CHAPTER

1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Some Useful Conversion Factors The number of atoms present in exactly 12 gm of C-12 isotope
is called Avogadro’s number [NA = 6.022 × 1023]
1 Å = 10–10m, 1nm = 10–9 m
1g
1 pm = 10–12m 1u = 1amu = (1/12)th of mass of 1 atom of C12 =
NA
1 litre = 10–3 m3 = 1 dm3 –24
= 1.66 ×10 g
1 atm = 760 mm or torr
For Elements
= 101325 Pa or Nm–2 ™ 1 g atom = 1 mole of atoms = NA atoms
1 bar = 105 Nm–2 = 105 Pa
™ g atomic mass (GAM) = mass of NA atoms in g
1 calorie = 4.184 J
Mass ( g )
1 electron volt(eV) = 1.6022 ×10–19 J ™ Mole of atoms =
GAM or Molar mass
(1 J = 107 ergs)
(1 cal > 1 J > 1 erg > 1 eV) For Molecule
Atomic Mass or Molecular Mass ™ 1g molecule = 1 mole of molecule = NA molecule
Mass of one atom or molecule in a.m.u.
™ g molecular mass (GMM) = mass of NA molecule in g.
C → 12 amu
NH3→ 17 amu Mass ( g )
™ Mole of molecule =
GMM or Molar mass
Actual Mass
Mass of one atom or molecule in grams: 1 Mole of Substance
C → 12 ×1.6 × 10–24 g
™ Contains 6.022 × 1023 particles.
CH4 → 16 ×1.6 × 10–24 g
™ Weighs as much as molecular mass/ atomic mass/ionic mass
Relative Atomic Mass or Relative Molecular Mass in grams.
Mass of one atom or molecule w.r.t. 1/12th or 12C atom:
C → 12 ™ If it is a gas, one mole occupies a volume of 22.4 L at 1 atm
CH4 → 16 & at 273 K or 22.7 L at STP.
It is unitless. For Ionic Compounds
Gram Atomic Mass or ™ 1 g formula unit = 1 mole of formula unit = NA formula unit.
Gram Molecular Mass ™ g formula mass (GFM) = mass of NA formula unit in g.
Mass of one mole of atom or molecule:
C → 12 g Mass ( g )
™ Mole of formula unit =
GMM or Molar mass
CO2 → 44 g
It is also called as molar mass. Vapour density
Ratio of density of vapour to the density of hydrogen at similar
Definition of Mole pressure and temperature.
One mole is a collection of that many entities as there are number
of atoms exactly in 12 gm of C-12 isotope.
 Molar mass their respective stoichiometric coefficient. The reactant having
Vapour density = minimum ratio will be L.R. then find the moles of product
2
formed or excess reagent left by comparing it with L.R. through
stoichiometric concept.

Percentage Purity
The percentage of a specified compound or element in an impure
sample may be given as:
Actual mass of compound
=%purity × 100
Total mass of sample
If impurity is unknown, it is always considered as inert (unreactive)
material.
Stoichiometry Based Concept Empirical and Molecular Formula
aA + bB → cC + dD ™ Empirical formula: Formula depicting constituent atoms in
their simplest ratio.
™ a,b,c,d, represents the ratios of moles, volumes [for gaseous] ™ Molecular formula: Formula depicting actual number of
molecules in which the reactants react or products formed. atoms in one molecule of the compound.
™ a,b,c,d does not represent the ratio of masses. ™ The molecular formula is generally an integral multiple of the
empirical formula.
™ The stoichiometic amount of components may be related as:
i.e. molecular formula = empirical formula × n
Moles of A reacted Moles of Breacted Moles of C reacted Moles of D reacted
= = =
a b c d molecular formula mass
where n =
empirical formula mass
Concept of Limiting Reagent
If data of more than one reactant is given then first convert
all the data into moles then divide the moles of reactants with

Concentration Terms
Concentration Type Mathematical Formula Concept

 w  Mass of solute × 100

Percentage by mass %  = Mass of solute (in gm) present in 100 gm of solution.
 w Mass of solution

 v  Volumeof solute × 100

Volume percentage %  = Volume of solute (in cm3) present in 100 cm3 of solution.
 v Volumeof solution

Mass-volume  w  Mass of solute × 100

%  = Mass of solute (in gm) present in 100 cm3 of solution.
percentage  v  Volumeof solution

Mass of solute × 106

Parts per million ppm = Parts by mass of solute per million parts by mass of the solution.
Mass of solution

Moleof A
XA =
Moleof A + Moleof B + Moleof C + ...
Mole fraction Ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number of moles.
Moleof B
XB =
Moleof A + Moleof B + Moleof C + ...

Moleof solute
Molarity M= Moles of solute in one liter of solution.
Volumeof solution (in L)

Moleof solute
Molality m= Moles of solute in one kg of solvent.
Mass of solvent (Kg)

2 J EE (XI) Module-1 P
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Mixing of Solutions
It is based on law of conservation of moles.
(i) Two solutions having same solute:
Total moles M V + M 2 V2
   Final molarity = = 1 1
Total volume V1 + V2
M1V1
(ii) Dilution Effect: Final molarity, M 2 =
V1 + V2

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