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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN

WORLD
MIDTERMS LECTURE
WEEK 7
STATISTICS, ORIGIN AND TERMS - There are three kinds of quantiles:
o Quartile – A measure of position that divides the
ordered observations or score distribution into 4
STATISTICS equal parts.
 Statistics
- came from the Latin word “status” which means state.
- from the ancient times, statistics was used by state leaders
to know how much tax to levy their subjects and how many
soldiers….

STATISTICAL DATA
 Data
- in statistics is always a result of experiment, observation,
investigation and other means.

BASIC CONCEPTS
1. Descriptive Statistics
- deals with the collection and presentation of data and
collection of summarizing values to describe its group o Decile – A measure of position that divides the
characteristics. The most common summarizing values are
ordered observations or score distribution into 10
the measure of central tendency and variation.
equal parts.
2. Inferential Statistics
- deals with the predictions and inferences based on the
analysis and interpretation of the results of the information
gathered by the statistician. Some of the common statistical
tools of inferential statistics are the t-test, z-test, analysis of
variance, chi-square, and Pearson r.
3. Variable
- a numerical characteristic or attribute associated with the
population being studied. They are further classified as
categorical or qualitative and numerical or quantitative.
4. Discrete variables
- values obtained by counting.
5. Continuous variables
- values obtained by measuring, all of which cannot be put
into a list because they can have any value in some interval
of real numbers. o Percentile – A measure of position that divides the
6. Scales of Measurement ordered observations or score distribution into 100
- subdivided into four categories and upon drawing equal parts.
inferences on a random sample, the type of measurement
scale must be carefully chosen.
o Nominal - classifies elements into two or more
categories or classes, the numbers indicating that the
elements are different but not according to order or
magnitude.
o Ordinal - scale that ranks individual in terms of the
degree to which they possess a characteristic of
interest.
o Interval - in addition to ordering scores from high to
low, it also establishes a uniform unit in the scale so
that any equal distance between two scores is of equal
magnitude. There is no absolute zero in this scale.
o Ratio - in addition to being an interval scale, it also
has an absolute zero.
7. Population
- defined as groups of people, animals, places, things or ideas
to which any conclusions based on characteristics of a
sample will be applied.
8. Sample
- a subgroup of the population.
9. Parameter
- a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of the
population.
10. Statistic
- numerical measure that is used to describe a characteristic
of a sample.

MEASURES OF OTHER POSITION

 QUARTILE
- It is a score distribution where the scores are divided into
different equal parts.

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- The goal of a correlation analysis is to see the strength and

the nature/direction of the relationship between two
variables.
MEASURES OF VARIATION  Scatter Plot
- also called a scatterplot, scatter graph, scatter chart,
RANGE
scattergram, or scatter diagram.
The range is the simplest form of measuring the variation of a
- a type of plot or mathematical diagram using Cartesian
distribution.
coordinates to display values for typically two variables for
a set of data.
MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION
- Two variables are positively correlated if the values of the
MAD of a set of data is the average distance between each data value
two variables both increase.
and the mean
- Two variables are negatively correlated if the values of one
variable increase while the values of the other decrease.
VARIANCE
- Two variables are not correlated, or they have zero
Variance is another measure of variation which can be used instead
correlation if one variable neither increase nor decreases
of the range. The variance considers the deviation of each
while the other increases.
observation from the mean.

STANDARD DEVIATION
The standard deviation, (σ) for a population and (s) for a sample, is
the square root of the value of the variance.

QUARTILE DEVIATION
The quartile deviation is another way of determining the spread of a
distribution in terms of quartiles. PEARSON CORRELATION
 Correlation Coefficient, R
- Statistics showing the degree of relation between two
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION variables.
 Normal Distribution - It is a statistical technique used to determine the degree to
- It is a symmetric distribution where most of the which two variables (x and y) are related.
observations cluster around the central peak and the - It is also called Pearson's correlation or Product Moment
probabilities for values further away from the mean taper Correlation Coefficient.
off equally in both directions. - It measures the nature and strength between two variables
 Normal Curve of the quantitative type.
- The graphical representation of normal distribution.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A NORMAL CURVE

(1) The normal distribution is a mathematical model represented by
a bell-shaped curve which is symmetric with respect to the
mean.
(2) The mean, median, and mode of the normal distribution are
equal.
(3) The normal curve approaches, but never touches, the x-axis, as it
extends farther and farther away from the mean.
(4) The area under the normal curve is approximately equal to one
(1) or 100%.
(5) The standard normal distribution has a mean of zero (0) and a
standard deviation of one (1).

Z-SCORE AND AREA

RANGE
 Hypothesis Testing
CORRELATION ANALYSIS - in statistics is a way for you to test the results of a survey or
experiment to see if you have meaningful results.
 Correlation o Null Hypothesis (Ho) – is a general statement that
- A correlation is a statistical measure of the relationship
states that there is no relationship between two
between two variables.
phenomenon's under consideration or that there is no
- The measure is best used in variables that demonstrate a
association between two groups.
linear relationship between each other.
o Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) – ) is a statement that
- The fit of the data can be visually represented in a
describes that there is a relationship between two
scatterplot. Using a scatterplot, we can generally assess the
selected variables in a study.
relationship between the variables and determine whether
they are correlated or not.
- It is a statistical technique used to determine the degree to
which two variables (x and y) are related.
- Finding the relationship between two quantitative variables
without being Able to infer causal relationships.

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SPEARMAN RANK
 SPEARMAN RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT (p)
- When the entries in as set of data are ranks, the spearman’s
rank correlation coefficient 𝜌 (also known as the
Spearman’s rho) will be used in hypothesis testing.

REGRESSION ANALYSES
 Regression: technique concerned with predicting some variables
by knowing others
 The process of predicting variable Y using variable X
 Uses a variable (x) to predict some outcome variable (y)
 Tells you how values in y change as a function of changes in
values of x