Wastewater treatment

technologies
Microorganism
 Calssification
• Prokaryotes
– Archaea
– Bacteria
• Eukaryotes
– Plant cell
– Animal cell
– Fungal cell
– Other eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotes
Plant cell
Animal cell
Animal vs. Plant cell
 BASIS FOR COMPARISON HETEROTROPHS AUTOTROPHS
Meaning Such organisms which are unable to These are the producer and prepare their
prepare their own food and depends on own food with the help of sunlight, air
other to obtain their food are kept in this and water.
category.
Example Animals like cow, dog, cat, elephant, lion, Mainly green plants, algae and some
horse, etc. bacteria comes under this category.

Main constituents
Types
Source of energy
As heterotrophs does not contain Autotrophs like green plant contains
chloroplast and so are unable to prepare chloroplast, so they are able to prepare
their own food. their own food.
Two categories: Photoheterotroph and Two categories: Photoautotroph and
Chemoheterotroph. Chemoautotroph.
Heterotrophs get their energy directly or Autotrophs obtain energy from inorganic
indirectly from other organisms. sources, where they convert light energy
(sunlight) into chemical energy.

Dependency Heterotrophs rely on other organisms for
the food.
Hierarchy level Heterotrophs depends on autotrophs
and are placed next on the food chain i.e.
they are secondary or at tertiary level.
Autotrophs are independent of any
organisms .
Autotrophs are the primary producer in
the food chain.

Storage of energy Heterotrophs are not capable of storing Autotrophs are capable of storing
energy. sunlight and chemical energy.

Role They act as consumers. They act as producers.

Movement Hetertrophs can move from one place to Autotrophs (plants) cannot move from
another in search of food. one place to another.
 Prokaryote
• Archaea
– Extremophile archaea
• halophiles,
• Thermophiles,
• alkaliphiles,
• Acidophiles
– Methanogenic archaea
• Bacteria
 Property Archaea Bacteria Eukarya
Cell membrane Ether-linked lipids Ester-linked lipids Ester-linked lipids
Pseudopeptidoglycan, glyc Peptidoglycan, S-layer, or
Cell wall Various structures
oprotein, or S-layer no cell wall
Multiple, linear
Circular chromosomes, Circular chromosomes, chromosomes, but
Gene structure similar translation and unique translation and translation and
transcription to Eukarya transcription transcription similar to
Archaea
No membrane-
No membrane-bound Membrane-bound
Internal cell structure bound organelles
organelles or nucleus organelles and nucleus
or nucleus
Various,
Various, including photosynthesis, Photosynthesis, cellular
including diazotrophy, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and
Metabolism
with methanogenesis uniq respiration, fermentation, fermentation; no
ue to Archaea diazotrophy, diazotrophy
and autotrophy
Asexual
Asexual reproduction, Sexual and asexual
Reproduction reproduction, horizontal
horizontal gene transfer reproduction
gene transfer
Protein
Methionine Formylmethione Methionine
synthesisinitiation
RNA polymerase Many One Many
Sensitive to diphtheria Resistant to diphtheria Sensitive to diphtheria
 Nutritional types in archaeal
metabolism
Nutritional type Source of energy Source of carbon Examples

Phototrophs Sunlight Organic compounds Halobacterium

Ferroglobus, Methan
Organic compounds
Lithotrophs Inorganic compounds obacteria or Pyrolobus
or carbon fixation

Pyrococcus, Sulfolobu
Organic compounds
Organotrophs Organic compounds s or Methanosarcinale
or carbon fixation
s
 Nutritional types in bacteria
metabolism
Nutritional type Source of energy Source of carbon Examples

Organic compounds Cyanobacteria, Green

(photoheterotrophs) sulfur
Phototrophs Sunlight
or carbon fixation bacteria, Chloroflexi,
(photoautotrophs) or Purple bacteria

Organic compounds
Thermodesulfobacteri
(lithoheterotrophs) or
Lithotrophs Inorganic compounds a, Hydrogenophilaceae
carbon fixation
, or Nitrospirae
(lithoautotrophs)

Organic compounds
(organoheterotrophs) Bacillus, Clostridium o
Organotrophs Organic compounds
or carbon fixation r Enterobacteriaceae
(organoautotrophs)
 Bacteria
• Morphologies
• Cellular structure
• Endospore
• Bacterial infections
Morphologies
 Cellular structure
Intracellular structures
• Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane - The cell membrane surrounds the cell's cytoplasm
and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.
• Nucleiod Region - Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule.
• Ribosomes - Ribosomes are cell structures responsible for protein production.
• intracellular nutrient storage granules- storage glycogen, polyphosphate,
sulfuror polyhydroxyalkanoates
• Cytoplasm - Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains
enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.
• Plasmids - Plasmids are gene carrying, circular DNA structures that are not involved in
reproduction
Extracellular structures
• Cell Wall - The cell wall is an outer covering that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape.
• Capsule - Found in some bacterial cells, this additional outer covering protects the cell when
it is engulfed by other organisms, assists in retaining moisture, and helps the cell adhere to
surfaces and nutrients.
• Pili (Pilus singular)- Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that attach to other
bacterial cells. Shorter pili called fimbriae help bacteria attach to surfaces.
• Flagella - Flagella are long, whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion.
Gram – or Gram +
Staining procedure
Endospores

• Certain genera of gram-positive

bacteria, can form highly
resistant, dormant structures.
For example:
• Bacillus,
• Clostridium,
• Sporohalobacter,
• Anaerobacter,
• Heliobacterium.
 Microorganism in waste water
treatment
• Autotrophic bacteria
– Nitrifying bacteria

– Sulfur bacteria (Thiobacillus)

– Iron bacteria
 Microorganism in waste water
treatment
• Fungi
– Yeasts (Saccharomyces)

– Molds
• Molds have filamentous, threadlike growths called hyphae
• molds grow best in low pH solutions (pH 2-5) high in sugar content
• large growth of molds creates a filamentous activated sludge
which does not settle easily.
 Microorganism in waste water
treatment
• Algae

• Protozoa
– Consume algae and bacteria
– Cilia
• Rotifers and Crustaceans
 Metabolism
Metabolism is the biochemical process performed by living
organisms to yield energy for synthesis, motility, and
respiration to remain viable.
• Type:
– Autrotrophic
• reduced inorganic compounds are oxidized, yielding energy for
synthesis of carbon from carbon dioxide, producing organic cell
tissue.
– Heterotopic
• organic matter is the substrate (food) used as an energy source
• organic matter in wastewater is in the form of large molecules
which cannot penetrate the bacterial cell membrane. Hydrolyzing
the large molecules into diffusible material for assimilation into their
cells
• first biochemical reactions are hydrolysis of :
– Complex carbohydrates into soluble sugar units,
– Protein into amino acids,
– Insoluble fats into fatty acids.
 Heterotopic metabolism
• Aerob
– Complete metabolism and synthesis of the substrate,
ending in a large quantity of biological growth.

• Anaerob I.
– Incomplete metabolism, small quantity of biological
growth and production of high energy products such
as acetic acid and methane.
– Intermediates: organic acids and alcohols, butyric
acid, mercaptons, hydrogen sulfide
 Heterotopic metabolism
• Anaerob II.
– organic acids are produced, the pH of the solution
will drop sufficiently to “pickle” the fermentation
process.
– proper environmental conditions exist to prevent
excess acidity from the production of organic acid
intermediates, populations of acid – splitting
methane-forming bacteria will develop and use
the organic acids as substrate
Metabolism energy levels