A PROJECT REPORT ON

PLANNING OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

TEAM MEMBERS
1ST YEAR 2ND YEAR
A Sree Valli Yash J Shah
Vibha Elsa Dhruvi Inani
Veerapu Sriya Rao
Dixit Singhal
Kollu Haswanth
Saqulain Sayeed
Yashvi Unadkat

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 AIM
To study and plan a Residential Building.

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 ABSTRACT
In this documentation, we discussed regarding the term
"building" and its classifications based on occupancy,
construction, heights and forms. Each building has to follow
the principles in order to have a meaningful structure. We
listed about the components of a residential building in
detail. The proposed plan should abide to the rules and
regulations stated in National Building Codes (NBC) and Real
Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) Acts according to the
purpose intended. After a keen research, we decided to
design a detached bungalow in a plot of 45’X 60' for a higher
income group family of 6 members. We used computer aided
software "AutoCAD" to design the bubble diagram, single
diagram, double line diagram and elevation diagrams of the
residential building.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 06
2. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS………………………………………………………………………………….... 06
2.1 BASED ON OCCUPANCY………………………………………………………………………………………….. 06
2.2 BASED ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION……………………………………………………………………….. 14
2.3 BASED ON HEIGHT…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
2.4 BASED ON FORMS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
3. PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING PLANNING…………………………………………………………………………….. 16
3.1 ASPECT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
3.2 PROSPECT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
3.3 FURNITURE REQUIREMENTS……………………………………………………………………………………. 17
3.4 ROOMINESS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
3.5 GROUPING………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.6 CIRCULATION………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
3.7 SANITATION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
3.8 ELEGANCE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
3.9 PRIVACY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
3.10 FLEXIBILITY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 20
3.11 ECONOMY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
3.12 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATION…………………………………….……………………………………………… 21
4. BUILDING COMPONENTS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
4.1 SUBSTRUCTURE……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
4.2 SUPERSTRUCTURE…………………………………………………………………………………………………….23
5. SILL LEVEL AND LINTEL LEVEL…………………………………………………………………………………………. 25
6. TYPES OF AREAS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE………………………………………………………………………… 26
6.1 PLOT AREA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26
6.2 PLINTH AREA……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26
6.3 CARPET AREA…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
6.4 BUILT-UP AREA………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
6.5 SUPER BUILT-UP AREA…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
7. FLOOR AREA RATIO (FAR)…………………………………………………………………………..…………………. 29
8. CALCULATION OF AREAS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
9. NATIONAL BUILDING CODE AND ITS APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………. 33
10. BUILDING BYE LAWS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
10.1 WHAT ARE BUILDING BYE LAWS……………………………………………………………………………… 34
10.2 AIM OF BUILDING BYE LAWS…………………………………………………………………………………… 34
10.3 TERMINOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
11. PLANNING PROCESS……………………………………………………………………………………………………... 36
11.1 COMMITMENT……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
11.2 STATEMENT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
11.3 COLLECTION OF DATA…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
11.4 ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36
11.5 SYNTHESIS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 37

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 11.6 IDEATE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 37
11.7 CHOOSE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
11.8 EVALUATE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
12. BUBBLE DIAGRAMS……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
13. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAMS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46
14. DOUBLE LINE DIAGRAMS………………………………………………………………………………………………. 48
15. AREAS OF PLAN…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
16. ELEVATION, BACK VIEW AND SIDE VIEWS…………………………………………………………………….. 65
17. DRIVE LINK……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 67
18. REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………… 67

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PLANNING OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
1. INTRODUCTION:-
A building is a structure with a roof, walls, columns, and beams standing more or less
permanently in one place such as a House or a Factory. It is also defined as a structure made
from any material and used for any purpose, made of substructure and superstructure. It serves
several societal needs- primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy, to store
belongings and to comfortably live and work.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING:-
Buildings are mainly classified on basis of

1. Occupancy:- according to purpose to be served

2. Type of construction:- based on material used during construction
3. Height
4. Forms

2.1 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OCCUPANCY:-

2.1.1 Residential Buildings:

The Buildings which provides sleeping and living, accommodation and bathroom.

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 This Type is again sub divided as follows:

A. Lodging or rooming houses

These shall include any building or group of buildings under the same management, in
Which separate sleeping accommodation for a total of not more than 40 persons (beds),
on Transient or permanent basis, with or without dining facilities but without cooking
facilities for individuals is provided. This includes inns, clubs, motels and guest houses.
.
B. One or two-family private Dwellings
These shall include any private Dwelling which is occupied by members of one or two
families and has a total sleeping accommodation for not more than 20 persons. If rooms
in a private dwelling are rented to outsiders, these shall be for accommodating not more
than three persons per room.

C. Dormitories
These shall include any building in which group sleeping Accommodation is provided,
with or without dining facilities for persons who are not members of the same family, in
one room or a series of closely associated rooms under joint occupancy and single
management
For example: school and college dormitories, Students, and other hostels and military
Barracks.

D. Apartment houses (flats)

These shall include any building or structure in which living quarters are provided for
three or more families, living independently of each other and with independent cooking
facilities, for example, apartment houses, mansions and chawls.

E. Hotels
These shall include any building or group of buildings under single management, in
which sleeping accommodation is provided, with or without dining facilities.

2.1.2 Educational Buildings:-

These buildings include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes
involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation, which is not covered by
assembly buildings. It provides education, training and care to children or adults.

For example: schools, colleges.

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2.1.3 Institutional Buildings:-

These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment
or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, care of infants, or aged
persons and for penal or correctional detention in which the liberty of the inmates is
restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the
occupants.

For example: hospitals, sanatorium, custodial Institutions or penal institutions like

jails, prisons and mental institutions.

2.1.4 Business Buildings:-

Buildings which are used for any business transactions. These are subdivided as
follows:

A. Office:
The Buildings which are used for paper works, documentation, maintaining of accounts
and records
.

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 B. Research and Testing Laboratories:-
The Buildings used for research establishment and test laboratory.

2.1.5 Mercantile Buildings:-

Buildings or Group of Buildings used for display and sale of merchandise (goods).
This is subdivided as follows:

A. Small shops and markets:-

The Buildings of an area not exceeding 300 m² and used for display and sale of
merchandise.

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 B. Large shops and Market:-
The Buildings of an area exceeding 300 m² and used for display and sale of
merchandise

C. Refueling Station:-
The Buildings which are used to provide refueling for auto mobiles.

2.1.6 Industrial Buildings:-

The Buildings mainly used for Manufacturing purposes. Here all kinds of products are
prepared and assembled. Examples:-Gas plants, mills.

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 This is subdivided as follows:

A. Low Hazard Industry:-

The Buildings in which the contents are of such low combustibility and the process
conducted there are low hazardous to nature and the danger of self-ignition and self-
propagation of fire is nonexistent, the only danger being is an onset of fire from external
sources.

B. Moderate Hazard Industry:-

The Buildings in which the contents are of moderately combustible and process
conducted there are liable to give rise to a fire which will spread with moderate rapidity,
giving off considerable smoke.

2.1.7 Storage Buildings:-

The Buildings mainly used for storage of goods, vehicles, or animals. Examples:
warehouse, parking garages, Godowns.

2.1.8 Assembly Buildings:-

Buildings in which group of people assemble for recreation, religious, political, travel
purposes.

Examples:-Temples, town halls, mosques, etc.

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2.1.9 Public Building:-

Buildings that are accessible to the public and are funded from public sources.
Examples: railway station, bus stands, airport etc.

2.1.10 Military Buildings:-

Buildings which are used for function performed by military. Examples: bunkers,
barracks.

2.1.11 Historical Building

Buildings which are of historical importance.

Examples: Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Roman Colosseum.

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2.1.12 Hazardous Buildings:-

Buildings used for storage, industrial, research and other facilities which contains
hazardous materials in excess of quantity. These are subdivided as follows:-

A. Explosion Hazard Buildings:-

The buildings which is used for storage and manufacture of explosive materials
(trinitrotoluene, ammonium nitrate). Examples: weapon manufacturing industries.

B. Chemical Hazard Buildings:-

The buildings which is used for storage and manufacture of materials that are
highly corrosive, toxic, poisonous like alkalis, acid or other liquids or chemicals
(potassium cyanide). Examples: Build Core Chemicals, TATA Chemicals.

C. Biological Hazard Buildings:-

The building which is used for storage and manufacture of materials that use
biological processes like bacteria, viruses, plants. Examples: Wuhan Institute of
Virology, Centre for cellular and molecular biology(CCMB).

D. Radiation Hazard Buildings:-

The building which is used for storage and manufacture of materials that use
nuclear and radioactive processes and in which the risk of radioactive
contamination exists. Examples: nuclear power plants.

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2.2 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION:-
On based on type of construction buildings are classified as:
i. Fire resistive buildings
ii. Non-combustible buildings
iii. Ordinary buildings
iv. Heavy timber buildings
v. Wood framed buildings

2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON THEIR HEIGHT:-

For the buildings under the jurisdiction of GIDC (Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation)
there are following two classification-

2.3.1 High rise building

If the building is proposed on stilts, then High Rise Buildings are those which have height
more than 15 m. Or else if they are proposed on a solid plinth then it should be more
than 13 m, where the minimum height of the plinth permitted would be 0.45 m.

2.3.2 Low rise building

The building having height less than 15 m above the plot level, when proposed on stilts
or the building of height less than 13 m, proposed on a solid plinth having a minimum
height of 0.45 m are considered in Low Rise Building.

There are few more categorization of buildings according to their height. And these are for the
purpose of regulations of codes –

Category Height (in m)

H1 Equal to and less than 16.50 m.
H2 More than 16.50 m and less than and equal to 30.0 m.
H3 More than 30 m and less than and equal to 45.0 m.
H4 More than 45.0 m.

2.4 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FORMS:-

Forms, basically refers to the configuration or the appearance of a building. A number of
aspects must be considered in order to analyze or design an architectural form, including shape,
mass / size, scale, proportion, rhythm, articulation, texture, colour, and light.

A. Shape
It refers to the configuration of surfaces and edges of a two- or three-dimensional object.
The shape is determined by looking into their contour or silhouette, rather than the
details.

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 The most basic shapes are circles, triangles, and squares, which are further developed
into volumes known as “platonic solids”. Platonic solids include the generation of sphere
from circle, cone and pyramid from triangle, cube from square and many more. And the
combination of these solids makes the most basic architectural shapes of buildings.

B. Mass/Size
Mass refers to the size or physical bulk of a building, and can be understood as the
actual size, or size relative to context. The major factor that helps us to depict the size of
building is Scale.

C. Scale
Scale is not the same as size, but refers to relative size as perceived by the viewer.
Whenever the word scale is being used, something is being compared with something
else. This relation is typically established between either familiar building elements
(doors, stairs, handrails) or the human figure. Scale may be manipulated by the architect
to make a building appear smaller or larger than its actual size.

D. Rhythm
The reoccurrence or repetition of architectural elements, shapes, structural bays,
windows, etc. establishes a rhythm, which may be regular or complex.

E. Articulation
How building surfaces come together to define form is often described as "articulation."
The treatment of edges, corners, surface articulation of windows (horizontal, vertical,
static field), and the visual weight of a building all contribute to the articulation of the
form.

F. Texture and colour

Both texture and colour are inherently linked to materials, and can be used to alter the
perception of any given form. Consider how the shift from a light to dark paint colour can
radically reduce the apparent size of a room, or how a smooth stucco or rough brick
finish can alter the size and visual weight of a house. Texture is basically how our eyes
see the reflection and absorption of light from the surface.

G. Light
Form is perceived differently depending on the light conditions within which the building
is viewed. Architecture is the masterly and magnificent play of masses brought together
in light. Our eyes are made to see forms in light and shade and thus reveal these forms.

H. Transformation
i. Dimensional Transformation- It is the transformation where one or more of its
dimensions is altered but retaining its identity as a part of its original form.

ii. Subtractive Transformation- It is the transformation by subtracting a portion of its

volume, which can either retain or alter its identity.

iii. Additive Transformation- It is the transformation by adding elements to its volume.

And it depends on the additive process, number and relative size of the element
being attached, that whether its identity is retained or altered.

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3 PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING PLANNING:-

Planning of Residential Building is arrangement of various components or units of a building in a

systematic manner so as to form a meaningful and homogeneous structure to meet its
functional purpose.

12 principles of building planning are as follows.

1. Aspect
2. Prospect
3. Furniture Requirements
4. Roominess
5. Grouping
6. Circulation
7. Sanitation
8. Elegance
9. Privacy
10. Flexibility
11. Economy
12. Practical Consideration

3.1 ASPECT

Aspect refers to the unique arrangement of rooms ,doors ,windows in the outer walls of a
building which allows the occupants to access the gifts of nature such as sunshine
breeze and scenery.

i. It aims at creating an aesthetic feeling to the occupants

ii. It creates a pleasant and calm atmosphere.
iii. As per rule, every room should have an opening directly to the external air or into
an open verandah (excluding doors inclusive of frames ) should not be less than:
a. One-tenth of the floor area for dry hot climate
b. One-sixth of the floor area for wet hot climate
c. One-eighth of the floor area for intermediate climate
d. One-twelfth of the floor area for cold climate, and cross ventilation by
means of windows shall be effected either by means of windows in
opposite walls or if this is not possible, then at least in the adjoining walls.

Here are a few ideas that can be considered to have a better aspect.
i. The living room should be in the southern or south-east direction
ii. The bedrooms should have either the west or south-west aspect, this is because
the air required in summer would blow from this direction.
iii. The kitchen should have an eastern aspect so as to allow the sun to refresh and
purifies the air in the kitchen with its rays of light. The kitchen would remain cool
during the rest of the day.
iv. The storerooms should have a northern aspect as there will be hardly any
sunlight from north side

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 v. The study room should have north aspect as the light received from both will be
diffused and gets evenly distribute

3.2 PROSPECT

i. Prospect refers to the views described by the occupants of the building from the
certain of the house.
ii. It refers to the pleasant scenery expected by the occupants.
iii. So, the doors and windows should be located in such a way that occupants can
enjoy the outside views while looking through.
iv. Also the planner has to make sure that he or she minimizes the scope for
unpleasant views. This can be done through installing the doors and windows at
the right place.

As a matter of fact, almost every individual seeks for a proper prospect. So it is the duty
of the planner to make sure that he or she doesn’t compromise with aspect over
prospect.

3.3 FURNITURE REQUIREMENTS:

i. Furniture is a functional requirement of a room. A living room, drawing room, kitchen,

classroom, office room, laboratory, hospital room, etc. all has their own furniture
requirements.
ii. A room should have enough space to accommodate all the furniture required for the
maximum number of people without overcrowding.
iii. During planning the location of furniture and other utility articles should be so
arranged in the respective rooms as to give maximum area for movements,
convenience for operating door and window shutters.
iv. It is better to create a sketch plan showing furniture positions so that it can be
made sure that doors, windows are easily accessible.
v. In such plans, positions of beds, heavy furniture pieces such as sofa, big furniture,
chest of drawers, etc. should be shown.

3.4 ROOMINESS:-

i. Roominess is obtained by planning a building such that maximum benefit should be

obtained from minimum dimensions of room without cramping of plan.
ii. A rectangular room has more roominess and is better than a square rooms for the
same area.
iii. For a good room, the length and breadth ratio should be 1.2:1 to 1.5 :1.
iv. By using every nook and corner of the building, advantage roominess can be
obtained.

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3.5 GROUPING:-

● Grouping means arrangement of different rooms according to their inter-relationship

of invitation and transition.
● For the residential building, planning should be grouped as
● Living area
● Sleeping area
● Service area
● Circulation area

 Living Area:-
The living area is the area for general use and should be next to the front
Veranda and near the entrance, and in most cases it should be placed at the
center for easy access and approach to different rooms

 Sleeping Area:-
Sleeping area is the area of bedrooms and where privacy should be as
maximum as possible
Bed rooms should have independent and separate access to bathrooms.

 Service Area:-
Service area includes the kitchen, dining rooms and bathrooms.
The dining room should be close to the kitchen for easy access to carry food.

 Circulation Area:-
This is an area for passage, lobby, corridor, etc., It should be minimal but well
ventilated and lighted.

3.6 CIRCULATION:

Circulation is an internal connection between rooms on the same floor or between

different floors is known as circulation. It provides us an easy way to go from one room to
another room. It can be classified on the basis of function:

i. Horizontal circulation
Circulation between rooms of the same floor is called horizontal circulation like-
passages, corridors, halls. Horizontal circulation should be short, independent, and
straight.

ii. Vertical circulation

Circulation between various floors is known as vertical circulation, like- stairs, lifts.
Vertical circulation-Stairs should be- well lighted and ventilated properly planned in
regard to width, rise, and tread. Stairs should not have winder steps.

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3.7 SANITATION

Sanitation means providing provision of proper lighting, ventilation, cleanliness, water

supply and other sanitary conveniences in the house.

i. All the parts of a building should have well lighting and ventilation to maintain
good hygienic conditions.
ii. urinals, bathrooms, wash-basins, sinks like sanitary conveniences should be
installed adequate in number in relation to the occupant load.
iii. Sanitation can be achieved in two ways
iv. Artificial way: Artificially sanitation is done by using air conditioners, coolers, etc.
v. Natural way: Natural sanitation is done with help of natural elements by providing
windows, ventilators in walls.

3.8 ELEGANCE

The elegance is the overall effect produced for a viewer from outside of a building.it
depends upon; proper positioning of door, windows, ventilators, balconies

i. It also depends upon width, height as well as projection.

ii. Selection of site affects a lot in the elegance of a building.
iii. Building located in depression will give bad elegance whereas building on an
elevated spot gives an impressive appearance.
iv. Buildings located on backward sloping and upwards ground give good elevation
& elegance.

3.9 PRIVACY

Privacy is the most important part in case of building planning. It has a very significant
role, particularly for residential buildings.

The privacy of a building is two types:

i. External privacy:
● External privacy of the whole building with reference to the surrounding
buildings and road can be protected by placing window curtains or sills
that can cut the vision of outsiders to the room.
● External privacy can be protected by screening front and rear entrance. If
a building is having a boundary wall then it should have a sufficient height
so that privacy is protected.

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 ii. Internal privacy:
● Internal privacy of the rooms can be easily maintained by proper
positioning of doors and windows.
● Proper grouping of rooms, good positioning of doors and windows,
lobbies, or screens can give required internal privacy. Toilet rooms,
bedrooms, water closet and urinals should have absolute privacy.
● The doors should be always at the corners of the room so that a person
entering in the room cannot directly see you. Window shutter should be in
such a way that when it is opened it gives a minimum view of room for
entering person.

3.10 FLEXIBILITY

i. Flexibility means planning the rooms in such a way that though designed for a
specific purpose, it may be used for other purpose also when desired.
ii. When there is shortage of space flexibility becomes important, For designing the
houses for middle- class families or other building where the economy is the
main consideration flexibility should always be considered
iii. Planning should be such that with the minor adjustments, it becomes possible to
satisfy needs when the occasion arises.
iv. Expansion should be possible economically without major alterations in
planning.
v. It means a room can have multipurpose use.
vi. For example :
a. A living room can be used as a bedroom when there are gatherings.
b. Kitchen should serve both the purposes of cooking and dining.
c. Bed rooms can be used as study rooms.
d. Study room can be used as a guest room and vice versa.

3.11 ECONOMY:

Economy is one of the major factors in building planning. Economy means to fit the
proposed scheme within the limitations of the resources and funds.

Economy can be achieved by:

i. There should be steeper rise and wider steps in stairs.
ii. Square shape building is more economical as it provides the maximum amount
of floor area, with the least amount of wall area.
iii. Cost of constructing bigger rooms is less than that of constructing a number of
small rooms on the same floor.
iv. Rooms should be constructed side by side so that there are a maximum number
of common walls.
v. Prefer to construct a semi-detached building as it will cost less than a detached
building.
vi. Planning on a modular basis should be achieved.
vii. It can also be achieved by reducing the sizes of rooms without affecting the
crowding, position of doors and windows.

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 viii.The foundation and other construction should not be unnecessarily strong by
assuming a large volume of loads.
ix. Local Material should be used so that the cost of transportation is reduced.

3.12 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATION:

Besides all the fundamental principles of planning discussed, some of the practical points
should be considered
i. Strength, stability, convenience and comfort of the occupants of the building,
should be our main consideration.
ii. Provisions for future extensions without dismantling should be considered while
planning.
iii. The building should be strong and capable of withstand the likely adverse effects
of natural agencies (earthquake, flood, storm etc.) for a long period of time.
iv. Elevation should be simply yet attractive. Too many porches may give good
elevation for some time, but in the end, simple designs fit better for generations
and are economical.
v. Larger size of room should always be considered as far as possible as it can be
shortened by providing partitions but smaller rooms cannot be altered easily.

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4 BUILDING COMPONENTS:-
Every building has two basic components:
● Foundation or Substructure
● Superstructure.

4.1 SUBSTRUCTURE OR FOUNDATION:

Foundation is the deep extension of a load bearing vertical member as walls and columns
into the ground. Foundation is the component of building which goes below to the ground
level. Foundation consists of concrete, stone and brick footings above base concrete.

i. Footings
Footings are constructed in brick masonry or stone masonry or concrete masonry
under the walls or columns for distributing the load of the superstructure onto a larger
area of subsoil.

ii. Base Concrete

Base concrete is the very first step of the foundation of footings immediately above
the leveling course .It is the bottom most part of the structure which transfers the
load of the structure onto a wider base below it. It provides stability and strength to
the foundation.

iii. Plinth
It is the portion of the structure above the ground up to ground floor level. The level
of the floor is usually known as the plinth level.

iv. Flooring
The flooring is done to provide a level surface for the occupants of a building,
furniture, equipment and sometimes, internal partitions.
The flooring is generally done with plain cement concrete (PCC) 1:4:8 of about 150
mm thick, finished with cement mortar 1:3 of about 20 mm thick or of mosaic tiles or
marble or polished granite.

v. Damp-Proof Course (DPC)

The damp proof course (DPC) is applied at plinth level beneath the walls, which
restricts the movement of moisture through walls and floors. It is generally 20 mm to
25 mm thick continuous layer of impervious materials, as bitumen, slate or rich
concrete.

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4.2 SUPERSTRUCTURE

It is the extend portion of the building above the ground level Superstructure has the
following components:

i. walls
ii. columns
iii. Steps
iv. Doors, windows and ventilators
v. Lintels
vi. Sunshades or Chhajjas
vii. Roof
viii. Weathering course
ix. Stairs, lifts, ramps etc.
x. Parapet wall
xi. Building finishes
.

Masonry Walls:
Masonry walls support loads, resist vertically acting gravitation forces, lateral forces, and
enclose space for human utility in the building. Walls provide privacy, afford security and
give protection against heat, cold, sun and rain. Walls may be either load bearing or non-
load bearing. Load bearing walls are walls which carry the super imposed loads, in
addition to their own weight. Non-load bearing walls or partition walls carry their own
weight.

Columns:
Column is an isolated vertical load bearing member of small width of concrete or stone
or brick.

Steps:
Steps are constructed with stone or brick masonry in cement mortar 1:5 laid on plain
cement concrete base between ground level and floor level. They provide easy access
for vertical movement of occupants.

Doors, Windows And Ventiletors:

a. Doors provide access into a room, offer privacy of sight and sound, protection from
heat, rain, wind, smoke and noise. The height of the main doors should be sufficient
for the easy passage. Its width should be such that two people moving in opposite
directions may comfortably cross each other.
b. A window is an opening made in the wall for the purpose of providing day-light,
breeze and ventilation. Besides serving the purpose of architecture, windows
regulate light, heat, smoke and noise and provide privacy.
c. A ventilator is an opening made in the wall at floor level or at roof slab level for the
removal of exhaust air and foul gases.

Lintel:
Since doors and windows are openings in the wall, a discontinuity is formed in the wall,
in the vertical direction. Therefore, a horizontal structural member is essential to support

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the load carried by the wall above the opening. The horizontal member is called lintel.
Lintels are made of either RCC, steel or even stones

Sunshades:
Sunshades or Chajjas are a projecting portion of building from the lintel of an external
wall, provided above the window, door or both.

Roof:
A roof is defined as the uppermost part of the building which is constructed in the form of
a framework to protect the building from natural (weathering) elements such as rain,
snow, sun, wind etc. It is of less than 10° to the horizontal or inclined structural members
provided as cover to the building.

Stairs, Lifts, Ramp, Escalators:

a. Stairs are a series of steps properly arranged to connect different floors of a
building. The stairs enclosed on either side by balustrade and hand rails is called
a staircase.
b. Lifts or elevators are the units which provide automatic vertical movement with
rope and pulley mechanism.
c. A ramp is an inclined plane joining two levels. It is a continuously rising surface
from one floor level to another used mainly for vehicles as cars and trolleys.
d. Escalators are moving stairs which can be used with the advantage of a
continuous flow of people without any efforts.

Parapet Walls:
It is a low height wall built along the edge of the roof. It is made to avoid persons,
especially children, falling from the top of the roof. Minimum height of parapet wall
should be 0.6 meters and maximum height should be 1.2 meters.

Building Finishes:
Building finishes are used to give protective covering to various building components
against natural agencies. Plastering, pointing, painting, varnishing and polishing, and
colouring are some examples of building finishes.

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5 SILL LEVEL AND LINTEL LEVEL:-

Sill level:

The height between the building’s window base and floor level above ground level is known as
the sill level.

Sill level height varies from room to room and depends on the room type. For bedrooms
generally, a height 1100 mm is adopted due to privacy but for drawing-room, commonly height
600-650 is adopted.

Lintel level:

A lintel is a horizontal member placed across an opening to support the part of the structure. It
transfers all the loads acting over the opening to the supporting walls. Door and window frames
are not capable enough to bear the load masonry above the opening. Therefore a separate
structural element is provided to overcome this issue that is lintel.

Lintel level
The height measured from floor level above the ground to the window top-level refers to the
lintel level. The height for lintel 2130 mm (7′) in residential and 2316 mm (7’6″) in commercial in
most of the cases

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6 TYPES OF AREAS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE:-

Different types of areas includes:

I. Plot area
II. Plinth area
III. Carpet area
IV. Built-up area
V. Super built-up area

6.1 PLOT AREA:

The area which is surrounded by a boundary line is called a Plot area.
Or
The complete area that is owned by you or that is under your ownership is called Plot area.
Generally, Fencing is done to denote the boundaries that are under your authority.

6.2 PLINTH AREA:

I. Plinth area shall mean the covered built up area measured at the floor level of the
basement or of any storey.
II. Plinth area includes Covered floor area, exterior and interior walls, utility ducts which are
covered and supported balconies and porches other than cantilevered.
III. Plinth area excludes cantilevered balconies and porches, other cantilevered structures
like lofts, sunshades and also projections at terrace not forming a storey like towers,
domes.
IV. Plinth area is used in Government departments like Municipal Corporation.

6.3 CARPET AREA:

I. It is the net usable area where one can spread a carpet inside house.
II. According to RERA Carpet area includes usable spaces like kitchen, dining, living,
bathrooms, bedrooms and also internal partition walls, cupboard spaces.
III. Carpet area excludes exterior walls, service shafts, balcony, utility area, open terrace
area, lifts and lift lobby, staircase, verandah, clubhouses.
IV. Carpet area is used to compare two properties or plots while buying any building or
house.

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6.4 BUILT-UP AREA:
I. Built-up area is covered area which includes carpet area, exterior walls, service shafts,
balconies.
II. Built-up area excludes open terrace area , common areas like lifts , staircase, club
houses, swimming pools.
III. Built-up area is generally 10-15% more than carpet area.
IV. Built-up area is used in property tax.

Formula to calculate Built up area:

Built-up area = carpet area + area of exterior walls + area of balconies + area of
service shafts within property unit.

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6.5 SUPER BUILT UP AREA
According to RERA Super Built – up area or saleable area is the total built – up area plus your
proportionate share of common amenities of your building .It is also called the saleable area .
Proportionate share here refers to the sum of total of all common areas divided by the total
number of flats in your building complex.

It can also be defined as sum of total carpet area and loading factor.

Loading Factor It is the difference between the super built – up area and the carpet area of your
flat. It is used to add constructed spaces not exclusively allocated to you.it include shared areas.
Loading factor is between 20-40 percentage.

Super built up area is 20-40 percent more than carpet area

Along with the built up area the following areas are covered in super built –up area
I. Clubhouse
II. Air ducts
III. Pipe/shafts ducts
IV. Lift
V. Staircases
VI. Lobby
VII. Swimming pool
VIII. gymnasium

The following are not included in super built - up area

I. Underground sumps and water or septic tanks
II. Compound walls
III. Open to sky walkways
IV. Open sports facilities
V. Weather sheds, inaccessible flower beds, lofts, common open to sky terrace etc.

Formula to calculate Super Built Area

Super Built – up area = Built –up area + Proportionate common area

Or
Super Built – up area = Carpet area (1+Loading factor)

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7 FLOOR AREA RATIO:

The quotient obtained by dividing total covered area (plinth area) on all floors by the area of
plot.

FAR = Total Covered Area (All Floors)

Area of the plot

29
8 CALCULATION OF AREAS:

30
SOLUTION

31
32
9 National Building Code (NBC)
To maintain uniform building regulations throughout the country for the guidance of
Government Departments, Municipal bodies, Urban development authorities and other
construction agencies National Building code has been published in 1970

The National Building code is a single document in which the information of Bureau of
Indian Standards is presented in a systematic, cogent, coherent and continuous form.
National Building code provisions will serve as a model for adoption by Public Work
Department (PWD) and other government construction departments, local bodies and other
private construction agencies.

Existing PWD codes municipal byelaws and other regulator media could either be replaced
by NBC or suitably modified to cater the local requirements in accordance with the
provisions of the code.

Applications:

i. New construction:
Any proposed building which should be constructed on a particular site should be
designed and constructed according to byelaws. Before commencing the construction
work, plan should be approved by Urban development authorities or Town planning
authorities and Municipal bodies.

ii. Additions and alterations to a building:

If the owner desires to make any additions, alterations, modifications or extension to an
existing building, the plans of proposed modifications in the building must be approved
by concerned

i. The plans are required to be made by a licensed qualified architect or an

engineer or supervisor or town
ii. If the occupancy of a building is changed, the building bye laws apply to all parts
of the building affected by the change.
iii. Where development of land is undertaken, the bye laws apply to the entire
development of land.
iv. If any part or the whole building is demolished, the bye laws apply to the
remaining part of the building and to the work involved in demolition.

Any person who contravenes any of the provisions of the byelaws or obligations shall be
guilty of an offence and the authority shall levy suitable penalty and immediate
rectification of the constructional defects.

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10 BUILDING BYE –LAWS

10.1 What are Building bye laws?

Building bye-laws are a set of rules under which construction of buildings needs to take place.
The rules regulate coverage, height, and architectural design and safety measures in order to
protect buildings against natural disasters such as earthquakes and hazards such as fire as well
as structural failures.

During planning and construction of any building, certain restrictions are laid down by Municipal
bodies, urban development authorities and other Government departments as town planning
trusts related to clear open spaces to be left round the building, permissible height of building,
permissible construction areas, etc. Hence the proposed plans of buildings are to be prepared
according to these bye laws which are checked and approved by the above authorities before
starting the construction.

For different types of buildings following byelaws and regulations are covered
i. Line of building frontage and minimum plot size.
ii. Open spaces around residential buildings.
iii. Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.
iv. Provisions for safety from fire and explosion.
v. Provisions for lighting and ventilation.
vi. Provisions for means of access.
vii. Provisions for drainage and sanitation.
viii. Provisions for safety of works against hazards or accidents.
ix. Requirements for off-street parking spaces.
x. Requirements for greenbelt and landscaping.
xi. Special requirements for low income housing.
xii. Sizes of structural elements.

10.2 AIM OF BUILDING BYE LAWS

i. To have disciplined growth of buildings and towns and prevent haphazard development.
ii. To protect the safety of the public against fire, noise, health hazards and structural
failure.
iii. To utilize space from which, maximum efficiency in planning can be derived.
iv. To lay down the guidelines to the architect or engineer in effective planning and useful in
preplanning the building activities.
v. Each building should have proper approach to light, air and ventilation which are
essential for health

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10.3 TERMINOLOGIES

i. Building line
It means the line up to which the plinth of a building adjoining an existing, proposed
or extended streets may lawfully extend and include the lines prescribed in any T.P.
Scheme and/or Development Plan. The building line may change from time- to- time
as decided by the authority.

ii. Building unit

It means a land or plot or part of a land/ plot or combination of more than one
land/plot as approved by the Competent Authority

iii. Dwelling unit

It means a shelter consisting of residential accommodation for one family. Minimum
accommodation in a dwelling unit shall be one room of minimum carpet area of 9
sq.mt with a minimum side of 2.4 mts. And a W.C.
iv. Gamtal
Gamtal Shall mean all land that have been included by the Government /Collector
within the site of village, Town or city on or before the date of declaration of intention
to make a Town Planning Scheme or Publication of Draft Development Plan but shall
not include any such other land which may thereafter be included within the site of
any village by the Govt. /Collector under the provision of Land Revenue Code.

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11 PLANNING PROCESS
The planning process can be divided into eight parts, namely:
i. Commitment
ii. Statement
iii. Collection of Data
iv. Analysis
v. Synthesis
vi. Ideate
vii. Choose
viii. Evaluate

11.1 Commitment
The first stage in any planning process is the commitment of the planner to the client that
the planner is ready to take on the planning project, as per the mutually agreed terms.

11.2 Statement
The planner then prepares a design brief, describing a particular set of circumstances,
which creates a need.

11.3 Collection of Data

The next step is to collect all the necessary information regarding design planning and to
be studied carefully to meet the requirements desired by the client.
The various methods of collecting data are: Interviews, Observation, User questionnaires
(family background, choice, hobbies, likes dislikes, present and future requirements),
Literature search, Client record (Profession, Social status), Activities, Relationships,
finance (Budget)
.
11.4 Analysis
If any problem occurs in planning process then the problem should be analyzed in such a
way that it should be broken down into parts, issues clarified And values assigned to the
various aspects of the problem.
There are various methods of analyzing the data collected, such as:-
i. Organizational Relationships: Functional Adjacencies

ii. Matrices:
Matrices help to identify spaces and/or activities that should be located or
performed together. A matrix is a graphic tool used to represent the relationships
between different rooms in a project or building.
In order to find the relationship between two rooms, follow the lines of each room
until they intersect.

iii. Bubble diagram:

Bubble diagrams graphically illustrate functional and spatial relationships. These
diagrams help the architect identify the location of the rooms to be included in the
floor plan for a building .Scale is not an issue at this stage

36
 iv. Identify Needs
a. User Needs:
The users of a building may be very diverse, and may have conflicting
needs. It is very important therefore that all user groups are properly
represented when developing the design.
For example:
The users of an office building will include those who use the building as
their place of work;
The users of school building will include those who attend the school as
pupils, those who attend the school as employees (i.e. teachers, support
staff).

b. Physiological Needs
o Anthropometries
Measuring the physical requirements of human beings as users. The
data regarding human body, size and shape are collected and making
a accurate floor plan

o Ergonomics
Application of an Anthropometric data to human/environment
relationships

11.5 Synthesis
It is the bringing together and integrating responses for the various issues and aspects of
the problem into a coherent solution. For the analysis of the problem and its parts, we can
begin to formulate possible solutions.

There are several approaches one can take to generate ideas and synthesize possible
solutions to a problem:
i. Isolate one or two issues which have value or importance attached to them and
develop Solutions around them.
ii. Study analogous solutions and use them as models for developing possible
solutions to the Problem.

11.6 Ideate
It is the formulation of the first idea of the design solution. It is done after collection and
analysation of data.

There are a number of techniques which can help a designer in this process like:
i. Role Playing :
This process the designer can think from the point of view of the client or the
People who will be using that space by putting himself/herself in the client's/users
place.
ii. Brainstorming:

37
 This is a very useful method as it allows the designer to come up with
diverse Ideas for the design solution.
iii. Group Discussion:
A number of good ideas are likely to emerge during a group discussion, as each
individual will put forward his/her own solution and from these the most
suitable can be Chosen.
iv. Synaptic:
In this technique the designer tries to unify different dimensions of thought to
come Up with the solution which best suits the design problem

11.7 Choose
After various discussion and analysation of a particular design problem, the best solution
has to be chosen.
There are number of methods which can be utilized for this purpose
i. Personal choice:
Method where the personal preference of a client or the user dictates the Choice
of the design solution.
ii. Critical comparison:
In this method two or more design solutions are compared on the basis Of their
qualities and out of these the one best is selected.

11.8 Evaluate
If there are multiple solutions to a problem, each must be evaluated according to the
required criteria and further clarified in the problem analysis.
Once a final decision has been made, the design proposal is developed and prepared for
implementation.
A good design should be understandable, knowing why something was done helps to
make a design comprehensible. If a design does not express an idea, communicate a
meaning, it is a bad design.

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12 BUBBLE DIAGRAM
12.1 Selected Bubble Diagram

Plan 1

Reason for Selection:

 Following aspects principles

 Grouping of rooms are proper
 Adequate circulation area
 Provides privacy
 Elevation is simple and easy to construct

39
 Plan 2

` Reason for Selection:

 Provides privacy
 Following aspects principles
 Adequate circulation area
 Elevation is simple yet attractive
 Grouping of rooms are proper

40
12.2 Rejected Bubble Diagram

Plan 1

Reason for Rejection:

 Store room is in 1st floor instead of ground floor.

 Living Room and Balconies were too big
 No proper circulation
 No attached bathrooms for Girl’s and Boy’s bed room.
 Foyer provided was more than required.

41
 Plan 2

Reason of Rejection
 Staircase alignment was not appropriate
 Rooms were not placed according to the columns of the ground floor.

42
Plan 3

Reason of Rejection
 It included a room beneath staircase which was difficult to be drawn in floor plan and elevation.

43
Plan 4

Reason of Rejection
 Kitchen was provided at the entrance.
 Privacy was an issue due to improper placement of foyer.
 No proper placement for store room and parking.
 No proper circulation on ground floor
 Margins and Setbacks not sufficient.

44
Plan 5

Reason of Rejection
 Foyer not placed properly
 Waiting room not required
 Privacy not adequate
 Space utilization was not proper
 Margins and Setbacks not provided

45
13 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

Plan 1

46
Plan 2

47
14 DOUBLE LINE DIAGRAM (PLAN 1)

48
49
14 DOUBLE LINE DIAGRAM (PLAN 2)

50
51
15 Calculation of Areas of Plan

Plan 1

52
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56
57
Plan 2

58
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16 Elevation, Back View and Side View

65
66
17 DRIVE LINK
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/11UAbLW6f85DyXki7hIWDqrMA7JDfdsPv?usp=sharing
(Google drive link – contains all AutoCAD files and PDF of all above Double line Diagram)

18 REFERENCES:
● https://expertcivil.com/classification-of-buildings-based-on-occupancy/
● https://www.jobnimbus.com/blog/2020/01/22/what-are-the-5-types-of-building-construction/
● https://civiltoday.com/construction/building/246-building-definition-parts-
components#:~:text=The%20building%20is%20a%20kind,enclosing%20or%20intended
%20to%20enclose
● https://archi-monarch.com/form-in-architecture/
● https://www.wbdg.org/resources/form
● https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://mptownplan.nic.in/act%2
520%26%2520Rules/NationalBuilding%2520Code%2520Part-
IV%2520(Fire%2520Safety).pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjr_KHhhIPwAhWq63MBHflxBykQFjAAe
gQIAxAC&usg=AOvVaw0RHdtDN_S2h7dHHNRZmYzn
● Comprehensive General Development Control Regulations
● National Building Code
● The Real Estate (Regulation And Development) Act

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