Staking-out
The process of relocating the point of boundaries
and property line of the site where the building to
be constructed
Stakes
Wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one
end driven into the ground to serve as boundaries
or supports of the batter boards
Strings
are either plastic cords or galvanized wires strung
across batter boards and used to indicate the
outline of the building wall and foundation
Batter boards
Horizontal boards; establishes height of the footing
trenches and foundations; establishes height of
finish floor levels
Leveling
Done with a line level or carpenter's level, or with
a transit; height of the batter boards may be level
with or a little higher that the top of the finished
foundation
Batter boards
wood sticks or boards nailed horizontally at the
stake which serve as the horizontal plane where
the reference point of the building measurements
are established
Spirit level
an instrument or toll capable of vertical and
horizontal line check
Plumb bob
A weight attached to a string, used for vertical line
check
Plastic hose filled with water
a method of leveling horizontally batter boards
without transit
3-4-5 Multiples with the use of Steel Tape
Measure
a manual method of squaring the corners of
building lines in staking
Formwork
used to shape and support fresh concrete until
cured and able to support itself
Shoring
Temporary supports designed to carry forms for
beams and slabs
Lumber forms
Should only be partially seasoned
Plywood forms
used where a smooth surface is required;
should be waterproof, grade "A" and at least 1/2"
thick
Grade A
What grade of water proofing does plywood form
should be?
1/2" thick
How thick is a plywood form at least?
Steel forms
may be in the form of PANS for concrete joist
construction or STEEL DECKING or
CORRUGATED STEEL for concrete slabs and
slab-and-joist construction
Fiber boards
A building material, usually composed of wood
fiber or cane or other vegetable fiber, compressed
with a binder into sheet form; the physical
characteristics depend on the fiber, binder,
density, and surface finish
Phenolic Foam
A thermosetting foam plastic used to provide
thermal insulation
Phenolic resin or phenol-formaldehyde resin
is a thermosetting, waterproof, low-cost, mold-
resistant, high strength synthetic resin made from
phenol and formaldehyde; has good resistance to
aging; used extensively in the manufacture of
adhesives, exterior and marine plywood,
laminated products, and molded articles
Lumber and Steel
2 major materials used for shoring construction
Seasoned
Lumber forms (shoring) should be partially ______
and to some extent slightly wet in order to prevent
swelling and distortion of the forms
One side and both edges Sill plate
Lumber forms (shoring) should be dressed at least a heavy horizontal timber at the bottom of the
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ even for non-exposed frame of a wood structure
surfaces
Walers
a horizontal timber or beam used to brace or
2"
support an upright member, as sheeting, formwork
Lumber forms (shoring):
for concrete
size of lumber stocks used for column, beams, and
girder bottoms Bracing
Structural elements installed to provide restraint or
1"
support to other members, so that the complete
Lumber forms (shoring):
assembly forms a stable structure; may consist of
size of lumber stocks used for floor panels and
knee braces, cables, rods, struts, ties, shores,
beam and girder sides
diaphragms, rigid frames, etc., singly or on
combination
2x4"
Lumber forms (shoring): Snap ties
dimensions of lumber for struts, posts, shores, and have notches or crimps that allow their ends to be
uprights snapped off below the concrete surface after
stripping off the forms
1 or 2"
Lumber forms (shoring): She bolt
sizes of lumber stock for cleats
consist of walers rod that are inserted through the
form and threaded onto the ends of an inner rod.
Crude oil and Petrolane After stripping, the waler rods are removed for
Lumber forms (shoring) reuse while the inner rod remains in the concrete.
used to prevent concrete form adhering to the
wood and preserve the forms against damage by Shoring
alternate wetting and drying; on forms against also used to support scaffolding works
surfaces which will be sufficient since oiling
prevents adhesion of the plaster Scaffolds
are temporary platforms designed to support
Wire ties or bolts and rods workers and materials on the face of a structure
Lumber forms (shoring) and to provide access to work areas above the
used to hold wall forms together; rods are ground. Any elevated platform is called a ______
preferred and should be arranged that upon
removal or the forms
Ledger, Brace/Diagonal, Standard, Heads,
Jacks, and Bases
Wire ties Major components of metal shoring:
Lumber forms (shoring):
should be used only on light and unimportant work Hand tools
where discoloring will not objectionable are the tools that use power delivered by man only

Yokes
Power Tools
are clamping devices for keeping column forms
are those that employ power supplied by forces
and tops of wall forms from spreading under the
other than that coming from humans
fluid pressure of newly placed concrete
Equipment
Spreaders
is a term that refers to large complex tools and
Usually of wood, space and keep the wall or space
machines that is designed to do a particular job
and keep the wall or forms apart
Heavy equipment
is equipment which is very large and very powerful
Pry bar Hacksaw
used to force open boards used in forming is used to cut metals
concrete
Wood chisel
Folding rule and Tape measure used to trim wood and clear away excess material
are the most common tools for measuring boards, from wood joints
pipe, wire, etc.
Cold chisel
Digital rule used to trim metals
used to measure relatively long distances such as
those in highway construction Nail set
used to drive finishing nails below the surface of a
Framing square wooden trim or molding
is a layout tool that is used to measure 90˚ angles
at the corners of framework and joint, They can Pipe wrench
also be employed to determine cutting angles on used to turn round objects like pipes
dimension lumber
Brick trowel
Level used to place and trim mortar between bricks or
is a long, straight tool that contains one or more concrete
vials of liquid and used to determine if the
horizontal or vertical is exact Bull float
used to smoothen out the surface of wet concrete
Chalk line or Chalk box
used for marking lines Blind riveter
used to fasten pieces of sheet metal together
Claw hammer
an ordinary hammer used to drive or remove nails power drill
used to drill holes in wood, metal and concrete
Sledgehammer
is a heavy hammer used to drive stakes into the Power screwdriver or Screwgun
ground and to break up concrete and stone used to install and remove screws

Standard screwdriver Radial arm saw

has a flat tip and is designed to fit a standard used for crosscutting wood and consists of a
slotted screw motor-driven saw blade that is hung on an arm
over a table
Phillips screwdriver
has an X-shaped tip and is used to turn Philips- Table saw
head screw only is used for cutting large sheets of wood and wood
composites and consists of a blade mounted on an
Spiral ratchet screwdriver electric motor beneath a table-like surface
is that which relies on a pushing force rather than
a twisting force Portable circular saw
used for cutting materials that are difficult to cut
Ripsaw with stationary tools
has chisel-like teeth designed for ripping or cutting
with the grain of wood Power miter saw
circular saw mounted over a small table used to
Crosscut saw cut various angles in wood
is used to cut across the grain of wood
Saber saw
Backsaw used to cut curves or holes in floors and roofs for
is a special type of handsaw that has a very thin pipes and has a small knife-shaped blade that
blade and makes very straight cuts such as those moves up and down
on trims and molding’s
Pneumatic hammer or Jackhammer
used to break up concrete or asphalt paving
Rotary hammer
like an electric drill that operates with both rotating
and reciprocating actions and is used to drill holes
in concrete
Nailers or Nail guns
fasten materials together by shooting nails into the
building material
Powder-actuated stud driver
a kind of nailer that is powered by gunpowder and
is used to drive long pins into wood, steel or
concrete
Staplers
like nailers but are loaded with U-shaped staples
instead of nails for fastening
Conveyor
an equipment which moves materials other than
fluids
Transit
an equipment used by surveyors to measure
horizontal and vertical angles to obtain land
elevation
Surveyor's level
is that which is used to determine an unidentified
elevation from a known core
Construction laser
flashes a narrow, accurate beam of light to make a
baseline for additional measurements and is used
as a level or as an alignment tool
Water pump
used to pump out of holes in the ground so that
construction work can commence
Concrete pump
used to move concrete from concrete mixer to the
concrete form
Concrete mixer
a machine that mixes concrete ingredients by
means of a rotating drum. Raw materials are
introduced into the mixing drum through its open
end discharged by tilting the mixing drum to allow
the concrete to pour out
Arc welding machine
used to weld materials by melting portions of the
metal
Laser-powered welder
used to weld material by employing laser to hear
the metal
Cranes
are machines that lift large and heavy materials.
Crawler cranes
a crane mounted on metal treads so that it can
move over rough terrain
Truck crane
a crane mounted on a truck frame so that it can be
driven in the site
Tower crane or Climbing crane
used in the construction of tall building because it
has a built-in jack that raises the crane from floor
to floor as the building is constructed
Excavator
a machine used for digging or scooping earth from
a place and depositing it in another
Backhoe
an excavator used for general digging which is
usually mounted in either a crawler or truck frame
Trencher
a special kind which digs trenches or long, narrow
ditches for pipelines or cables
Front-end loader
a large shoveling machine that can scoop or
deposit a large amount of material
Scraper
a machine that loads hauls and dumps soil over
medium to long distances
Grader
an earth working machine that grades or levels the
ground
Compactor or Roller
a machine that compacts soil to prepare for road
paving

Paver
a machine that places spreads and finishes
concrete or asphalt paving material

Superstructure, Substructure, Foundation

Major parts of a building