RESEARCH

refers to the systematic method consisting of enunciating the problem,

RESEARCH formulating a hypothesis, collecting the facts or data, analyzing the facts
> is a fundamental part of everyday life, often conducted subconsciously and reaching certain conclusions either in the form of solutions(s)
as we seek information, make decisions, or solve problems. towards the concerned problem or in certain generalizations for some
RESEARCH IS NOT: theoretical formulation.
 just collecting facts or information with no clear purpose RESEARCH
 reassembling and reordering facts or information without  Process of gathering data or information
interpretation  Solve particular or specific problem
 just an esoteric activity with no or little relevance to everyday life  Scientific investigation of a phenomena
 just a term to get your product or idea noticed and respected  Systematic study
RESEARCH CHARACTERISTIC IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
 Data are collected systematically  Improves quality of life
 Data are interpreted systematically  Improves instruction
 There is a clear purpose: to find things out  Improves student’s achievement
IN LAYMANS DEFINITION:  Improves competence
"The process of gathering information and learning about a topic to  Satisfies man’s needs
understand it better or to solve a specific problem. It involves asking  Reduces burden of work
questions, collecting relevant data, and then analyzing this information RESEARCH, WHAT’S IN IT FOR ME?
to make informed decisions or reach conclusions." PERSONAL GROWTH
RESEARCH
 search for knowledge or “systematized effort to gain new  Enhances critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
knowledge"  Fosters intellectual curiosity and expands knowledge.
 research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating  Provides personal satisfaction and a sense of achievement.
hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and CAREER DEVELOPMENT
evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at
Develops professional skills valued in the job market.
last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit


Encourages innovation and adaptability in various fields.

the formulating hypothesis


Opens new career opportunities and entrepreneurial ventures.

“the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of



generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that SOCIETAL IMPACT

knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art.”
 Drives advancements in technology, medicine, and other sectors.
Research is, thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of
Informs policy-making and addresses global challenges.


knowledge making for its advancement. It is the pursuit of truth with
 Contributes to societal well-being and quality of life.
the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment.
In essence, research is a pivotal tool for personal enrichment,
professional readiness, and societal progress.
 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH  "Fundamental Psychological Processes in Conflict Resolution within
 To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights Organizations"
into it ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR:
 To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with  "Theoretical Foundations of Group Dynamics and Team Performance
which it is associated with something else in the Workplace"
 To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,  "Analyzing the Basic Constructs of Organizational Culture and Its
situation or a group Impact on Employee
 To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables  Behavior"
MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH  "Understanding Power and Politics in Organizations: A Fundamental
 Desire to get academic degree along with its consequential benefits Approach"
 Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems
 Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work 2. APPLIED/ACTION RESEARCH
 Desire to be of service to society > focuses on finding solutions to immediate problems in society or
 Desire to get respectability organizations. Its main goal is to discover practical solutions for pressing
MAIN PURPOSE AND GOAL OF RESEARCH issues. This type of research uses methods like experiments to collect
 Preservation and improvement of the quality of human life data. For example, researching natural phenomena or pure mathematics
 Serves man to have good life might lead to conclusions that address specific social or business
TYPES OF RESEARCH problems.
(BAQQD-EECCL) > ex:
A study on how to improve illiteracy in teenagers
1. BASIC/FUNDAMENTAL/ PURE RESEARCH


 A study looking for ways to market products for millennials

> is when scientists explore scientific questions out of curiosity. It's  A study trying to decrease fraud on social media platforms
about seeking knowledge for its own sake. This type of research focuses  A study searching for ways to encourage high school graduates to
on making generalizations and forming theories. It looks at the big  attend college
picture and tries to understand overall factors and principles. It's purely HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (HRM):
theoretical, diving into basic laws and principles. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Remote Working Policies on

> ex: Employee Productivity During the COVID-19 Pandemic"
 A study looking at how alcohol consumption impacts the brain  "Impact of Diversity Training Programs on Workplace Inclusion and
 A study to discover the components making up human DNA Team Performance"
 A study accessing whether stress levels make people more "Assessing the Outcomes of Flexible Working Hours on Employee

 aggressive Work-Life Balance"
 A study looking to see if gender stereotypes lead to depression
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR:
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (HRM):
 "Effect of Transformational Leadership Training on Employee
 "Exploring the Underlying Theories of Job Satisfaction and Employee Engagement and Job Satisfaction"
Engagement"
 "Analysis of Team-Building Exercises on Cross-Functional Team thoughts, or experiences and provides in-depth insights into less
Collaboration and Efficiency" understood topics. Qualitative data includes non-numerical formats like
 "The Impact of Organizational Culture Change Initiatives on text, video, photographs, or audio
Employee Morale" recordings.
Aspect Basic Research Applied Research
Purpose Curiosity-driven Solution-driven
Motivation Self-initiated Client-driven
Knowledge Focus Expand existing Find new knowledge
knowledge
Nature Theoretical Practical
Outcome Development of Problem-solving
theories
Commercial Gain Less emphasis on Potential for
commercial gain commercial gain

3. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
> is a methodical study that gathers measurable data and uses statistical,
mathematical, or computational techniques. Its aims include testing
cause-and-effect relationships between variables, making predictions,
and applying findings to broader groups. This type of research often
involves questionnaires, surveys, structured interviews, and behavioral
observations that use clear coding and categorization. In simpler terms,
quantitative research deals with numbers and is used to measure
opinions, attitudes, behaviors, and other defined factors. Its goal is to
support or disprove hypotheses about a specific topic and potentially
apply the findings to larger populations or specific groups.
4. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Other research
5. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
> is a method that focuses on describing the characteristics of a
population or phenomenon being studied. It's more concerned with
"what" is happening rather than "why" it's happening. This type of
research involves surveys and fact-finding inquiries to gather
information. Its main goal is to provide an accurate description of the
current situation or state of affairs.

> is about delving deep into individual experiences, thoughts, opinions,
and trends to understand them thoroughly. It uses flexible methods,
from unstructured to semi-structured techniques, to gather information.
Unlike quantitative research that deals with numbers, qualitative
research focuses on non-numerical data like language. It helps
understand how people perceive and give meaning to their social reality
subjectively. This type of research uses words to explore concepts,
6. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
> is like dipping your toes into a subject that isn't fully understood yet. It
helps create a framework and a hypothesis for more detailed studies to
come. Its focus is on understanding "what," "how," and "when" rather
than "why."
7. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
> is like figuring out why things happen the way they do. It's the most
common type of research and focuses on establishing cause-and-effect
relationships. By studying patterns and trends in existing data, it helps
generalize findings to similar situations. Essentially, it's like using a
"cause and effect" model to explore new insights from data that haven't
been looked into before.
8. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
> is a way of studying relationships between two variables without any
outside interference. Researchers measure these variables and analyze
their statistical relationship to understand how changes in one variable
relate to changes in another.
One key advantage of longitudinal studies is that they allow for repeated
observations of the same individuals, making it easier to see how things
change over time. This helps researchers understand cause-and-effect
relationships more clearly because they can see the sequence of events
as they happen in real life.
 "A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Career Progression Among
University Graduates"
 "Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Education on Academic
Performance"
 "The Impact of Corporate Culture on Employee Turnover: A Five-
Year Study"

9. CROSS -SECTIONAL STUDY Research process in flow chart

> gathers data from a diverse group of individuals at a single point in
time. Researchers observe variables without affecting them. This type of
research is useful for understanding the prevalence of an outcome at a
specific moment. It's commonly used in various fields like economics,
psychology, medicine, and epidemiology. For instance, epidemiologists
might use cross-sectional studies to assess the current prevalence of a
disease in a particular population subset.
> ex:
 "A Cross-Sectional Study of Dietary Habits and BMI Among High
School Students"
 "Assessing Financial Literacy Across Different Age Groups in 2024"
 "Workplace Technology Use: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in the CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH (SLER)
Finance Sector  Good research is systematic
10. LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH  Good research is logical
 Good research is empirical
In longitudinal studies, researchers track the same individuals over time
 Good research is replicable
to observe any changes that occur. This type of research is like taking
ETHICS IN RESEARCH (PFHBP)
snapshots of people's lives as time passes, without trying to influence
what happens. While commonly used in fields like medicine, economics,  promotes the pursuit of knowledge and truth and avoidance of error.
and epidemiology, longitudinal studies can be found in other social or  fosters values such as trust, accountability, mutual respect and
medical sciences as well. fairness
 help ensure that researchers are held accountable
 build public support for research 6. Using inappropriate statistical techniques in order to obtain favorable
 promote variety of important moral and social values results and enhance the significance of one’s research.
ETHICAL CODE AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH 7. Discussing with your colleagues data from the paper that you are
(HOICO-RCRRR-SNCLH) reviewing for a journal.
1. Honesty 8. Trimming outlines from a data set without providing sufficient
2. Objectivity justification.
3. Integrity 9. Using inappropriate statistical techniques in order to obtain favorable
4. Care results and enhance the significance of one’s research.
5. Openness 10. Making the results of the study publicly known without first giving
6. Respect for intellectual property peers the opportunity to review the work.
7. Confidentiality 11. Failing to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field
8. Responsible publication (This includes relevant prior work in the review of related literature and
9. Responsible monitoring studies).
10. Respect for colleagues 12. Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of
11. Social Responsibility author’s submitted work.
12. Non-discrimination 13. Injudicious and inhumane use of animals in research.
13. Competence HINDRANCES TO SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
14. Legality (TAIOS-MIEHMD)
15. Human subject’s protection
1. TRADITION
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS (VIRCA)
1. Voluntary participation Relying on old beliefs instead of evidence.
2. Informed consent 2. AUTHORITY
3. Risk of harm
4. Confidentiality Blindly trusting experts without questioning.
5. Anonymity 3. INACCURATE OBSERVATION

UNETHICAL ACTIVITIES (BREACHES IN ETHICS) Mistakes in recording data.

1. Publishing the same paper in two different journals without informing 4. OVERGENERALIZATION
the editor/s.
Drawing broad conclusions from limited data.
2. Failing to inform a collaborator of one’s intent to file a patent in order
to become the sole inventor. 5. SELECTIVE OBSERVATION
3. Including a colleague as an author of a paper in return for a favor even Only noticing data that supports preconceptions(biases). This
though he/she did not contribute to it. confirmation bias can lead to skewed results and faulty conclusions.
4.
5. Trimming outlines from a data set without providing sufficient 6. MADE UP INFORMATION
justification. Making up information, a serious ethical breach.
7. ILLOGICAL REASONING
Using flawed logic or arguments. This includes fallacies or errors in the
way arguments are constructed or hypotheses are tested.
8. EGO INVOLVEMENT IN UNDERSTANDING
Letting personal desires affect judgment.
9. HUMAN ERROR
Mistakes in experimentation or analysis. Although human error is
unavoidable, rigorous methods and peer review can reduce its effects.
Descriptive research describes the characteristics of a population or
phenomenon, while exploratory research helps create frameworks for
more detailed studies.
Correlational research examines relationships between variables
without interference, analyzing how changes in one relate to changes in
another.
Cross-sectional studies gather data at a single point in time from a
diverse group, useful for understanding outcomes at that moment.

10. MYSTIFICATION Longitudinal research tracks individuals over time, providing insights
Making science seem more complex than it is. This barrier between into changes and cause-and-effect relationships.
scientists and the public can lead to mistrust or disinterest in scientific
findings. Ethics are crucial in research, promoting honesty, objectivity, integrity,
and respect for participants' rights. Unethical practices like fabricating
11. DOGMATISM data or failing to acknowledge contributions can harm the integrity of
Refusing to accept new evidence or ideas. research.

Research is a fundamental aspect of daily life, helping us gather
information, make decisions, and solve problems. It's not just about
collecting facts or rearranging information but understanding and
interpreting it to make informed decisions. Research involves systematic
data collection and interpretation, all with the clear purpose of finding
things out. In simpler terms, it's about gathering information to
understand or solve a problem.
Several hindrances to scientific inquiry can impede research progress,
such as tradition, authority bias, inaccurate observation,
overgeneralization, selective observation, fabricated information,
illogical reasoning, ego involvement, human error, mystification, and
dogmatism. Recognizing and addressing these hindrances is essential for
advancing scientific knowledge.

Research involves defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting

and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. It's a systematic process
that contributes to the advancement of knowledge. There are various
types of research, including basic or pure research, which explores
scientific questions out of curiosity, and applied research, which aims to
find solutions to immediate problems.

Quantitative research deals with numbers and aims to test cause-and-

effect relationships, while qualitative research focuses on understanding
subjective experiences and uses non-numerical data like language.