which are duplicates, standards and blank samples.
Samples were collected each meter in the mineralized zone and each two meters where
unmineralized. The sampling was guided by the lithological contacts and the intensity of the
mineralization.
About 2 kgs of pulp and rock chips samples were collected as a composite for each sample and
placed into a labelled calico bag with a labelled ticket book having the same number within it.
Field duplicates were inserted every 20 samples prior to dispatch to the preparation laboratory.
Samples collected from each trench were put into one batch and a dispatch form was filled out
by the field technician and signed off by the field geologist.
Seven batches were dispatched to the ALS Preparation Laboratory in Lubumbashi where they were
dried, crushed to <2mm and pulverized to >90% -75 microns. Two pulp samples of about 50 g of
were produced: one was sent to ALS JHB in South Africa for analysis and the other one was sent
back to the Minex office to be tested using an XRF Niton analyzer in mining mode. Standard and
blank samples were inserted into the batches sent back to Minex Consulting office, only to ALS
JHB.
The ME-ICP61 Multi-element ICP method (multi-acid digestion, ICP-AES finish) was requested
while high grade assays (>10 000ppm Cu-Co) were then analysed using the method ME-OG62.
75
14.0 DATA VERIFICATION
14.1 Results
Analyses of the rock chips samples collected from the RC drill-holes completed on the Lubembe
project identified copper mineralized intercepts carried by both dolomitic shale and brecciated
dolerite with short cobalt mineralised intercepts in siltstone.
A cut-off grade of 0.5% Cu was used to produce the intercepts below table for copper
mineralization while a cut-off grade of 0.1% Co was used for the calculation cobalt intercepts. The
following tables summarize the intercepts obtained from XRF Niton results, Error! Reference
source not found. and Error! Reference source not found..
Table 7: Lubembe Project Cu Intercepts table produced from Niton Results using 0.5% Cut-off grade
Cu Avg
HOLE_ID FROM TO Lithology Thickness M_% Cumulative thickness
Grade Grade
LBB_RC001 Below cut-off grade
LBB_RC005 6.00 9.00 SPR 3.00 0.56 1.68 3.00 0.56
33.00 36.00 SDO 3.00 0.83 2.49
47.00 49.00 SDO 2.00 1.77 3.54
LBB_RC007 98.00 102.00 SSHX 4.00 2.29 9.17 22.00 1.62
140.00 142.00 SDO 2.00 0.89 1.78
146.00 156.00 SDO 11.00 2.30 25.30
LBB_RD0010 Below cut-off grade
51.00 53.00 SSH 2.00 3.65 7.31
LBB_RC011 91.00 94.00 SSH 3.00 2.25 6.75 8.00 2.32
126.00 128.00 SSH 3.00 1.06 3.17
48.00 49.00 SDO 1.00 0.76 0.76
67.00 68.00 SSLX 1.00 0.68 0.68
LBB_RC012 5.00 0.80
76.00 78.00 SSLX 2.00 0.93 1.87
97.00 98.00 SSLX 1.00 0.82 0.83
LBB_RC019 31.00 32.00 SDO 1.00 2.41 2.41 1.00 2.41
76
Table 8: Lubembe Project Co Intercepts table produced from Niton Results using 0.1% Cut-off grade
Cumulative
HOLE_ID FROM TO Lithology Thickness Co Grade M_% Avg Grade
Thickness
LBB_RC005 39.00 40.00 SSL 1.00 0.11 0.11 1.00 0.11
LBB_RC009 29.00 30.00 SSL 1.00 0.57 0.57 1.00 0.57
LBB_RD0010 Below cut-off grade
LBB_RD0011 64.00 65.00 SSH 1.00 0.39 0.39 1.00 0.39
LBB_RC012 50.00 51.00 SDO 1.00 0.16 0.16 1.00 0.16
Using a cut-off grade of 0.5% Cu, good results have been received from the RC holes situated
towards the southern part of the Lubembe open pit within a corridor about 400 m-long x 200 m
wide. Positive results were obtained from the LBB_RC007 with a cumulative thickness of 22m @
1.62% Cu carried by a dolomitic shale which is locally brecciated . A high-grade intercept of 11m
@ 2.30% Cu was received from LBB_RC 007. Other positive results were obtained from LBB_RC
011 with a cumulative thickness of 8m @ 2.32% (which includes a high-grade intercept of 2m @
3.65% Cu; from LBB_RC 012 with 5m @ 0.80% Cu, from LBB_RC005 with an intercept of 3m @
0.56% Cu and from LBB_RC019 with 1m @ 2.41% Cu. Most of these positive results are carried by
either dolomitic shale and shale, or brecciated shale affected by quartz veins.
For cobalt, a cut-off grade of 0.1% Co was used to define significant intercepts. Good results were
obtained from the LBB_RC009 with an intercept of 1m @ 0.57% Co carried by a siltstone. Other
positive results were obtained from LBB_RC011 with 1m @ 0.39% Co carried by a shale, from
LBB_RC005 with 1m @ 0.11% Co carried by a siltstone and finally from LBB_RC012 with 1m @
0.16%Co carried by a dolomitic shale.
The special analysis of both the copper and cobalt intercepts are reported in the section 18.0
related to the interpretation.
14.2 Niton QAQC Analysis

Minex Consulting established a clear industry best practice QA/QC procedure regarding the
collection of accurate data regarding the sampling protocol for the RC drilling programme. The
protocol consists of the use of blanks, standards (certified reference material “CRM”) and
duplicates into the sample batch. Duplicates and standards (“CRM) are inserted into the sample
77
batch at an insertion of rate of one in twenty (5%) each, while blank samples are inserted every
fifty samples (2%).
14.2.1 Standard Samples

Two certified reference materials have been using as standard of the current trenching sampling
programme. These CRM’s include the AMIS 0032 and the AMIS 0051. Both the CRM (AMIS 0032
and AMIIS 0051) were made the using oxide ore sourced from the Lonshi Copper Mine situated
in the Congo Pedicle region and have similar matrices to those of the Lubembe project. The table
9 summarizes the CRM used in the QAQC process.
Table 9: CRM used in QAQC process.
95%_Confidence Level
CRM-ID Cu %
Dev - Dev +
AMIIS 00032 5.828 5.548 6.108
AMIIS 0051 8.994 8.386 9.602
Figure 59 shows the Cu performance on the XRF analysis of the samples AMIIS 0032 and
AMIIS0051 which all related to the sampling of the oxidized carbonate rocks carrying both Co and
Cu where a large enough sample population was acquired to allow analysis. Most of the samples
show that the AMIIS 0032 and AMIIS0051 sample standards are shown to be well within the two
standard deviation performance gates expect three samples (S560895, S560915 and S560935). An
internal checking process will be carried out at the preparation laboratory to explain this outlier.
78
AMIS 0246
Cu_%
10
9 AMIS 0051
AMIS 0246
8
7
Cu_Content %
6
AMIS 0032
5
0
560000 560200 560400 560600 560800 561000 561200 561400 561600 561800 562000
Sample ID
Figure 54: AMIS CRM values from XRF analysis
14.2.2 Duplicate Samples

The figure below shows the results of the pulp duplicates for the Lubembe RC drilling data. In
total, 70 duplicates samples were submitted for analysis, this being approximately 5% of the
samples submitted for analysis. They show an excellent correlation, Error! Reference source not
found., with a correlation coefficient of 0.97 and this indicates excellent precision and sample
preparation by ALS in Lubumbashi.
79
3.5
y = 1.0804x - 0.0043
3 R² = 0.9732
2.5
2
Mother Sample
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-0.5
Duplicate sample
Figure 55: Duplicate vs Original Cu content (XRF Analysis).
In the opinion of the QP, the correct sampling procedures have been followed and results from
the QC samples indicate that sample preparation and protocols have been adequate, although
CRM’s with lower Cu contents need to be used in future.
14.2.3 Blank Samples

Not applicable as none of these samples have been used for the XRF Niton analysis.
14.3 ALS Assays QAQC Analysis

14.3.1 Standard Samples
ALS Results awaited
14.3.2 Duplicate Samples
ALS Results awaited
14.3.3 Blank Samples
ALS Results awaited
15.0 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES

Not applicable at this stage of the project.
16.0 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING

Not applicable at this stage of the project.
80
17.0 ADAJCENT PROPERTIES

The nearby Lubembe Mine is a typical arenite-hosted Zambian Copperbelt stratabound deposit
but the copper-only mineralisation occurs in the Lower Roan at the stratigraphic equivalent of the
Ore Shale, well below the level of ZEA718 mineralisation.
18.0 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS

The analysis of both the previous works completed by the BMS team, the geological mapping and
the logging of chips of the Phase I RC drilling program infers the following:
1. The Lubembe ZEA718 mineralisation appears to occur in siltstones and dolomitic shales
belonging to the Lower Bancroft Kanwangungu Formation (RU.2) of the Zambian
Copperbelt (ZCB) that are an approximate equivalent of the Congolese Copperbelt lower
Mwashya Subgroup. These sub-vertical sediments may constitute an overturned limb very
weakly deformed about an ENE fold axis.
2. In the northern portion of the quarry, it appears that slightly more competent siliceous
siltstone has sufficient rheological contrast to promote preferential fracturing and infill by
mineralising fluids, thus giving the overall appearance of stratigraphical control typical of
a CACB sediment-hosted deposit. However, this unit plus dolomitic siltstone-shale has
been subjected to brecciation followed by injection of a concordant dolerite dyke with
subsequent tectonism (thrusting?) and associated copper mineralisation.
3. While there is a significant degree of sediment-hosted mineralisation control within the

quarry, this has been disrupted by tangential or parallel structures to the south in which
the main ore bed has been caught up in the polylithic breccias and associated. The dolerite
predates the strike-parallel brecciation.
4. Chalcopyrite mineralisation further south within argillaceous horizons seems to be

associated with some kind of silicification and possible weak dolomite alteration that is
coeval with tectonism, but while there appears to be a relationship to the dominant N-S
trend, there seems to be complexities associated with, or drag into cross faults that
severely displace the dolerite and may account for the much thicker intervals in 2 section
lines.
5. The association of mineralisation with altered and brecciated dolerite is notable on the
southernmost line but less obvious to the north where chalcopyrite is limited to fault or
breccia-bound siltstone zones within the intrusion. Mineralisation seems proportional to
the amount of cataclasis, quartz veining and alteration. On line 8635250mS (immediately
south of the quarry), the dolerite dips to the west at approximately 40°. The huge thickness,
>80m, compared to that noted in the quarry suggests that this dyke has a different strike
than that inferred from mapping due to possible later faulting.
81
6. Cu mineralisation on the above line (RC003, RC007) is contained in 2 narrow zones of

structurally emplaced and possible silicified dolomitic shale within the dolerite, although
the attitude of these structures, particularly the lower zone, some 110m vertically below
surface, is uncertain.
7. All hypogene Cu mineralisation is chalcopyrite with very minor pyrite. The majority is
contained in quartz and quartz-dolomite veinlets with minor disseminations in altered
wallrocks and seems to be proportional to the degree of cataclasis, particularly in the
dolerite.
8. The lack of dolerite in some holes on strike, south of the quarry is most likely explained by
cross faults with lateral offsets, unless there has been some kind of normal faulting cutting
out the body. However, it should be noted that the thick polylithic breccias mapped in the
quarry and seen locally further south are also virtually absent.
9. On line 8635150mS, chalcopyrite occurs at irregular depths in quartz veinlets in sandy

(partly silicified?) siltstones and the overall configuration suggests that the zone dips very
steeply westwards. However, this does not allow for the fact that RC009 was abandoned
in mineralisation at 88m downhole (>70m vertically) while RC012 carried minor
chalcopyrite to >70m below surface. RD001, some 50m to the west of RC009, has yet to
check if mineralisation extends at depth and structures in siliceous siltstone and possible
dolomitic siltstone are barren.
10. One hundred metres to the south, line 8635050mS, all the holes reveal that the dolerite is
>100m thick (both true and drilled width) and 2 closely spaced holes, RC008 and RC013,
were both barren. However, RC011, 30m west of RC008 went into brecciated dolerite after
20m downhole and continued to intersect occasionally minor and significant chalcopyrite
mineralisation in rather brecciated and tectonised dolerite that hosts very minor
shale/siltstone at intervals between 62m and 82.5m. Significant amounts of chalcopyrite
are disseminated in the altered dolerite with reduced quantities over the interval 82.5-
142m (downhole) in less altered dolerite. The fact that such long intervals of Cu
mineralisation exist here in contrast to the proximal holes to the east, infer that that n
mineralising structure runs at an acute angle to the section line – a postulated cross-fault.
It is initially postulated that this “fault” runs most likely along a WNW orientation, dipping
steeply NNE which would produce an intersection line sub-parallel to hole RC011 and
explain why so much of the hole carries mineralisation. Such a structural orientation might
then explain why the dolerite is so thick, since this body may have been dragged into the
tectonised zone. Similarly orientated structures may also displace the dolerite the north
and explain the absence of this intrusive on line 8635150mS.
11. While XRF analyses reveal only a few short high grade (0.15-0.57%Cu) cobalt assays near
the base of the oxidised zone, intercepts grading 2-22m averaging 0.6-2.3% Cu indicate
82
considerably more potential for copper. Given the uncertainty of the structures deduced
from RC drilling and inadequate spacing, the true thicknesses have yet to be determined.
12. Data obtained from the XRF results enabled Minex to produce 5 thematic maps such as
copper intercepts thickness map, copper grade map, cumulative thickness map, average
grade map and depth to top mineralisation map (Appendix 21.4 to 21.9). The analysis of
the copper intercepts thickness map reveals a zone of about 10-15m thick situated to the
south of the Lubembe open pit, decreasing towards the south down to section 8635100mS
(Fig x and t); while the copper grade map demarcates a zone striking SW-NE from the
section 8635250mS with the highest grade situated towards the south-western side of the
zone. The high-grade zone is still open to the south-west. Areas proximal to the mine are
characterised also by thick intercepts with high-grades up to 2.3% Cu (Appendix 21.4 and
21.5). In addition, the depth to top of mineralisation shows a SW-NE striking zone that
coincides with the copper grade map characterised by the top of copper mineralisation
becoming more deeper towards the south and it also reveal that the copper mineralisation
is situated below 150 m depth and it is outcropping in place along major structures.
13. Three highly prospective zones have been identified from both the geological cross-
sections, the results of the geochemical survey and the geophysical survey. All the three
zones are characterised by a termite mound in-soil copper anomaly and extend from north
to south, decreasing in size southwards. All the MT cross-sections reveal the most resistive
zone towards the east end. This lies close to the thrust-faulted contact between the Nguba
and undifferentiated Roan sediments in an area not covered by soil geochemistry.
14. The MT survey has assisted in confirming the steeply dipping stratigraphic and structural
architecture with strongly resistive zones indicative of possible sulphide mineralisation
largely occurring below the depths penetrated by the RC drilling at >100-120m vertically.
However, where such zones lie close to the surface, any future work should be guided by
the presence of termite mound sample anomalies since these have proved effective in
delineating above average Cu in soil contents, some of which could relate to dolerite
intrusions.
15. The MT survey identified highly resistive zones along several profiles showing two zones
separated by a subvertical strongly conductive zone that might be considered as a steeply
dipping thrusted fault – thus conforming the structure defined by mapping in the quarry.
83
19.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the above conclusions, Minex Consulting formulates the following recommendations:
1. Extend the ground geophysics survey towards the eastern side of each x-section with
about 500m with the objective to delineate the highest resistive zone identified during the
previous MT survey. Additional x-sections need to be surveyed towards the southern part
of the tenement where high Cu-in soil anomalies were identified from the termite mound
sampling programme within the coordinates 622500/623500 and 8634500/8634750. The
Minex suggest employing Induced Polarization as it is considered a more effective
exploration tool to more adequately identify potential disseminated sulphide
mineralisation.
2. A phase II RC Drilling programme need to be undertaken on both the western and eastern
resistive zones that are associated with positive copper in-soil anomalies to assist in
gaining a the better understanding of the structural geological context.
3. Conduct auger or aircore drilling to test for anomalous Cu in saprolite above the highest
resistive zone identified with the magnetotelluric survey that lies towards the east on the
Nguba rock formations.
4. Conduct diamond drilling as follows:
✓ To extend the pre-collars of selected RC holes closer to the quarry
✓ Infill gaps left by RC drilling south of the quarry where mineralisation was
encountered in nearby RC holes.
✓ Engage in following up the zones where good mineralisation might be found in

highly resistive zones by RC or air-core drilling.
84
20.0 REFERENCES
ADERCA, M.B., (1950). Contribution à la connaissance géologique des gisements stannifères
Kibariennes et leurs métallogénies. CSK, 50è ann, Congres Scientifique, . Elisabethville 1950, Vol
II, tome II, pp. 377‐400.
ANNELS, A.E., 1984, The geotectonic environment of Zambian copper-cobalt mineralization:

Journal of the Geological Society, v. 141, no. 2, p. 279–289
BARRA, F., BROUGHTON, D., RUIZ, J., and HITZMAN, M., (2004). Multi‐stage mineralisation in the
Zambian Copperbelt based on Re‐Os isotope constraints (abs): Geological Society of America.
Abstracts with Program, vol. 36, p.6‐7.
BARTHOLOME, P., EVRARD, P., KATEKESHA, F., LOPEZ‐RUIZ, J., and NGONGO, M., (1973).
Diagenetic ores‐forming process at Kamoto, Katanga, Republic of Congo in Amstutz, G.C., and
Bernard, A.J. (eds), Ore in sediments: New York, Springer‐Verlag, p.21‐41.
BARTHOLOME, P., (1974). On the diagenetic formation of ores in sedimentary beds, with special
reference to Kamoto, Shaba, Zaire. Centenaire de la Société Géologique de Belgique. Gisements
stratiformes et provinces cuprifères. Liège, 203–213.
BATEMAN, A.M., (1930). Ores of the northern Rhodesian Copperbelt: Economic Geology, v.25,
p.365418.
BATUMIKE, MJ. KAMPUNZU, A.B. and CAILTEUX, J.L.H., (2006). Petrology and Geochemistry of
the Neoproterozoic Nguba and Kundelungu Groups, Katangan Supergroup, southeast Congo :
Implication for provenance, paleoweathering and geotectonic setting : Journal of African Earth
Sciences 44, 97‐115.
BATUMIKE, MJ., CAILTEUX, J.L.H. and KAMPUNZU, A.B., (2007). Lithostratigraphy, basin
development, base metal deposits and regional correlations of the Neoproterozoic Nguba and
Kundelungu rock succession; Central African Copper Belt: Gondwana Research 11, 432‐447.
BROCK, B.B., (1961). The structural setting of the Copperbelt. In Mendelsohn,F. (Ed.), The Geology
of the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt. Macdonald, London, 81‐89.
BROUGHTON, D., HITZMAN, M., SELLEY, D., SCOTT, R., BULL, S., LARGE, R. McGOLDRICK, P.,
CROACKER, M. and POLLINGTON, N. (2007). Geology and ore deposits of the Zambian
Copperbelt; in Andrew, C.J. et al., eds., Digging Deeper ‐ Proceedings of the 9th Biennial SGA
Meeting: Irish Association for Economic Geology, Dublin, pp. 203‐207.
BUFFARD, R., (1988). Un rift intracontinental du précambrien supérieur : le Shaba méridional

(Zaïre). Evolution sédimentaire et tectonique du super‐ groupe de Roan au groupe de
Kundelungu inférieur (Supergroupe de Kundelungu). Thèse de doctorat, Faculté des Sciences,
Université de Maire. France, 316 pp. (Unpublished)
85
CAHEN, L., (1954). Résultats géochronologiques obtenus sur des minéraux du Congo jusqu’en
Mai 1954, Bulletin de la société géologique de Belgique Vol 77, p. B268‐B281.
CAHEN, L., (1970). État actuel de la géochronologie du Katanguien. Annales des Sciences
Géologiques, Musée Royal de l'Afrique Central, Tervuren, Belgium. Serie in 8⁰, 45 pp. 7‐14
CAHEN, L, DELHAL, J. and DEUTSCH S., (1967). Rubidium‐strontium geochronology of some

granitic rocks from the Kibaran belt (Central Katanga, Rep. of the Congo). Annales des Sciences
Géologiques, Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium. Série in 8°, 59, 65 pp.
CAHEN, L. DELHAL, J, LEDENT D, PASTEELS, P., (1970). Isotopic data relative to the age and
petrogenesis of dome forming granites in the Copperbelt of Zambia and SE Katanga. Annales des
Sciences Géologiques, Musée Royal de l'Afrique Central, Tervuren, Belgium. Série In 8⁰, 65 pp. 69‐
97
CAHEN, L., LEDENT D., FRANÇOIS, A., (1971). Sur l’âge des granites de Kambove Ouest et de
Kamoto principal et révision des connaissances relatives aux minéralisations uranifères du Katanga
et du Copperbelt de Zambie. In Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique, 94 (3); pp. 185‐
198
CAHEN, L., SNELLING, N.J., DELHAL, J., VAIL, J.R., BONHOMME, M. & LEDENT, D., (1984). The
geochronology and evolution of Africa, Clarendon Press Oxford, 512 pp.
CAILTEUX, J., (1978). Description d’une nouvelle roche de type diorite dans la brèche de Kolwezi.
Unpublished Company Report, oc. Rapport Gécamines, Rapport Annuel 832 pp.
CAILTEUX, J., (1994). Lithostratigraphy of the Neoproterozoic Shaba‐type (Zaire) Roan Super
group and metallogenesis of associated stratiform mineralisation; Journal of African Earth
Sciences, 19, 4, pp. 279‐301
CAILTEUX, J.L.H., KAPUTO, A.K., and KAMPUNZU, A., B., (2003). Structure, lithostratigraphy and Cu‐
Co mineralisation of the Mines Subgroup at Luiswishi; Central Africa Copper Belt; in Cailteux, J.,
ed., Proterozoic Sediment‐hosted Base Metal Deposits of Western Gondwana, Lubumbashi, D. R.
Congo, July 14–24, 2003: Episodes 27, No. 3, p. 209‐213.
CAILTEUX, J., KAMPUNZU, A.B., LEROUGE, C., KAPUTO, A.K., and MILESI, J.P., (2005). Genesis of
sediment‐hosted stratiform copper‐cobalt deposits, Central African Copperbelt. Journal of
African Earth Sciences, 42, pp. 134‐158.
DAVIDSON, D.M., (1931). The geology and ore deposits of Chambishi, Northern Rhodesia:
Economic Geology 26, p. 131‐152.
EL DESOUKY, H., HAEST, M., MUCHEZ, PH. DEWAELE, S. CAILTEUX, JLH and HEIJLEN, W., (2007).
Fluid evolution in the Katangan Copperbelt, DRC. In Andrew, C.J., et al., eds., Digging Deeper:
Proceeding of the 9th Biennial SGA Meeting: Irish Association for Economic Geology, Dublin, p
213‐216.
86
FLEISCHER, V.D., GARLICK, W.G., and HALDANE, R., (1976), Geology of the Zambian Copperbelt,
in Wolf, K.H., ed., Handbook of strata‐bound and stratiform ore deposits: v.6, p.223‐352.
Fleischer, V.D., 1984, Discovery, geology and genesis of copper-cobalt mineralization at Chambishi
Southeast prospect, Zambia: Precambrian Research, v. 25, p. 119–133.
FRANÇOIS, A., (1973). L’extrémité occidentale de l’arc cuprifère shabien. Etude géologique,
Gécamines, Likasi (Shaba‐Zaïre), 65 p.
FRANÇOIS, A., (1974). Stratigraphie, tectonique et minéralisation dans l’arc cuprifère du Shaba
(Rep. Du Zaïre) In ; P. Bartholomé (éd) Gisements stratiformes et provinces cuprifères. Centenaire
de la société géologique de Belgique. Liège, 79‐101.
FRANÇOIS, A., (1995). Problèmes relatifs au Katanguien du Shaba. Musée Royal de l'Afrique
Centrale, Tervuren (Belgique) : Annales des Sciences Géologiques 101, 1‐20.
GARLICK, W.G., (1961). Structural evolution of the Copperbelt. In F. Mendelson editions, The
geology of the Northern Rhodesian Copper Belt. Macdonald, London, 89‐105
GRAY, A., (1932), The Mufulira copper deposit, Northern Rhodesian: Economic Geology, v.27,
p.315‐343.
GROSEMAN, P., (1948). Mine de Luishia, Rapport inédit
GYSIN, M., (1934). Les tillites métamorphiques de la Haute Lufira. (Congo belge). In:Comptes
rendus des séances de la société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève, 51/3: 210‐213
HITZMAN M., (2008). The RAT observations and Implications from the Tenke‐Fungurume region
concerning stratigraphy, Breccias and Hematitic alteration. Power point presentation,
International conference AMIRA P.872, Lubumbashi, DRC. October 2008.
JACKSON, M.P.A., WARIN, O.N., WOAD, G.M., and HUDEC, M.R., (2003). Neoproterozoic
allochthonous salt tectonics during the Lufilian orogeny in the Katangan Copperbelt, central
Africa: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v.115, p 314‐330.
JESS O. Kasombo Project, Report on Mapping and Prospectivity. November 2017. Unpublished
Report.
KAMPUNZU, A.B. and CAILTEUX, J., (1999). Tectonic evolution of the Lufilian Arc (central Africa
Copperbelt) during Neoproterozoic pan African orogenesis. Gondwana Research, 2 401‐421
KAZADI S-B.B. (2012), The Structure Geology of the Kinsevere Copper Deposit, DRC. M.Sc Thesis,
University of Pretoria, November 2012, 222p.
KENNEDY, WQ. (1964). The structural differentiation of Africa on the Pan‐African (±500 m.y.)
tectonic episode. University of Leeds, 8th annual report of the Research Institute of the African
Geology 1962/63, 8: 48‐49.
87
KRONER, A., (1977). Precambrian mobile belts of southern and eastern Africa, ancient sutures or
sites of ensialic mobility. A case for crustal evolution towards plate tectonics, Tectonophysics 40,
101135.
LEFBVRE, J.J., (1978). Le groupe de Mwashya megacyclothème terminal du Roan (Shaba, Zaire
SudOriental) Approche lithostratigraphique et étude de l’environnent sédimentaire. Annales de
la société géologique de Belgique 101, 209‐225.
MENDELSON, F., (1961). The geology of the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt, Macdonald, London,
523 p.
Michael L. Zientek, James D. Bliss, David W. Broughton, Michael Christie, Paul D. Denning, Timothy
S. Hayes, Murray W. Hitzman, John D. Horton, Susan Frost-Killian, Douglas J. Jack, Sharad Master,
Heather L. Parks, Cliff D. Taylor, Anna B. Wilson, Niki E. Wintzer, and Jon Woodhead (2010).
Sediment-Hosted Stratabound Copper Assessment of the Neoproterozoic Roan Group, Central
African Copperbelt, Katanga Basin, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. In Scientific
Investigations Report 2010–5090 – USGS, Prepared in cooperation with the Council for
Geosciences, South Africa
MUCHEZ, PH., BREMS, D., EL DESOUKY, S., HAERT, M., VANDERHAENGEN, P., HEIJLEN, W., and
MUKUMBA, W., (2007). Base metal ore deposit evolution and geodynamics in the central African
copperbelt; in Andrew, C.J., et al., eds., Digging Deeper‐Proceeding of the 9th Biennial SGA
Meeting: Irish Association for Economic Geology, Dublin, p 209‐212.
NGOY, L., (1992). Les minéralisations cuprifères du Katanguien associées aux dômes granitiques
Ubendiens (Province métallogenique Zaïro‐Zambienne). L’exemple du gisement de Kinsenda‐
Luina (Zaïre), Thèse de doctorat ; Université Libre de Bruxelles, 253 p.
OKITAUDJI, R.L., (1989). Géologie sédimentaire et concentration syngénétique du Cu et du Co

dans la série des Mines du Shaba, Zaïre, Thèse de doctorat. Facultes des Sciences, Institut National
Polytechniques de Lorraine, (France) 476 p.
Varentsova Iv. M., Kulikovb V. A., Yakovlevb A. G., and Yakovlevc D. V. (2013) Possibilities of
Magnetotelluric Methods in Geophysical Exploration for Ore Minerals. In Physics of the Solid Earth,
2013, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 309–328. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2013.
88
21.0 APPENDIX
21.1 Soil XRF results
89
21.2 Termite mounds XRF results
90
21.3 RC drilling XRF results
91
21.4 Copper Thickness map (metres)
Figure 56: Lubembe Cu thickness contour map.
92
21.5 Copper grade map
Figure 57: Lubembe Cu grade contour map.
93
21.6 Cumulative thickness map m%Cu
Figure 58: Lubembe Cu cumulative thickness contour map.
94
21.7 Copper average grade
Figure 59: Lubembe Cu average contour map.
95
21.8 Depth to top of copper mineralisation
Figure 60: Lubembe Cu depth to top mineralisation contour map.
96
21.9 Geological x-section 8634850mS
97
21.10 Geological x-section 8634950
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105

LBB - Technical Report - Draft

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

LBB - Technical Report - Draft

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LUBEMBE PROJECT TECHNICAL REPORT

MINERALS EXPLORATION ASSOCIATES SARL

RCCM N° CD/L’SHI/13-M-0006 - Nat. ID : 441/259/DPE/KAT/2012 - Tax Number : A1800221L

TECHNICAL REPORT N°M-KSB-002/2019

BTC MINING & SERVICES SARL.

Report Compiled By:

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 1

8.4.2 Detailed Lithological Descriptions ..................................................................................................... 37

20.0 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................... 85

1.2 LIST OF TABLES

1.3 LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Scope of work

3.0 Reliance on Other Experts

3.1 Principal Sources of Information

• BTC Mining and Services SARL;

3.2 Qualifications, Experience and Independence

Table 1: Contributing Authors.

Kazadi S-B. Barry (QP) Minex Consulting Sarl Project Management.

Dr Etienne Kadima GEO/UNILU Ground Geophysics surveys:

Francois Numbi Minex Consulting Sarl Fieldwork supervision;

Geological and structural

Data capture and compilation.

Steffen Kalbskopf (QP) Minex Consulting Sarl Final Report review

4.0 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION

4.1 Property Description

Figure 1: Description of the Lubembe tenement.

Table 2: Details for the ZEA 718

5.1 Accessibility and Infrastructure

Figure 3: Location map of the Lubembe Project (ZEA718)

Figure 4: The road between Lubumbashi and Kasumbalesa Village

Figure 5: Kasumbalesa – Sakania road by junction to the permit.

6.2 Climate and Physiography

8.0 GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND MINERALISATION

8.1 Regional Geological Setting

Figure 7: The Lufilian Arc and Central African Copperbelt

Figure 8: Regional Geological map of the Lubembe Project

8.1.1 Stratigraphy of the Katangan Supergroup

8.1.1.1 Roan Group (R)

8.1.1.2 Nguba Group (Ng)

8.1.1.3 Kundelungu Group (Ku)

8.1.2 The Roan Group Stratigraphy

8.1.2.1 The Roches Argilo-Talqueuses (R.A.T) Subgroup (R1).

8.1.2.2 The Mines Subgroup (R2)

8.1.2.3 The Dipeta Subgroup (R.3)

8.1.2.4 The Mwashya Subgroup (R.4)

8.1.3. The Roan Breccia

✓ regional detachments of anticlines, synclines, over-thrusted anticline flanks, or klippen;

8.2. Zambian Copperbelt (ZCB)

(i) the Lower Roan which consist mostly of clastic units,

(iii) the Mwashya Group that consist of a shale-dominant unit.

8.2.1 The Lower Roan

1. the Mindola Subgroup

8.2.1.1 The Mindola Subgroup

✓ The Chinfunshi formation that consists of pebble and cobble conglomerates

8.2.1.2 The Kitwe Subgroup

8.2.1 The Lower Roan

8.2.2 The Upper Roan Group

8.2.2.1 The Kirilabombwe Subgroup

8.2.3 The Mwashya Subgroup

8.3 Local Geology

✓ The western sub-region, which consist of Neoproterozoic rock formations

Figure 13: Local Setting of the Lubembe Cu Deposit.