UC-5 Protection

Building Electrical installation
Level-II
Based on June 2022, Curriculum Version 1
Module Title: - Electrical Circuit Protection

Module code: EIS BEI2 M08 0322
Nominal duration: 50Hour
Prepared by: Ministry of Labor and Skill

August, 2022
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
I
TABLE OF CONTENT
Acknowledgment...........................................................................................................................V
Acronyms......................................................................................................................................VI
Introduction to The Module.........................................................................................................1
UNIT ONE: FAULT FINDINGS................................................................................................2
1.1 Work Instruction..............................................................................................................3
1.2 Select Appropriate Tools and Equipment......................................................................6
1.3 Procedures of Obtaining materials...............................................................................10
Self-Check -1........................................................................................................................15
Operation Sheet 1.................................................................................................................16
Unit Two: Install Electrical Protection System.........................................................................17
2.1 safety procedure.............................................................................................................18
2.2 Electrical Protection System.........................................................................................18
2.3 Schedule of work............................................................................................................34
2.4 Instructions from a supervisor.....................................................................................39
2.5 Quality of work..............................................................................................................40
Self-Check -2........................................................................................................................42
Operation Sheet 2................................................................................................................43
Unit three: Notify Completion of Work..................................................................................44
3.1 Making final checks to ensure the work conforms with instructions......................45
3.2 completion of work by Supervisor...............................................................................49
3.3 cleaning and making work area ready for next task..................................................50
Self-Check 3.........................................................................................................................55
Unit Four: Clean Up.................................................................................................................56
4.1 Cleaning and making safe Work area.........................................................................57
4.2 Tools and Equipment Clean Up...................................................................................58
Self-Check 4..........................................................................................................................61
List of Reference Materials...................................................................................................62
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Ministry of Labor and Skills Install Electrical Circuit April, 2022
Protection
List of Figure
Figure 1.1 Common electrical measuring instrument............................................................................6
Figure 1.2 different types of fuse...........................................................................................................7
Figure 1.3:-HRC fuse.............................................................................................................................7
Figure 1.4:-MCB switch and double pole circuit breaker......................................................................7
Figure 1.5:-Double pole RCD ..................................................8
Figure 1.6:-Earth electrode……………………………………………………………………………8
Figure 1.7:-Energy meter.......................................................................................................................9
Figure 1.8:-Convenience Outlet...........................................................................................................10
Figure 1.9:-Male Plug..........................................................................................................................10
Figure 1.10:- Lamp Holders.................................................................................................................11
Figure 1.11: Switch..............................................................................................................................11
Figure 1.12: Junction Box...................................................................................................................12
Figure 1.13:utility Box.........................................................................................................................12
Figure 1.14: Flat Cord..........................................................................................................................13
Figure 1.15:Conduits/Pipes..................................................................................................................13
Figure 16: Clamps................................................................................................................................14
Figure 2.17: Fuse Cutout......................................................................................................................20
Figure 2.18: Switch gear......................................................................................................................20
Figure 2.19: LV switch gear and control gear......................................................................................21
Figure 2.20: Earth leakage circuit breaker...........................................................................................21
Figure 2.21:Earth leakage circuit breaker............................................................................................22
Figure 2.22:Earth leakage circuit breaker Protection...........................................................................22
Figure 2.23:Earth Fault Current...........................................................................................................23
Figure. 2.24:Typical rewirablefuseassembly.......................................................................................25
Figure 2.25:Cartridge fuse...................................................................................................................26
Figure 2.26:HRC fuse..........................................................................................................................26

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Protection
Figure 2.27:Deferent types of fuse.......................................................................................................27
Figure 2.28:Circuit Breaker.................................................................................................................27
Figure 2.29:lightening arrester.............................................................................................................29
Figure 2.30:Lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering system)......................................................30
Figure 2.31:Taut wires.........................................................................................................................31
Figure 2.32:Meshed cage (Faraday cage)............................................................................................31
Figure 2.33:Earthing rod......................................................................................................................32
Figure 2.34:TT system.........................................................................................................................32
Figure 2.35:TN–S system.....................................................................................................................33
Figure 2.36:TN–C–S system................................................................................................................34
Figure 2.37:Wiring of distribution board.............................................................................................35
Figure 2.38:2.Arranging sequence.......................................................................................................36
Figure 2.39:Prepare DB.......................................................................................................................36
Figure 2.40:Prepare DB.......................................................................................................................36
Figure 2.41: Bus bar segment entering................................................................................................37
Figure 2.42:The connections to be done inside the consumer unit......................................................37
Figure 2.43:Detail internal wiring........................................................................................................37
Figure 2.44:Assembling procedure of distribution board....................................................................38
Figure 2.45:Layout diagram of single phase installation.....................................................................38
Figure 3.46:It is essential to use the right tools for testing to IEC standards.......................................45
Figure 3.47:Testing Earth Fault Loop Impedance...............................................................................46
Figure 3.48:Electrical conductor selection...........................................................................................48
Figure 3.49:Set in order........................................................................................................................54
Figure 4.50:cleaning equipment and working Area.............................................................................57
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Acknowledgment
Ministry of Labor and Skills wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many representatives of
TVET instructors and respective industry experts who donated their time and expertise to the
development of this Teaching, Training and Learning Materials (TTLM).
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Acronyms
(OHS)------------Occupational Health and Safety
(PPE)-----------------Personal Protective Equipment
(HCF)-----------------Health Corporate Framework
(SWP)--------------- Safe work practices
(CPC)----------------Circuit protective conductor
(HRC) ---------------High Rapture Capacity, Fuses
(HBC)-----------------high breaking capacity fuse
(HLVSG)-------------High/Low Voltage Switch Gear
(ELCB)----------------Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
(RCD)-----------------residual current device
(MDB)-----------------Main Distribution Board
(SDB)------------------Sub Distribution Board
(FDB)-------------------Final Distribution Board
(PME)------------------- Protective Multiple Earthing
(MOCB)----------------Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers
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Protection
Introduction to The Module
In Building Electrical installation filed provides practical advice to Electrical Circuit Protection
working in people’s homes. This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes on planning and
preparing work required in installing electrical protection systems such as safety switch fuse cut-out,
high/low voltage switch gear, earth leakage circuit breaker, conventional atmospheric lightning
protection and grounding system.
This module is designed to meet the industry requirement under the Building Electrical
Installation occupational standard, particularly for the unit of competency: Install Electrical Circuit
Protection
This module covers the units:

 fault findings
 electrical protection system
 completion of work
 Clean up.
Learning Objective of the Module
 Plan and Prepare for fault findings
 Install electrical protection system
 Notify completion of work
 Clean up.
Module Instruction
For effective use this modules trainees are expected to follow the following module instruction:
 Read the information written in each unit
 Accomplish the Self-checks at the end of each unit
 Perform Operation Sheets which were provided at the end of units
 Do the “LAP test” giver at the end of each unit and
 Read the identified reference book for Examples and exercise
UNIT ONE: FAULT FINDINGS
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 Work Instructions
 Appropriate Tools and Equipment with PPE
 Materials with Established Procedures
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in above unit. Specifically,
upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Communicate and Confirming Work Instructions
 Identify Appropriate Tools and Equipment with PPE
 Obtain Materials with Established Procedures
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1.1 Work Instruction
document describing specific activities and tasks within the organization. It contains the greatest
amount of detail. As a component of a process, “defines how one or more activities in a procedure
should be executed in detail, using technology or other resources.
Work instruction is a written description covering each simple detailed step.
Work Instruction is: a detailed set of instructions that describe exactly how a low-level activity must
be carried out. For example, describing precisely installing electrical protection system.
Difference between Work Instructions and Procedures

Procedures describe:
What the activity is
Who performs it
When it is performed
Purpose of Work Instructions

A work instruction is a tool provided to help someone to do a job correctly. This simple
statement implies that the purpose of the work instruction is quality and that the target user is the
worker. Unfortunately, in many workplaces, today’s work instructions have little connection with this
fundamental focus. Factories have encumbered work instructions with content that has been added to
satisfy auditors, lawyers, engineers, accountants and yes, even quality managers. We’ve piled on so
much extraneous material that we’ve lost sight of the intended purpose of work instructions.
 Terminology of protection system
To interpret and understand the work instruction the trainee should know the basic terms regarding
faults and protection devices.
Barrier: - part providing a defined degree of protection against contact with live parts, from
any usual direction of access.
Basic insulation: - Insulation applied to live parts to provide basic protection against electric
shock and exclusively for functional purposes.

Protection
Earth: - the conductive mass of the Earth, whose electric potential at any point is
conventionally taken as zero.
Bonding conductor: - a protective conductor providing equipotential bonding.
Circuit protective conductor (CPC): - a protective conductor connecting exposed
conductive parts of equipment to the main earthling terminal.
Earthing conductor: - a protective conductor connecting the main Earthing terminal of an
installation to an earth electrode or to other means of Earthing.
Earth electrode: - a conductor or group of conductors in intimate contact with, and providing
an electrical connection to, earth.
Earthing: - the act of connecting the exposed-conductive parts of an installation to the main
earthing terminal of an installation.
Earth-fault current: - a fault current which flows to earth.
Fault current: - a current resulting' from a fault.
electric shock: - a dangerous physiological effect resulting from the passing of an electric
current through a human body or livestock
Earth electrode resistance: - the resistance of an earth electrode to earth.
Earth-fault loop impedance: - the impedance of the earth-fault current loop starting and
ending at the point of earth fault. The earth fault loop comprises the following, starting at the
point of fault:
Earth-leakage current: - a current which flows to extraneous-conductive-parts, in a circuit
which is electrically sound.
Branch circuit: - that portion of the wiring installation between the final overcurrent devices
protecting the circuit and the outlet(s).
Circuit: -an assembly of electrical equipment supplied from the same origin and protected
against overcurrent by the same protective device(s).
Cartridge fuse link: - a device comprising a fuse element or several fuse elements connected
in parallel enclosed in a cartridge usually filled with arc-extinguishing medium and connected
to terminations. See fuse link.
circuit-breaker: - device capable of making, carrying and breaking normal load currents and
also making and automatically breaking, under predetermined conditions, abnormal currents
such as short-circuit currents. It is usually required to operate infrequently although some
types are suitable for frequent operation.

Protection
Class I Equipment: - equipment in which protection against electric shock does not rely on basic
insulation only, but which includes means for the connection of exposed conductive parts to a
protective conductor in the fixed wiring of the installation
Class II equipment: - 'equipment in which protection against electric shock does not rely on basic
insulation only, but in which additional safety precautions such as supplementary insulation is
provided, there being no provision for the connection of exposed metalwork of the equipment to a
protective conductor, and no reliance upon precautions to be taken in the fixed wiring of the
installation.
Danger: - risk of injury to persons (and livestock where expected to be present) from: insulation
comprising both basic insulation and supplementary insulation.
Fire, electric shock, and bums arising from the use of electrical energy;
Mechanical movement of electrically controlled equipment, in so far as such danger is intended to
be prevented by electrical emergency switching or by electrical switching for mechanical
maintenance of non-electrical parts of such Equipment.
Isolator: - a mechanical switching device which provides the function of isolation.
Overcurrent: - a current exceeding the rated value. For conductors the rated value is the current-
carrying- capacity.
Overload current: - an overcurrent occurring in a circuit which is electrically sound.
prospective fault current: - the value of overcurrent at a given point in a circuit resulting from a
fault of negligible impedance between live conductors having a difference of potential under
normal operating conditions, or between a live' conductor and an exposed-conductive-part.
Short-circuit current: - an overcurrent resulting from a fault of negligible impedance between live
conductors having a difference in potential under normal operating conditions.
Lightning flash: - an electrical discharge between cloud and earth, of atmospheric origin,
comprising one or more impulse of many kilo amps.
Lightning strike: - a lightning flash, attaching to a, structure.
Lightning stroke: - one of the single distinguishable -current impulses of a lightning flash.
Lightning protection system a 'complete system of air termination, conductors, earth termination;
interconnection conductors, and other connectors and fittings required to protect a 'structure from
the effect of. Lightning.

Protection
1.2 Select Appropriate Tools and Equipment
 Electrical Tools
Electrical task can be accomplished systematically to save time, effort, and resources. Most of the
work cannot be done using bare hands. To do the task, electrical tools or equipment are needed to
perform the job. This lesson will discuss the function/use of each tool or equipment used in electrical
wiring installations.
The following are common electrical tools and equipment needed in the installation of electrical
wiring
 Electrical Testing equipment
Measuring Electrical performance
 First and foremost –follow proper safety rules
 Common Electrical instruments
Figure 1.1 Common electrical measuring instrument
 Electrical Supplies and Materials

Protection
The following are the most commonly used electrical protective device that acts as a convenient
protection system for electrical appliance.
Fuse
Figure 1.2 different types of fuse
Figure 1.3:-HRC fuse

Protection
Figure 1.4:-MCB switch and double pole circuit breaker
 Principles and Operation of Circuit Breakers

Circuit breakers operate using one or both of the two principles:
Thermal operation relies on the extra heat produced by high current warming a bimetal strip
which bends to strip the operating contacts.
Magnetic operation is due to the magnetic field set up by a coil carrying the current which
attracts an iron part to trip the breaker when the current becomes large enough.
 Rating of circuit breaker
Circuit breakers are rated in amperes just as fuses are rated. Like fuses, breakers are tested in
open air to carry 110% of their rated loads indefinitely without tripping.
Most breakers will carry 150% of their rated load for perhaps a minute, 200% for about 20
sec. and 300% for about 5 sec, long enough to carry the heavy current required to start most
motors.
STANDARD RATINGS: both fuse and circuit breakers are available in standard ratings of 6, 10, 16,
20, 25, 35, 50, 63, 80, 100, 125, 160, 224, 250, 300, and large sizes.
 RCD for Earth Fault Protection Earth electrode providing an electrical Connection to, earth.

Protection
Figure 1.5:-Double pole RCD Figure 1.6:-Earth electrode
 Electrical equipment
An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device or an electrical
equipment that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an
electrically powered device. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises for
billing purposes.
Figure 1.7:-Energy meter
1.2 Personal protective equipment (PPE) for installation of electrical wiring
PPE for electrical work, including testing and fault finding must be suitable for the work, properly
tested and maintained in good working order. The PPE must be able to withstand the energy at the
point of work when working energized. Training must be provided in how to select and fit the correct
type of equipment, as well as training on the use and care of the equipment so that it works

Protection
effectively. Depending on the type of work and the risks involved, the following PPE should be
considered:
 Face Protection—use of a suitably arc rated full face shield may be appropriate when
working where there is potential for high current and arcing.
 Eye Protection—metal spectacle frames should not be worn.
 Gloves—use gloves insulated to the highest potential voltage expected for the work being
undertaken. Leather work gloves may be considered for de-energised electrical work.
 Clothing—use non-synthetic clothing of non-fusible material and flame resistant. Clothing
made from conductive material or containing metal threads should not be worn.
 Footwear—use non-conductive footwear, for example steel toe capped boots or shoes
manufactured to a suitable standard.
 Safety Belt/Harness—safety belts and harnesses should be checked and inspected each time
before use with particular attention being paid to buckles, rings, hooks, clips and webbing.
1.3 Procedures of Obtaining materials
To obtain certain materials, the established procedures are:

preparing proposal
identifying necessary materials
listing down the description and quantities of materials
obtaining from either governmental, nongovernmental or private organization
Electrical materials are developed and constructed for a special purpose such as to:
1) Control the flow of current in an electrical circuit;
2) Carry electrical current from the source to the load or current consuming apparatus;
3) Hold and secure wires to its fixtures inside and outside houses and buildings
4) Protect the houses, buildings, appliances’ and instruments from any destruction and damage
 Convenience Outlet of Electrical Materials

Protection
A device that acts as a convenient source of electrical energy for current consuming appliances. It
is where the male plug of an appliance is inserted and usually fastened on the wall or connected in an
extension cord. It maybe single, duplex, triplex or multiplex and could be surface type or flush type.
Figure 1.8:-Convenience Outlet
 Male plug-
A device inserted to a convenience outlet to conduct electric current. A flat cord is attached to it on
one end and the other end is connected to a current consuming instrument or appliance.
Figure 1.9:-Male Plug
 Lamp Holders-
Devices that hold and protect the lamp and are also called as Lamp Sockets/Receptacles
‖. These come in many designs and sizes. They a reclassified as flush, hanging (weatherproof/chain)
and surface types.
Figure 1.10:- Lamp Holders

Protection
 Switch -
A device that connects and dis-connects the flow of electric current in a circuit. There are many
shapes, designs, and types and they are classified as hanging, flush, and surface types.
Figure 1.11: Switch
 Junction Box
- An octagonal shaped electrical material where the connections or joints of wires are being done. It is
also where the flush type lamp holder is attached. This could be made of metal or plastic (PVC) Poly
vinyl chloride.
Best for: Metal-sheathed cable or metal conduit (metal boxes), Romex or non-metallic cables
(plastic boxes)
Most electrical boxes are either metal or plastic: Metal boxes are generally made of steel, while
plastic boxes are either PVC or fiberglass. Weatherproof metal boxes for outdoor use are generally
made of aluminum.
If you are using metal conduit to run wiring to the electrical box, then a metal box is required—both
to anchor the conduit and because the conduit and metal box itself may be used to ground the system.
Metal boxes are more durable, fireproof, and secure.
Plastic boxes are typically cheaper in price and include built-in clamps for wires. If you are using a
non-metallic cable, such as Type NM-B (non-metallic sheathed cable), then you can use either plastic
boxes or metal boxes, as long as the cable is secured to the box with an appropriate cable clamp.
Modern wiring systems with NM-B cable usually include a ground wire inside the cable, so the box is
not part of the grounding system (however, metal boxes must be connected to the system ground,
usually with a short length of wire called a pigtail).

Protection
Figure 1.12: Junction Box
 Utility Box
- A rectangular shaped metallic or plastic (PVC) material in which flush type convenience outlet and
switch are attached.
Figure 1.13:utility Box
 Flat Cord-
Is a duplex stranded wire used for temporary wiring installation and commonly used in extension
cord assembly? It comes in a roll of 150 meters and with sizes of gauge # 18 and gauge #16 awg
(American wire gauge)

Protection
Figure 1.14: Flat Cord
 Electrical Wire/Conductor could be:

a. Stranded wire which is made of multiple strands joined together to make a single wire.
b. Solid wire is made of a single strand of copper or aluminum wire. These are used in wiring
installation inside and outside the buildings.
 Conduits/Pipes-
Electrical materials used as the passage of wires for protection and insulation. These could be rigid
metallic, flexible metallic conduit (FMC), rigid nonmetallic (PVC), and flexible non-metallic or
corrugated plastic conduit (CPC)
Figure 1.15:Conduits/Pipes
 Clamps - Electrical materials used to hold and anchor electrical conduits in its proper position.
Figure 16: Clamps

Protection
Self-Check -1 Written Test
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

Part:1: - State the difference between procedure and work instruction(2pts)
1. Explain the following terms (8pts)
A. Bonding conductor
B. Protective conductor
C. Earthing conductor
D. Earthing
E. Earth Fault current

Protection
Operation Sheet 1 Checking the continuity of protective conductor
F. Overload current
G. Lightning flash
H. Isolator
Part:2: short answer
1. _____________is used for griping, holding, cutting electrical wires and cables and even small
nails. Usually used by linemen in doing heavy tasks. (2pts)
2. __________ is used for cutting and holding fine wires. This can reach tight space or small
opening where other pliers cannot reach and also used in making terminal loops of copper
wires. (2pts)
3. ___________has a cross tip resembling a positive (+) sign. It is used to drive screws with
cross slot heads (2 points)
4. The continuity of conductor can be checked by___________ (2 points)
5. State the connection of Ammeter and Volt meter to measure current and voltage (4 points)
6. Mention controlling and protective devices (4pts)
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next page:
Part:3: Explain the following equations
1. Define the term PPE (2pts)
2. Mention at least four personal protective equipment and their use (8pts)
Operation Title: Following procedures for maintaining a tidy and clean personal work area
Instruction: Read and Apply Procedures
Purpose: Method practical testing
Required tools and equipment: PPE, mustimeter. ohmmeter, tester
Precautions:
 use safety precaution while touching Electricity
 Properly use PPE
Procedures:

Protection
The techniques for procedures for Method practical testing
 Step 1- set the multi meter to low resistance range
 Step 2- disconnected the power supply before starting continuity test
 Step 3. Connect protective conductor with neutral wire or phase wire at the distribution
board.
 Step 3- check the continuity of protective conductor at each socket outlet
 Step. 4- Check the continuity between the earthing terminal and metallic part of the equipment
to assure effective bonding
Quality criteria:
 OHS requirements
Unit Two: Install Electrical Protection System
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics –
 Safety Procedures
 Electrical Protection System Installation
 Schedule of Work.
 Supervisor Instructions.
 Quality of Work
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the above unit.

Protection
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to
2.1 safety procedure
 Follow safety procedures
 Install electrical protection system
 Follow Schedule of work.
 Obtain instructions from a supervisor.
 Check quality of work
Electrical instructions throughout the process of installation may include, but not be limited to:
1) De-energizing circuits, if possible, and providing a means to prevent re-energization
2) Grounding conductors and all possible conducting parts
3) Controlling associated generating equipment
4) Testing of equipment to ensure safe conditions
5) Provision of rubber-insulated protective equipment rated for the highest voltage present
6) Qualified personnel
7) PPE and protective clothing (e.g., hardhats, safety shoes, eye and face protection, insulated
live-line tools, hot sticks, cotton or fire-resistant clothing, and arc protection)
8) Working on experimental equipment

Protection
9) A safe work environment is not always enough to control all potential electrical hazards. You
must be very cautious and work safely. Safety rules help you control your and others risk of
injury or death from workplace hazards. If you are working on electrical circuits or with
electrical tools and equipment, you need to use following golden safety rules
2.2 Electrical Protection System
 LV switchgear: functions & selection

Once the short-circuit current are estimated, protective devices can be selected for the overcurrent
protection. Circuit breakers have also other possible functions such as switching and isolation. A
complete understanding of the functionalities offered by all switchgear and control gear within the
installation is necessary. Correct selection of all devices can now be done.
A comprehensive understanding of all functionalities offered by the circuit breakers is of prime
importance as this is the device offering the largest variety of functions.
 What is Medium Voltage (MV) switchgear?
The medium-voltage (MV) switchgears are the subject of this section. Switchboards could be
configured in a variety of ways. This is dependent on the needed dependability, fault level, and
adaptability. Voltage level, effective voltage, constant voltage tolerance voltage, or impulse voltage
are all parameters for manufactured medium-voltage (MV) switchgear panel.
MV switchgear is classed based on its purpose and insulating method. If used as intended, a switch is
a piece of equipment that opens an electric circuit by a mechanical action, halting the flow of
electricity without inflicting lasting harm to the equipment. A switch can be a circuit-breaker or a
disconnect or/isolator. A disconnect or, sometimes known as an isolator, is indeed a device that is
meant to physically open an electric circuit under normal operation. A circuit breaker (CB) is a device
that opens an electric circuit in the event of an overcurrent or a failure. This normally happens when a
protective relay sends out a trip signal.
 What is High Voltage (HV) switchgear?
Electrical circuit reduce exposure such as high-voltage switchgear safeguards, controls, and isolates
electrical devices. A switchgear line-up or assembly consists of a collection of another of such
structures, with the electrical components enclosed in metal enclosures. Because PRV Engineering
specializes in high-voltage switchgear, rail products, and the oil and gas industry, here’s a quick
rundown about what it involves but how it works.

Protection
High voltage switchgear is indeed a power system that deals with voltages more than 36 kV. The
arcing created during switching operation is likewise very high due to the high voltage level. As a
result, more caution should be exercised while constructing high-voltage switchgear.
Because the high voltage circuit breaker (CB) is the most essential element of HV switchgear, it must
have particular properties for safe and dependable operation. Defective high-voltage circuit breaking
and switching are extremely infrequent. Such circuit breakers are frequently left in the ON position
and can be used after a lengthy period of time.
As a result, CBs must be dependable enough to assure safe operation when needed. In the last 15
years, high-voltage circuit breaker technology has evolved dramatically. For high voltage switchgear,
minimum oil circuit breakers (MOCB), air blast circuit breakers, and SF6 circuit breakers are
commonly utilized.
 Where LV/MV applications are used?
Switchgears can be used in a variety of applications, including the following: Overloading and surge
prevention are critical in industrial power distribution in factories and facilities. The switchgear aids
in the organization and distribution of power in the industrial unit’s machines.
 Fuse cutout
In electrical distribution, a fuse cutout or cut-out fuse is a combination of a fuse and a switch, used
in primary overhead feeder lines and taps to protect distribution transformers from current surges and
overloads. An overcurrent caused by a fault in the transformer or customer circuit will cause the fuse
to melt, disconnecting the transformer from the line. It can also be opened manually by utility
linemen standing on the ground and using a long insulating stick called a "hot stick".
A fuse cutout at a service drop on a single-phase overhead power distribution line. The power line,
supported by the insulator at the top of the pole, is visible in the background. The service drop is a
feed line attached to the power line which feeds power to a single residence. The fuse cutout (device
in foreground) is a combination fuse and switch which allows the transformer and residence to be
disconnected from the power line in the event of an emergency. It consists of a fusible metal bar
supported between two terminal clips by an insulator. If a short circuit occurs, the bar will melt and
pivot open, giving a visual indication of the trouble. The service drop can also be manually
disconnected from the line by electrical line workers while the line is energized, by pulling the
device open using a long insulated fiberglass stick with a hook on the end, called a hot stick

Protection
Figure 2.17: Fuse Cutout
 Switch gear; - is an assembly of main and auxiliary switching apparatus for operation, regulation,
protection or other control of an electrical installation.
Figure 2.18: Switch gear
 LV switch gear and control gear: - a combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices
together with associated control, measuring signaling protective, regulating equipment, etc.,
completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and
mechanical interconnection and structural parts. The components of the assembly may be electro
mechanical or electronic. The assembly may be either type-tested or partially type-tested

Protection
Figure 2.19: LV switch gear and control gear
 Earth leakage circuit breaker: - Protecting earth fault current
Figure 2.20: Earth leakage circuit breaker
 Residual Current Devices

We have seen how very important the total earth loop impedance Zs is in the reduction of shock
risk. However, in TT systems where the mass of earth is part of the fault path, the maximum values of
Zs given in the IEE Regulations may be hard to satisfy. Added to this, climatic conditions will alter
the resistance of the earth in such a way that Ze may be satisfactory in wet weather but not in very
dry. The regulations recommend therefore that the preferred method of earth fault protection for
installations in a TT systems be achieved by a residual current device (RCD), such that the product of
its residual operating current and the loop impedance will not exceed a figure of 50 V.
Residual current breakers (RCBs), residual current circuit breakers (RCCBs) and RCDs are one and
the same thing. Modern developments in circuit breaker (CB), RCD and consumer unit design now
make it easy to protect any individual circuit with a combined CB /RCD (RCBO), making the use of
split-load boards unnecessary.

Protection
Figure 2.21:Earth leakage circuit breaker
In domestic premises the use of 30 mA RCDs is required for the protection of all socket outlets rated
at not more than 20 A, for all circuits in a bath or shower room and for cables embedded in walls and
partitions at a depth less than 50 mm. Socket outlets not intended for general use, for example a those
provided for non-portable equipment such as freezers, etc., are exempt from this requirement,
provided they are suitably labelled or identified.
Figure 2.22:Earth leakage circuit breaker Protection
 This is how RCD protects from electrocution.

A common cause of unwanted tripping is the failure to connect the neutral through
the RCD, RCDs work equally well on single phase, three phase or three phase and neutral circuits,
but when the neutral is distributed it is essential that it passes through the toroid.
 Test Circuit in RCD

A test circuit is always incorporated in the RCD. Typically, the operation of the test button
connects a resistive load between the line conductor on the load-side of the RCD and the supply

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neutral. The test circuit is designed to pass current in excess of the tripping current of the RCD to
simulate an out-of-balance condition. Operation of the test button verifies that the RCD is
operational. It is important to note, therefore, that the test circuit does not check the circuit protective
conductor or the condition of the earth electrode.
Out-of-balance currents as low as 5 to 30 mA will be detected, and therefore a person touching
unearthed live metalwork would cause the breaker to operate before the lower lethal limit of 50 mA
was reached (Fig. 2.23). It is still necessary, however, to ensure that the earth system of an
installation is connected to a suitable earth electrode
Figure 2.23:Earth Fault Current
 Protection against overcurrent

An overcurrent is a current greater than the rated current of a circuit. It may occur in two ways:
1.OVERLOAD CURRENT
2. SHORT CIRCUIT OR FAULT CURRENT
These conditions need to be protected against in order to avoid damage to circuit conductors and
equipment. In practice, fuses and circuit breakers will fulfill both of these needs.
1) Overloads
Overheads are overcurrent, occurring in healthy circuits. They may be caused, for example, by faulty
appliances or by surges due to motors starting.
2) Short circuits
A short-circuit is the current that will flow when a ‘dead short’ occurs between live conductors (phase
to neutral for single-phase; phase to phase for three phase). Prospective short-circuit current is the

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same, but the term is usually used to signify the value of short-circuit at fuse or circuit breaker
positions.
Prospective short-circuit current is of great importance. However, before discussing it or any other
overcurrent further, it is perhaps wise to refresh our memories with regard to fuses and circuit
breakers and their characteristics.
 Fuses and circuit breakers

As we all know, a fuse is the weak link in a circuit which will break when too much current flows,
thus protecting the circuit conductors from damage. It must be remembered that the priority of the
fuse is to protect the circuit conductors, not the appliance or the user. Calculation of cable size
therefore automatically involves the correct selection of protective devices.
There are many different types and sizes of fuse, all designed to perform a certain function. The IEE
Regulations refer to only four of these: BS 3036, BS 88, BS 1361 and BS 1362 fuses. It is perhaps
sensible to include, at this point, circuit breakers to BS 3871, BS EN 60898 and RCBOs to BS EN
61009, although the BS 3871 MCBs are no longer included in the IEE Regulations.
 Fuses
A fuse is simply a device which carries a metal element, usually tinned copper, which will melt and
break the circuit when excessive current flows.
There are three types of fuse:
1.Therewirable or semi-enclosed fuse;
2.The cartridge fuse and fuse link; and
3.The high-rupturing-capacity (H.R.C.) fuse.
1. The rewritable fuse (BS 3036)

A rewritable fuse consists of a fuse, holder, a fuse element and a fuse carrier, the holder and carrier
being made of porcelain or Bakelite (Fig. 1).

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Figure. 2.24:Typical rewirablefuseassembly
The circuit for which this type of fuse is designed has a color code which is marked on the fuse
holder and is as follows:
45 A – green
30 A – red
20 A – yellow
15 A – blue
5 A – white
Although this type of fuse is very popular in domestic installations, as it is cheap and easy to repair, it
has serious disadvantages.
1) The fact that it is repairable enables the wrong size of fuse wire (element) to be used.
2) The elements become weak after long usage and may break under normal conditions.
3) Normal starting-current surges (e.g. when motors etc. are switched on) are ‘seen’ by the fuse as an
overload and will therefore break the circuit.
4) The fuse holder and carrier can become damaged as a result of arcing in the event of a heavy
overload.
2. Cartridges fuse (BS 1361 and BS 1362)

A cartridge fuse consists of a porcelain tube with metal and caps to which the element is attached.
The tube is filled with silica (Fig. 2.25).

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Figure 2.25:Cartridge fuse
These fuses are found generally in modern plug tops used with 13 A socket outlet, and in some
distribution boards and at mains intake positions (Electricity Board fuse). They have the advantage
over the rewritable fuse of not deteriorating, accuracy in breaking at rated values and not arcing
where interrupting faults. They are, however, expensive to replace.
3. High-rupturing-capacity fuses
The HRC fuse is a sophisticated variation of the cartridge fuse and is normally found protecting
motor circuits and industrial installations. It consists of a porcelain body filled with silica with a silver
element and lug type and caps. Another feature is the indicating element which shows when the fuse
has blown.
Figure 2.26:HRC fuse
It is very fast-acting and can discriminate between a starting surge and an overload.

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Figure 2.27:Deferent types of fuse
 Circuit breaker (CB)

A circuit breaker (CB) is an automatically operated electric switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by an overload or short circuit.
Operation of Circuit breaker:
All circuit breakers have a common feature in their operations, although details vary substantially
depending on the class of stress, rating and type of circuit breaker.
Figure 2.28:Circuit Breaker

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The circuit breaker must detect an error condition. In low-voltage contact breakers, it is usually done
in a tripping lever. A high-voltage circuit breaker has separated the device to feel an over current or
other error. An error is detected; the contact in the contact breaker must be open to interrupt the
circuit. Mechanical energy stored in the tripping lever is used to separate contacts, although some of
the energy required may be obtained from the fault flow itself. When one current is interrupted, a
circular arc is fixed. This circular arc chamber must be inserted, cooled and extinguished in a
controlled manner, such that the gap between contacts can hold the voltage in the circuit again.
Finally, once the error condition is clean, the contact must be reclosed to rebuild energy (energy) to
the interrupting circuit.
Comparison between MCB versus convectional fuses
Table 1 Comparison between MCB versus convectional fuse
MCB Conventional fuses

1. Protection Sometimes, fuse wire of proper rating is not used
MCB instantly switches off the supply which results in non- disconnection (melting) of fuse
automatically if there is a short circuit, wire in the event of short circuit, or power overload.
overload or earth fault. It thus prevents This can lead to electrical accidents, as the tripping is
damage to expensive wiring and the risk essential in such cases.
of fire.
2. Safety TO replace a blown fuse in between live current
Re-starting power supply after tripping carrying points is potentially dangerous especially in
due to over load or short circuit is easy. the dark. The fuse wire may go loose even if replaced
Just switch on the MCB like switching on and this may be dangerous while fixing the fuse.
a lamp, which any person can do.
3. Convenience The system using rewritable is not convenient as the
The MCB needs no maintenance and exact size of fuse wire may not be available as the
repairs. It doesn’t deteriorate with time. time of wiring. Also complete kit of hand tools has to
be kept ready all the time.
4. Look The fuse board is not compact one and large enough
The board where MCB is installed gives a to be hidden.
beautiful look as it is compact and elegant

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 Conventional atmospheric lightning protection
 Lightning Arrester
A lightning arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device, which conducts the high voltage surges
on the power system to the ground. The action of the lightning arrester or surge diverter is as under:
Under normal operation, it conducts no current to earth or the gap is non-conducting.
On the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks down and an arc is formed
providing a low resistance path for the surge to the ground
 There are several types of lightning arresters in general use.
 They differ only in constructional details but operate on the same principle viz, providing low
resistance path for the surges to the round.
 Following are the different types of lightning arresters:
1. Rod arrester 2. Horn gap arrester 3. Multi-gap arrester
4. Expulsion type lightning arrester 5. Valve type lightning arrester
Figure 2.29:lightening arrester
Main components of lightening for building protection

 Air termination: - that component of a lightning protection 'system that is intended to intercept
lighting flushes
 Down conductor: - a conductor intended to be used to 'carry lightning currents between air
termination and earth termination

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 Bond: - a conductor intended to provide: electrical connection 'between the lightning protection
system, and 'other metal-works and ·between various portion of the latter.
 Joint: - a mechanical and/or electrical junction between two or more portions of a lightning
protection system.
 Test joint: - a joint designed and situated so ·as to enable. resistance 'or 'Continuity measurement to
be made.
 Earth 'termination: - that part of a lightning protection system which is intended to discharge
'lightning currents into the general mass of earth.
The 3 types of lightning protection system
1) The lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering system)
The lightning rod is a metallic capture tip placed at the top of the building. It is earthed by one or
more conductors (often copper strips)
Figure 2.30:Lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering system)
2) The lightning rod with taut wires

These wires are stretched above the structure to be protected. They are used to protect special
structures: rocket launching areas, military applications and protection of high-voltage overhead lines
(see fig

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Figure 2.31:Taut wires
3) The lightning conductor with meshed cage (Faraday cage)

This protection involves placing numerous down conductors/tapes symmetrically all around the
building. (see Fig. 1.5). This type of lightning protection system is used for highly exposed buildings
housing very sensitive installations such as computer rooms.
Figure 2.32:Meshed cage (Faraday cage)
 Grounding system
The earthing system qualifies three originally independent choices made by the designer of an
electrical distribution system or installation:
These Systems have been designated in the IEERegulations using the letters T, N, C and S. These
letters stand for:
T -Terre (French for earth) and meaning a direct connection to earth
N- Neutral C -Combined S -Separate

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When these letters are grouped they form the classification of a type of system. The first letter in such
a classification denotes how the supply source is earthed. The second denotes how the metalwork of
an installation is earthed. The third and fourth indicate the functions of neutral and protective
conductors. Hence:
Figure 2.33:Earthing rod
1. A TT system has a direct connection of the supply source to earth and a direct connection of the
installation metalwork to earth. An example is an overhead line supply with earth electrodes, and the
mass of earth as a return path (Fig. 2.33) One point at the supply source is connected directly to earth.
All exposed- and extraneous-conductive-parts are connected to a separate earth electrode at the
installation. This electrode may or may not be electrically independent of the source electrode. The
two zones of influence may overlap without affecting the operation of protective devices
Figure 2.34:TT system

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2. A TN–S system has the supply source directly connected to earth, the installation metalwork
connected to the earthed neutral of the supply source via the metal sheath of the supply cable and the
neutral and protective conductors throughout the whole system performing separate functions (Fig.
2.35). The protective conductor and the neutral conductor are separate. On underground cable
systems where lead-sheathed cables exist, the protective conductor is generally the lead sheath. The
use of separate PE and N conductors (5 wires) is obligatory for circuits with cross-sectional areas less
than 10 mm2 for portable equipment
Figure 2.35:TN–S system
3. A TN–C–S system is as the TN–S system but the supply cable sheath is also the neutral, that is, it
forms a combined earth/neutral conductor known as a PEN (Protective Earthed Neutral) conductor
(Fig. 2.36). The installation earth and neutral are separate conductors.
This system is also known as PME (Protective Multiple Earthing TN-C system (fig 2.36)
The neutral conductor is also used as a protective conductor and is referred to as a PEN (Protective
Earth and Neutral) conductor. This system is not permitted for conductors of less than 10 mm 2 or for
portable equipment.
The TN-C system requires an effective equipotential environment within the installation with
dispersed earth electrodes spaced as regularly as possible since the PEN conductor is both the neutral
conductor and at the same time carries phase unbalance currents as well as 3rd order harmonic
currents (and their multiples). The PEN conductor must therefore be connected to a number of earth
electrodes in the installation.
Caution: In the TN-C system, the “protective conductor” function has priority over the “neutral
function”. In particular, a PEN conductor must always be connected to the earthing terminal of a load
and a jumper is used to connect this terminal to the neutral terminal.

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Figure 2.36:TN–C–S system
2.3 Schedule of work.
Scheduling Electrical Wiring Installation of the Distribution Board with protection system.
Scheduling of installing protective device may be difficult to allot time, because it depends on other
installation work and the size of installation.
 Distribution Board
Distribution board is a safe system designed for house or building that included protective devices,
isolator switches, circuit breaker and fuses to connect safely the cables and wires to the sub circuits
and final sub circuits including their associated Live (Phase) Neutral and Earth conductors.
Distribution board is also known as “Fuse Board “, “Panel Board” or “Consumer Unit “.
Types of Distribution Boards
Main Distribution Board (MDB)
Sub Distribution Board (SDB)
Final Distribution Board (FDB)
MDB = Main Distribution Board
1. Main Distribution Board (MDB) is also known as Fuse board or consumer unit where the main
protective and isolation devices are installed to provide electricity in a safe range to the connected
electrical appliances.
2. SDB = Sub Distribution Board
The Distribution Board which is used to distribute electrical wiring and circuits within a selected area
in a building or house, i.e. floor in a multi-story building. The Sub distribution board is connected and

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supplied from the Main Distribution Board through different wires and cables rated according to the
load requirement.
3. FDB = Final Distribution Board
The Distribution Board which provide electric supply to the Final and Sub Final Circuits is known as
Final Distribution Board. FDB (Final Distribution Board) directly connected through SDB (Sub
Distribution Board) and the final switches are used to control the connected electrical devices and
appliances such as light, air-conditioner, fan etc.
 Wiring Accessories for Single Phase Distribution Board
Main Distribution Board or Fuse Boards (Consumer Unit) usually contains on the following three
main units to control and distribute electric supply to the different connected appliances and devices
through electrical wiring cables and wires.
DP = Double Pole MCB (The main isolator or main switch).
RCD (Also DP) Residual Current Devices for safety.
SP = Single Pole MCB (Circuit Breakers and Fuses).
MCB & CB = Miniature Circuit Breaker and Circuit Breaker.
The above mentioned electrical wiring accessories and protective devices are used to control and
distribute electric supply (safely to connected electrical appliances) around your home. The following
diagram is showing single phase home electric supply and wiring of distribution board with RCD.
Figure 2.37:Wiring of distribution board

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 Distribution Board Schedule
1. Devices used for a Single Phase 40A Distribution Board or a Consumer Unit
2. Arranging sequence of the device for consumer unit. The double pole MCB, RCD and the
single phase MCBs
Figure 2.38:2.Arranging sequence
3. Prepare DB Box to mount CB
Figure 2.39:Prepare DB
4. Piece of copper MCB bus bar selection which is used to link individual MCB to the main power
Figure 2.40:Prepare DB

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5. Bus bar segment entering MCB unit
Figure 2.41: Bus bar segment entering
6. The connections to be done inside the consumer unit. Red donates the live wire and the black neutral
denote the Neutral
Figure 2.42:The connections to be done inside the consumer unit
7. Detail internal wiring on DB
Figure 2.43:Detail internal wiring

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2.4 Instructions from a supervisor
8. Assembling procedure of distribution board
Figure 2.44:Assembling procedure of distribution board
Figure 2.45:Layout diagram of single phase installation
 Types of condition report

In general, there are two types of domestic electrical installation condition report:
 Visual condition report - this does not include testing and is only suitable if the installation
has been testing recently.
 Periodic inspection reports - this is what we would normally recommend, as it tests the
installation and would find any hidden damage.
If you’re a boss, supervisor or manager, you’re probably used to giving a lot of directions at work.
But if you’re not, you may be someone who mostly takes instructions from others. To get a task
done properly, there are a few things we can all do to give and follow directions more effectively.
Tips on giving directions:
Provide context and be specific: Give all the details. Provide any background to help that person
better understand the task at hand. Try your best to be as detailed as you can, especially when you
have a set idea about how the task should be done.

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Ask politely rather than barking orders: Tone of voice can change everything, especially when
telling someone what to do. Speak at a reasonable volume and use kind, respectful words. Try to
avoid negative language and don’t forget to say “please.”
Offer the other person the opportunity to ask questions: Whenever the one receiving the task is
unsure, it’s important that you allow him time to ask questions. The better he understands what to
do, the greater chance for a successful outcome.
Resist any urge to micromanage: If you give directions properly, you should not feel the need to
oversee or micromanage. Instill faith in your task-doer by letting him do things without you to the
best of his ability. Provide positive feedback and appropriate gratitude: When the task is complete,
be sure to affirm the person. This makes your team member feel respected and trusted. And give
clear, helpful feedback or constructive criticism if the task was done improperly.
Tips on taking directions and fulfilling tasks:
Actively listen: Try to listen intently, not just hear. When you actively listen, you can better
understand what you need to do. Here’s a trick that may help: pretend that there is going to be a
quiz after the conversation. Visually think about what's being said and maybe even repeat it in your
head.
Take notes: Instead of trying to remember everything, write it down. There’s nothing wrong with
keeping notes; it shows that you are prepared, organized and want to do the job correctly.
Ask questions: If you are even slightly unsure of what you are being asked to do, don’t be afraid to
question. Make sure the other person allows you the chance to find out all the needed details to
move forward.
Respond with a good attitude: Just as the person giving directions needs to speak respectfully, it’s
important to respond respectfully. If you go into the conversation with a bad attitude, it’s likely that
performing the task will be much more challenging.
Before starting the task, make a checklist: Whenever there is a job that requires multiple steps,
try organizing a to-do list. Check things off as you go to make sure you don’t miss anything. Then
when you’re done, be sure to review your work.
Overall, positive communication and listening are essential when giving and taking instructions.
For some jobs, following step-by-step directions is pertinent, but in the case of working in an office,
warehouse, restaurant, etc., learning how to provide direction properly and knowing how to take
direction make for a smoother and more productive work environment.

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2.5 Quality of work
 Checking the installation work

The quality of protective system and installation work can be checked in accordance with
requirements
Connection of single pole devices for protection or switching in phase conductors only;
Correct connection socket-outlets and lamp holders;
Methods of protection against direct contact (including measurement of distances, where
appropriate); i.e.,
Protection by insulation of live parts,
Protection by barrier or enclosure,
protection by obstacles,
Protection by placing out of reach;
Methods of protection against indirect contact; i.e,
Presence of protective conductors,
Presence of earthing conductors,
Presence of main equipotential bonding conductors,
Earthing arrangements for combined protective and functional purposes,
Use of Class II equipment or equivalent insulation,
Non conducting location (including measurement of distances, where appropriate),
earth-free local equipotential bonding,
Electrical separation;
Presence of appropriate devices for isolation and switching;
Presence of under-voltage protective devices;
Choice and setting of protective and monitoring devices (for protection against indirect contact
and/or protection against overcurrent);
Rating of circuit breaker cross ponding to the installed wire size
 Rated operational voltage (Ue): - This is the voltage at which the circuit-breaker has been designed
to operate, in normal (undisturbed) conditions

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 Rated current (In): - This is the maximum value of current that a circuit-breaker, fitted with a
specified overcurrent tripping relay, can carry indefinitely at an ambient temperature stated by the
manufacturer, without exceeding the specified temperature limits of the current carrying parts
 Overload relay trip-current setting (Irth or Ir) is an instantaneous or slightly time-delayed) are
intended to trip the circuit-breaker rapidly on the occurrence of high values of fault current. Their
tripping threshold Im
 The short-circuit current-breaking rating of a CB: - is the highest (prospective) value of current
that the CB is capable of breaking without being damaged
 Rated making capacity (Icm): - Icm is the highest instantaneous value of current that the circuit-
breaker can establish at rated voltage in specified conditions.
Self-Check -2 Written Test
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page:
1. Mention the components of switch gear (3pts)
2. Describe the function of Earth Leakage Circuit breaker. (2pts)
3. What is the function of lightening arrester or surge diverter? (2pts)
4. What is the function of Air termination of lightening system (2pts)?
5. Mention the three types of grounding system. (3pts)
Part II

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Operation Sheet 2 Fixing and wiring protective device including RCD
in the distribution board
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next page:
1) Mention the main problems can be faced during protection system installation (4pts)
2) How can give practical solution for incorrect rating of protection device/(4pt)
3) Mention the devices those can be fixed in main distribution board (4pts)
4) Describe the three types of distribution board. .(3pts)
5) What is the function of Double Pole MCB? (3pts)
Operation Title: Fixing and wiring protective device including RCD in the distribution board
Instruction: Read and Apply Procedures
Purpose: Fixing and wiring protective device
Required tools and equipment: PPE, mustimeter. ohmmeter, tester, DB, RCB, Screw driver. plier
Precautions:
 use safety precaution while touching Electricity
 Properly use PPE
Procedures:The techniques for procedures for Method practical installing

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Method of wiring procedure
Step 1- read the layout diagram and job description in detail
Step 2- mount the distribution board on the wall
Step 3- fix the MCB main switch with specified current rating
Step -4. Fix double pole RCD next to MCB
Step 5. Fix protective devices for each individual circuit
Step 6- connect each protective device to the main MCB switch
by jumper wire or shunting bar
Step 7. Check the continuity and connect to each final circuit
Step 8. Conduct functional test
Quality criteria:
 OHS requirements
Unit three: Notify Completion of Work
 work conforms with instructions

 Supervisor for completion of work
 work area ready for next task
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the above unit.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:

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 Make final checks to ensure the work conforms with requirements
 Notify completion of work to Supervisor
 clean and making work area ready for next task
3.1 Making final checks to ensure the work conforms with instructions
Electrical safety testing is essential to ensure safe operating standards for any product that uses
electricity.
Testing or checking procedures are:
 The installing diagram must be step by step inspection and finally total inspect.
 The last inspection of the property being purchased prior to closing. This inspection is done to
determine the condition of the property and ensure the property is in the same condition as at
the time of the agreement of sale.
 All electrical installations must have an electrical inspection performed to ensure the installation
meets the minimum electrical safety requirements

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 At the final inspection, if the material is found to be unacceptable and it is determined that it can
be reworked, this will be noted by the quality assurance department on the final inspection
reports. 100% inspection shall be performed on the identified nonconforming characteristics.
Nonconforming material will be tagged with a red tag and marked with a rework
method/procedure to be utilized.
 The quality assurance department will return all nonconforming material to the responsible
manufacturing process for immediate correction.
 The reworked material or process will be reinserted by the quality assurance department.
Inspection shall be 100% for characteristics found discrepant at the final inspection, and sample
inspected for the dimensions that were originally found to be conforming.
 Testing an electrical installation
The visual inspection is carried out first, to confirm that permanently-wired electrical equipment is
compliant with the safety requirements and not visibly damaged, and that fire barrier, protective,
monitoring, isolating and switching devices and the relevant documentation are present. Electrical
testing may commence after this inspection.
Figure 3.46:It is essential to use the right tools for testing to IEC standards
.
Other methods are not precluded, provided that they give equally valid results. Only with the
appropriate experience and training, safe clothing and the right test tools is a person considered
competent to test installations to IEC 60364.6.61. When testing is undertaken it should be ensured
that adequate precautions are taken to avoid damage or injury to people, equipment or property, and
ensured that unauthorized persons are kept away from danger.
A digital multi-meter or DMM is a useful instrument for measuring voltage, current and resistance,
and some meters have a facility for testing transistors and capacitors. You can also use it for checking
continuity of wires and fuses.
 Testing Earth Fault Loop Impedance
Starting at the point of fault, the things that need to be checked are as follows:
1. The circuit protective conductor
2. The main earthing conductor and earthing terminal.

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3. The return path via the earth for TT systems, and the metallic return path in the case of TN–S or
TN–C–S systems. In the latter case the metallic return is the Protective Earthed Neutral (PEN)
conductor.
4. The earthed neutral of the supply transformer.
5. The transformer winding.
6. The line conductor back to the point of fault
Figure 3.47:Testing Earth Fault Loop Impedance
 Determining the value of total loop impedance Z s

The IEE Regulations require that when the general characteristics of an installation are assessed, the
loop impedance Z e external to the installation shall be ascertained
Use maximum likely values issued by the supply authority as follows:
(a) TT system: 21 Ω maximum
(b) TN–S system: 0.8 Ω maximum
(c) TN–C–S system: 0.35 Ω maximum
 Testing of polarity of Single Pole protective device
Section E-2 of EELPA’s regulation states that “A verification of polarity shall be made and it shall
be ensured that all fuses and all single pole control devices are connected in the live conductor only
that the outer contacts of centre-contact bayonet and Edison-type lamp holders are connected to the
neutral or earthed conductor, and that wiring has been correctly connected to plugs and socket

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outlets”.A convenient and quicker method of performing this test is by means of a small neon tube
tester
 Testing of Earth Continuity Path
Every protective conductor shall be tested to verify that it is electrically sound and correctly
connected. For safely all metal pieces or covering such as conduits, metal covers of switches, metal
casing of portable apparatus, frame of every generator and motor, etc, must be solidly connected to
earth otherwise on the damage of insulation, the leakage current will start giving severe shock to the
person touching it.
In case of conduit wiring there is a possibility of the conduit joints to become loose to be separated
resulting in high resistance in the earth path.
The test shall be made when the normal supply is disconnected from the final sub-circuit under test.
One end of the earth-continuity conductor shall be connected to a cable of known resistance. An AC
voltage not exceeding 40 V at approximately the frequency of supply shall then be applied between
the other end of the earth conductor and the other end of the cable. Subject to the requirement for the
total earth loop impedance, it is satisfactory if, after allowance has been made for the return
conductor, value not exceeding 0.5 ohm for the ratio voltage/current is obtained where steel conduit
or pipe form part or whole of the earth-continuity conductor, or a value of 1 ohm where the earth-
continuity conductor is composed entirely of copper, copper alloy or aluminum.

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Figure 3.48:Electrical conductor selection
 Earth Electrodes Resistance

If we were to place an electrode in the earth and then measure the resistance between the electrode
and points at increasing larger distance from it, we would notice that the resistance increased with
distance until a point was reached (usually around 2.5m) beyond which no increase in resistance was
seen. The value of this electrode resistance will depend on the length and cross-sectional area of the
electrode and the type of the soil.
Typical Value of Soil Resistivity in Ohms
Garden Soil 5 to 50
Clay 10 to 100
Sand 250 to 500
Rock 1000 to 10,000
3.2 completion of work by Supervisor

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The supervisor expected to notify the completion of installation in accordance with the plan, job
description and EBCS code standard requirements. So the supervisor notifies if the quality of work
fulfills the requirements of the standard
o The forms of completion, inspection and testing shall be made out and signed by competent persons
in respect of the design, construction, inspection and testing of work.
o Completed forms shall indicate a responsibility for design, construction, inspection and testing,
whether in relation to new work or further work on an existing installation.
 To notifying completion of work include:
 Materials Safety Data Sheet & Handling Methods
 OH & S requirements are to be in accordance with State or Territory legislation and
regulations, organizational safety policies and procedures, and project safety plan. This
may include
a) protective clothing and equipment,
b) use of tools and equipment,
c) workplace environment and safety,
d) handling of materials,
e) use of firefighting equipment,
f) use of first aid equipment,
g) hazard control and
h) hazardous materials and substances
 Hazards and risks may include but not be limited to uneven/unstable terrain, trees, fires, overhead
and underground services, bridges, buildings, excavations, traffic, embankments, cuttings, structures
and hazardous materials
 Emergency procedures related to equipment operation are to include but may not be limited to
emergency shutdown and stopping, extinguishing equipment fires, organizational first aid
requirements and evacuation.

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3.3 cleaning and making work area ready for next task
 The 8 steps you NEED to be doing to be ready for that next job or promotion
 No one is going to care about your career more than you are. What this means is that you need to
take full responsibility for what you want and where you want to go. If you don’t know what you
want to do next, I can promise you that no one is going to help get you there.
 Maybe you are perfectly happy with the organization you work with, but didn’t get a new role or
promotion when it was available or when you applied. Maybe it’s time for you to move on, and
you aren’t sure exactly what you want to do and what your next step should be. Or maybe, you
are good with where you are for now, but just wonder what opportunities or possibilities there
may be down the road. Wherever you are in your career progression, I encourage you to
immediately start the 8 steps below to make sure you are ready when the right opportunity
presents itself.
Step 1 - Figure out what you want to do
Spend time reviewing current job opportunities (sites like LinkedIn and Career Builder make it
easy). Don’t worry about the location, years of experience or compensation. You don’t need to
limit yourself to only your current field either. Search job functions and titles that you think
would be interesting. Read through the descriptions and pull 5-10 that appeal to you. Go through
the descriptions and make two lists:
i. A list of all of the job responsibilities that sound appealing
ii. A list of all the skills associated with those responsibilities that are required
Step 2 - Gap analysis
Now that you have a sense of the kinds of job functions you might want to do, let’s take an honest
assessment of the skills and responsibilities associated with the work you want to do and separate
them into three categories: No experience, some experience and significant experience.

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Step 3 – Gap filling
Next, build the roadmap for your next job or promotion. If you have a good relationship with your
current employer, I recommend you start there. Sit down with your manager or someone in human
resources and let them know the areas you want to learn and develop, leveraging your chart from
Step Ask them to help you map out opportunities inside and outside of the organization to develop
those skills.
If you aren’t comfortable asking for support from inside your current organization (or even if you
are), I encourage you to seek out people who may do work in your area of interest. Ask friends and
family for people they may know. Ask for introductions and schedule informational interviews. The
goal of these conversations is not getting a job. The goal is about learning what they do, what skills
they have that make them successful in that role and what focus areas they might recommend for
you. With each of these conversations, you are looking for opportunities to move items from the “no
experience” category to the “some experience” category. Additionally, you are developing a network
of people who do what you may want to do and can serve as a great support system in the future (see
Step 5).
Step 4 – Take an honest look in the mirror
Beyond our own assessment of our experience with certain skills, there are also skills we need to
develop that we might not know that we are missing. This is the hardest part - being open to
constructive feedback. Not all managers are good at giving honest feedback and not all
individuals are open to hearing it. A few ways to start:
1. If you applied for a promotion or new job but didn’t get it, ask for feedback. Ask the hiring
manager what areas you can develop to ensure that you are ready the next time. If it is a current
employer, ask them to help you create a development plan that will put you on the path to
developing those skills. This self-advocacy on your part shows that you are committed and creates
an opportunity for real discussion between you and your employer.
2. Ask your past and present peers, employees and managers for feedback. Give them a forum
where they can share with you areas in which you need to grow. People telling you how
wonderful you are isn’t going to help you grow. It’s nice to hear, but we all have areas of
development so make sure you create an open discussion to hear other’s thoughts about areas in
which they think you could improve and grow.
Step 5 - Build a personal advisory board of mentors and supporters

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You may be familiar with customer advisory boards within organizations that help lead the ongoing
development of your products and services. Building a personal advisory board of mentors and
supports for yourself accomplishes a similar goal – a trusted group of individuals who are committed
to your professional growth and success.
The key is getting the right people on your advisory board. If you are currently employed, one place
to start is identifying individuals within your organization who can support and advocate for you. I’m
not talking about the friends you go to lunch with or the peers you vent to when you have a bad
day. I’m talking about leaders in any part of the organization, peers who have experience and
expertise in areas that appeal to you and employees and co-workers who may see the world
differently than you.
Beyond your current employer, identify people you may know socially or from your past that would
be open to supporting and coaching you. Ask your friends and co-workers for recommendations of
people who you can learn from. A personal advisor doesn’t have to be more senior than you, but
rather someone who has more experience than you in an area in which you want to grow. The goal is
to find people who you respect but who will challenge you. You are looking for people who have
skills, experiences and opinions different from your own and in areas you want to develop.
Once you have a list of individuals who you think would support your professional growth and
development, reach out to them, tell them what you are looking to accomplish, and ask if they would
be willing to coach and support you on your journey. Most people are flattered and welcome the
opportunity.
Step 6 – Leverage your advisory board
How often you talk with individuals from your advisory board can depend on your needs, but opening
up the door to candid conversations is the starting point. Schedule a conversation every 4-6 weeks to
check in. When you talk, share what challenges you have seen in the area of development that they
can help you with and ask for insights and advice. If a standard meeting doesn’t make sense, reach
out to them when you have questions or thoughts and want more perspective. If you work with them,
invite them to meetings to observe and provide feedback and ask to shadow them. Always come to
the conversations with a specific area of focus and be open to hearing input that you might not have
expected and in some cases, might be hard to hear. These individuals will also have contacts; ask
them for introductions to others who may be able to support your growth and development.

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Step 7 - Get your resume in order
Your resume should reflect not only the skills and experience you have, but the job you want. A
resume is NOT the opportunity to dump everything you’ve ever done on a single document. Focus on
what’s important for the type of job you are looking for. Use the lists from Step 1 to revise your
resume. Once you have a good draft, share it with your personal advisory board and the individuals
you meet as part of your informational interviews and ask for input on how you can make it better.
Step 8 - APPLY!!
This may seem obvious, but it’s amazing to me how many people wait to be asked to apply for
internal positions or don’t apply for a role because they can’t check all the boxes of skills. If there
aren’t current positions open, make sure your manager and personal advisory board knows the kind of
jobs you are interested in so they can look out for you as well. I can promise you - you won’t get the
job if people don’t know you want it.
Even if you don’t meet all of the qualifications, apply!! Let the person reviewing your resume decide
if they don’t want to meet with you. Even if it’s not the right fit, it is always a great way to meet new
people, ask for feedback, and practice your interviewing skills. Now is also the time to leverage your
personal advisory board. Perhaps they know people who can help raise your resume to the top of the
list or can even call and provide a recommendation. Your resume is a great start, but leverage the
network you cultivated in Steps 3, 4 and 5 to open new doors and opportunities.
 Cleaning and checking plant, tools and equipment standard work practices
Cleaning is the process of removing unwanted substances, such as dirt, infectious agents, and some
items and materials require specialized cleaning techniques, due to their shape. Tools and equipment
should be cleaned and checked after using them for draining and dewatering construction sites. Both
hand tools and equipment needs regular cleaning before storing them in their proper space. And plant
should be cleaned regularly.
 Maintaining and storing plant, tools & equipment standard work practices
Maintain mean, to keep in a condition of good repair, efficiency or to keep in an existing state,
preserve or retain.
 Maintaining and storing of tools and equipment
A number of electrical tools and equipment including hand tools used in draining and dewatering
construction sites. These tools and equipment should be maintained regularly and stored at their
appropriate places.

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This activity is used to use our resources for a long period of time and increases the safety of tools
and equipment.
Performing good housekeeping
 Set in order: is the 2nd of the five components of 5S. Set-in-order means deciding the place
for necessary items, arrange them to keep easy access, and display signs so that they can be
found immediately and returned or replenished properly
Figure 49:Set in order

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Self-Check 3 Written Test
Instructions: Answer all the questions listed below. Illustrations may be necessary to aid some
explanations/answers. Write your answers in the sheet provided in the next page.
1. Define the following terms in accordance with information 3 (6pts)
i. Cleaning
ii. Maintain
iii. set in order
b. Define the term shine based on the given information sheet (2)
c. Explain the purpose of shine the equipment and working area. (2pts)
2. What is the purpose of polarity test (2 points)?
3. Mention the approximate value of loop impedance for three types of earthing schemes
4. (6 points)
5. According to EBCS, the minimum size of earthing wire ____________ (2pts)
6. State Name and the range which is used to test earth electrode resistance. (2pts)
7. Measure and write the single phase and three phase voltage in your work shop and compare
with Ethiopian standard voltage rating (4 points)
8. State the current rating of circuit breaker for lighting and general purpose socket outlet circuit
(4pts)

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4.1 Cleaning and making safeUnit
WorkFour:
area Clean Up
 Clean Up Materials in Work Area

 Tools and Equipment Clean Up
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the above unit.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Clean Up Materials in Work Area
 Apply tools and Equipment Clean Up

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Shine: is the 3rd of the five components of 5S. It means cleaning equipment, facilities and floor
space in the workplace, and ensure that they are in good operating condition
Figure 4.50:cleaning equipment and working Area
Shine means sweeping floors, wiping off machinery and generally making sure that everything in the
factory stays clean. In a manufacturing company, shine is closely related to the ability to produce
quality products. Shine also includes saving labor by finding ways to prevent dirt, dust, and debris
from piling up in the workshop. Shine should be integrated in to daily maintenance tasks to combine
cleaning checkpoints with maintenance checkpoints.
It is said that most machines breakdowns begin with vibration (due to loose nuts and bolts), with
introduction of foreign particles such as dust (due to the crack on the cover, for instance), or with
inadequate oiling and greasing. For this reason shine is useful to make discoveries while cleaning
machines. Hence, shine means cleaning the workplace’s floors, equipment and facilities, provide
inspection at the same time, and ensure that they are in good operating condition.
One of the more obvious purposes of shine is to turn the workplace in to clean, bright place where
everyone will enjoy working. Another key purpose is to keep everything in top condition so that
when someone needs to use something, it is ready to be used. Companies or organizations should
avoid the tradition of annual at the end of the year or on spring cleanings. Instead, cleaning should
become a deeply ingrained part of daily work habits, so that tools, equipment, and work areas will be
ready for use all the time.
4.2 Tools and Equipment Clean Up

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Cleaning is the process of removing unwanted substances, such as dirt, infectious agents, and some
items and materials require specialized cleaning techniques, due to their shape. Tools and equipment
should be cleaned and checked after using them for draining and dewatering construction sites. Both
hand tools and equipment needs regular cleaning before storing them in their proper space. And plant
should be cleaned regularly.
 Maintaining and storing plant, tools & equipment standard work practices
Maintain mean, to keep in a condition of good repair, efficiency or to keep in an existing state,
preserve or retain.
 Maintaining and storing of tools and equipment
 A number of electrical tools and equipment’s including hand tools used in draining and
dewatering construction sites. These tools and equipment’s should be maintained regularly
and stored at their appropriate places.
 This activity is used to use our resources for a long period of time and increases the safety
of tools and equipment’s.
 Performing good housekeeping
 Work Area Clearance
 Work area is cleared and materials disposed of or recycled in accordance with project
environmental management plan.
After the accomplishment of the project, the area should be cleaned up according to the project
quality requirement
 Disposing and storing waste materials
 Storing Materials
The Contractor shall supply, erect, maintain and clear away on completion, suitable workshops,
storerooms, offices and sheds as necessary for the sub-contract works. All materials are to be stored
in a manner to avoid damage and/or deterioration
 Waste Disposal
The regular collection, grading and sorting of scrap contribute to good housekeeping practices. It also
makes it possible to separate materials that can be recycled from those going to waste disposal
facilities.
Allowing material to build up on the floor wastes time and energy since additional time is required
for cleaning it up. Placing scrap containers near where the waste is produced encourages orderly

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waste disposal and makes collection easier. All waste receptacles should be clearly labeled (e.g.,
recyclable glass, plastic, scrap metal, etc.)
 The Importance of Proper Waste Disposal
 Home → environmental cleanup → The Importance of Proper Waste Disposal
Proper waste disposal is critical due to the fact that certain types of wastes can be hazardous and can
contaminate the environment if not handled properly. These types of waste also have the potential to
cause disease or get into water supplies. There are rules and regulations in place for how specific
types of waste should be disposed of. Following them allows for toxic waste to be safely discarded
without the risk of environmental contamination.
 principles of Disposing and Storing Waste Materials
Proper waste disposal begins with good waste management by the researcher, including
 minimum waste generation
 reusing surplus materials, and
 Recycling of appropriate (i.e., uncontaminated) waste.
The generated waste must be properly collected and stored, paying close attention to labeling,
segregating according to chemical compatibility, and accumulating in a well-ventilated location. This
location should be well labeled. Other laboratory waste items such as sharps and glass must also be
disposed of with care in appropriately labeled and compatible containers.
 procedure of Disposing and storing waste materials
1. Waste Management
1. Users should make an effort to keep waste to a minimum. The best way to do so is by
reducing the scale of operation, which minimizes the quantity of waste generated. Whenever
possible, chemicals used should be substituted with less hazardous chemicals.
2. Chemical quantities should be kept to a minimum. Store only what will be used in the near
term.
3. Besides preventing or minimizing waste generation, chemicals should be recycled or
recovered for reuse.
4. When waste is generated, it must be disposed of properly. Sink disposal may not always be
appropriate and may end contaminating drinking water. Alternative methods of disposal
should be considered including incineration, treatment, and land disposal. The institute's EHS
office should be consulted to determine the proper disposal method for different waste types.
 Six Waste Disposal Methods

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1. Preventing or reducing waste generation: Extensive use of new or unnecessary products is the
root cause of unchecked waste formation.
2. Recycling: serves to transform the wastes into products of their own genre through industrial
processing. Paper, conduit, wires, and plastics are commonly recycled. It is environmentally friendly
to reuse the wastes instead of adding them to nature. However, processing technologies are pretty
expensive.
3. Incineration: Incineration features combustion of wastes to transform them into base components,
with the generated heat being trapped for deriving energy lines
4. Composting: It involves decomposition of organic wastes by microbes by allowing the waste to
stay accumulated in a pit for a long period of time
5. Sanitary Landfill: This involves the dumping of wastes into a landfill. The base is prepared of a
protective lining, which serves as a barrier between wastes and ground water, and prevents the
separation of toxic chemicals into the water zone. Waste layers are subjected to compaction and
subsequently coated with an earth layer. Soil that is non-porous is preferred to mitigate the
vulnerability of accidental leakage of toxic chemicals.
6. Disposal in ocean/sea: Wastes generally of radioactive nature are dumped in the oceans far from
active human habitats. However, environmentalists are challenging this method, as such an action is
believed to spell doom for aquatic life by depriving the ocean waters of its inherent nutrient.

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Self-Check 4 Written Test
Instructions: Answer all the questions listed below. Illustrations may be necessary to aid some
explanations/answers. Write your answers in the sheet provided in the next page.
1. Define the term cleaning based on the given information sheet -1 (2pts)
2. What does mean maintain of tools and equipment’s? (2pts)
Part II: Multiple choose
1. The important of disposing and storing waste material. (3 points)
A. environmental cleanup C. Proper Waste Disposal and the Government
B. Proper Waste Disposal and Environmental Health
D. all
2.. the principles of Disposing and storing waste materials (2point)
A. recycle ling of appropriate B refusing of surplus material C .a &b

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List of Reference Materials
W .
Safety, “Safe Work Procedures,” Vol. 8186, No. 249, Pp. 2–5, 2013.
1. U. O. W. Safe, “Development Of Safe Work Procedures,” Pp. 1–8, 2016.
2. Occupational Health and safety Code 2018 (Https://Www.Alberta. Ca/Ohs‐Complaints‐
Incidents.Aspx)
3. Personal Protective Equipment Guide; Shell Safety Committee; June 1989
4. source: Jackson B, Baker J, Ridgely M, Bartis J, Linn H. Protecting Emergency Responders Volume
3 Safety Management in Disaster and Terrorism Response. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation,
2004. http://www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG170/
5. http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/AboutSafeWorkAustralia/WhatWeDo/
Publications/Documents/657/Emergency_plans_fact_sheet.pdf
6. CCAct@cabinet-office.x.gsi.gov.uk
7. https://www.alberta.ca/ohs‐complaints‐incidents.aspx
8. a5‐4551‐b3f4‐97679f0c8269/download/bill‐19‐
9. guide‐web.pdf
10. www.worksafe.qld.gov.au and www.electricalsafety.qld.gov.au
11. (https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/injury-prevention-safety/hazardous-chemicals)
12. https://ohs‐pubstore.labour.alberta.ca/greyscale‐version‐hazard‐assessment‐andcontrol‐
13. a‐handbook‐for‐alberta‐employers‐and‐workers
14. www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg163.pdf

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Participants of this Module (training material) preparation
No Name Qualification Field of Study Institution Mobile E-mail
(Level) number
1 SAMUEL BEKELE A(MSC) Electrical control Haramaya 0910082977 samuelbekele460@gmai.com
and automation
2 TIRUSEW BAYE BSC Building Debretabor 0918092865 tirusew2014t@gmail.com
construction PTC
3 BACHA WAKE MSC Electrical control Hawasa 0910780182 bachawakejima2012@gmail.com
and automation TTC
4 GIRMA BELETE MSC Electrical Power Hawassa 0938935026 girmabelete7@gmail.com
engineering PTC
5 SALADIN ABIDELA BSC Electrical Dredewa 0920689179 Sala0767@gmail.com
Technology PTC
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Building Electrical installation

Module Title: - Electrical Circuit Protection

Prepared by: Ministry of Labor and Skill

Page II Author/Copyright Module title Training module Version -1

Figure 1.2 different types of fuse...........................................................................................................7

Figure 1.3:-HRC fuse.............................................................................................................................7

Figure 1.4:-MCB switch and double pole circuit breaker......................................................................7

Figure 1.5:-Double pole RCD ..................................................8

Figure 1.6:-Earth electrode……………………………………………………………………………8

Figure 1.7:-Energy meter.......................................................................................................................9

Figure 1.8:-Convenience Outlet...........................................................................................................10

Figure 1.9:-Male Plug..........................................................................................................................10

Figure 1.10:- Lamp Holders.................................................................................................................11

Figure 1.11: Switch..............................................................................................................................11

Figure 1.12: Junction Box...................................................................................................................12

Figure 1.13:utility Box.........................................................................................................................12

Figure 1.14: Flat Cord..........................................................................................................................13

Figure 16: Clamps................................................................................................................................14

Figure 2.17: Fuse Cutout......................................................................................................................20

Figure 2.18: Switch gear......................................................................................................................20

Figure 2.19: LV switch gear and control gear......................................................................................21

Figure 2.20: Earth leakage circuit breaker...........................................................................................21

Figure 2.21:Earth leakage circuit breaker............................................................................................22

Figure 2.22:Earth leakage circuit breaker Protection...........................................................................22

Figure 2.23:Earth Fault Current...........................................................................................................23

Figure. 2.24:Typical rewirablefuseassembly.......................................................................................25

Figure 2.25:Cartridge fuse...................................................................................................................26

Figure 2.26:HRC fuse..........................................................................................................................26

Figure 2.28:Circuit Breaker.................................................................................................................27

Figure 2.29:lightening arrester.............................................................................................................29

Figure 2.30:Lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering system)......................................................30

Figure 2.31:Taut wires.........................................................................................................................31

Figure 2.32:Meshed cage (Faraday cage)............................................................................................31

Figure 2.33:Earthing rod......................................................................................................................32

Figure 2.34:TT system.........................................................................................................................32

Figure 2.35:TN–S system.....................................................................................................................33

Figure 2.36:TN–C–S system................................................................................................................34

Figure 2.37:Wiring of distribution board.............................................................................................35

Figure 2.38:2.Arranging sequence.......................................................................................................36

Figure 2.39:Prepare DB.......................................................................................................................36

Figure 2.40:Prepare DB.......................................................................................................................36

Figure 2.41: Bus bar segment entering................................................................................................37

Figure 2.42:The connections to be done inside the consumer unit......................................................37

Figure 2.43:Detail internal wiring........................................................................................................37

Figure 2.44:Assembling procedure of distribution board....................................................................38

Figure 2.45:Layout diagram of single phase installation.....................................................................38

Figure 3.47:Testing Earth Fault Loop Impedance...............................................................................46

Figure 3.48:Electrical conductor selection...........................................................................................48

Figure 3.49:Set in order........................................................................................................................54

Figure 4.50:cleaning equipment and working Area.............................................................................57

Page IV Author/Copyright Module title Training module Version -1

Page V Author/Copyright Module title Training module Version -1

(OHS)------------Occupational Health and Safety

(PPE)-----------------Personal Protective Equipment

(HCF)-----------------Health Corporate Framework

(SWP)--------------- Safe work practices

(CPC)----------------Circuit protective conductor

(HRC) ---------------High Rapture Capacity, Fuses

(HBC)-----------------high breaking capacity fuse

(HLVSG)-------------High/Low Voltage Switch Gear

(ELCB)----------------Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

(RCD)-----------------residual current device

(MDB)-----------------Main Distribution Board