‫‪21 Feb 2024, 23:31‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺗﻤﯽ ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟‬

‫ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺗﻤﯽ‪ ،‬ﯾﺎ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﯼ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﯼ ﺍﺗﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺍﺗﻢ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻓﺮﺍﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﻭﭘﺎﺷﯽ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﺍﮐﺘﯿﻮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺭﮎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﯼ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﻮﯾﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ###‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ‬

‫‪ ####‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺗﻢ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺗﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺍﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ####‬ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﯿﺮﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﯼ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻮﮐﻠﺌﻮﻥﻫﺎ )ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ( ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﯼ ﻗﻮﯼﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺩ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ####‬ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﺍﮐﺘﯿﻮﯾﺘﻪ‬
 ‫‪ ####‬ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﺍﮐﺘﯿﻮﯾﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﺍﮐﺘﯿﻮﯾﺘﻪ ﯾﺎ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﺯﺍﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﯾﻨﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻃﯽ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﺗﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﯾﻨﺪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ )ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻫﻠﯿﻮﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺎ )ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﭘﻮﺯﯾﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ(‪ ،‬ﯾﺎ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ )ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ###‬ﻋﻠﻞ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺗﻤﯽ‬

‫‪** .1‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ**‪ :‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬

‫ً ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
‫ﺳﺒﮏﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ً‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ‪ 1:1‬ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪** .2‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ**‪ :‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯼ‬

‫ً‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ )ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﻮﮐﻠﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ( ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
‫ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﺗﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪** .3‬ﺟﺰﺍﯾﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ**‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥﻫﺎ )ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺎﺩﻭﯾﯽ( ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ###‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﺍﮐﺘﯿﻮ‬

‫‪** -‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ**‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﯾﮏ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ )ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﻠﯿﻮﻡ(‪،‬‬
 ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺒﮏﺗﺮ ﻭ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﺗﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪** -‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺑﺘﺎ‪ :**-‬ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺳﺎﺯﯼ‬
‫ﯾﮏ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﯾﻨﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪** -‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺑﺘﺎ‪ :**+‬ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﯾﮏ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺳﺎﺯﯼ‬
‫ﯾﮏ ﭘﻮﺯﯾﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﯾﻨﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪** -‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ**‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ###‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺗﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﺍﮐﺘﯿﻮﯾﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻔﯿﺪﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ‬

‫ﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﮎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﺍﮐﺘﯿﻮﯾﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬