Q3 M1 Students Endocrine System Discussion

QUARTER 3
Module 1: The Endocrine System:

Glands and their Hormones
Robert Wadlow stood 8 ft 11
in & died at 22
The World’s tallest human.
https://discover.hubpages.com/health/Acromegaly-Gigantism
MELC:
Explain the role of
hormones involved in the
female and male
reproductive systems
(S10LT-IIIb-34)
QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the glands in the endocrine system and
describe their functions.
2. Explain the role of hormones in the body.
3. Identify the different disorders in the endocrine

system.

The Endocrine System
The endocrine system is

composed of glands that
secrete different types of
hormones that affect almost
every cell, organ and function
of our body.

The Glands
A Gland is an organ that secretes substances to be
brought to different organs of the body. Glands can be:
1.Endocrine Glands – glands of internal secretion or
ductless glands secrete hormones directly to the
bloodstream or the fluid around the cell. Endo means
“within”, krinein means “separate” or “to secrete”
2.Exocrine Glands – glands of external secretion that
deliver substances through ducts to outside of the
body.
Exocrine Gland
2.
Sweat Glands
Exocrine Endocrine
Endocrine Gland
2.
Thyroid Gland

2.


The Endocrine
System

The endocrine system consists

of glands that secrete different
types of hormones that affect
almost every cell, organ and
function of our body.

HYPOTHALAMUS
PITUITARY
PINEAL
THYROID &
PARATHYROIDS
THYMUS
PANCREAS
OVARY ADRENAL
TESTIS
https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2015-08/endocrine-
QUARTER 3:system.jpg?itok=8pyWl80t
Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones
Endocrine cells
of a gland Target cells
A gland in the endocrine system is made up of

groups of cells that function to secrete hormones.
Hormones
Endocrine cells of a
gland Target cell
Hormones are chemical substances released by
the glands of the endocrine system directly into
the bloodstream to exert control over virtually
every organ and tissue in the body.
Hormones and Target Cells
A hormone
binds to a cell
in a lock and
key fashion.

Types of Hormones
1.Steroid Hormones - are
small lipid –soluble
molecules made from
cholesterol, they are not
water soluble.
2.Protein hormones (amino-
acid-derived hormones) –
includes proteins, peptides
and amines, they are water
soluble
The Hormones
The following are important concepts to remember about
hormones:
1. Some glands do not function until the organism reaches a
certain age.
2. There is a difference between short term and long term
hormones.
3. The production of each hormone must be the correct amount.
4. Hormones work only on their target cells or organs.
5. Hormones are destroyed at the liver after they have performed
their function.
Functions of Hormones
QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine

Fig 11-3 System:
Exploring Life Through Glands
Science and their Hormones
Homeostasis – a stable state, or a state
of balance or equilibrium in the body.
Hormone Function and Regulation

Hormone Function and Regulation
Endocrine gland does not release hormones
continuously. There are signals within your body that
tell each gland to secrete hormone or to stop through
feedback mechanism.
Feedback mechanisms detect and adjust the
amount of hormones in circulation or the amount of
other chemicals produced by an initial hormone
action. It could either be positive or negative.
Feedback Mechanism
1.Positive Feedback
If an increased hormone secretion is enhanced to
produce even more hormones. This brings the
hormone level away from the normal value.
2. Negative feedback mechanism
This happens when a change in the amount of a
hormone triggers the opposite change in its
production. This causes the level of the hormone to
approach the normal value.
Feedback Mechanism
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
axis
HORMONAL
CASCADES
Feedback Mechanism
Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid
axis
HORMONAL
CASCADES
Gland Hormone Target Cell Action
Anterior Growth Hormone Many organs Stimulates the growth of muscles, bone and other tissues
Pituitary (GH) and for proper metabolic regulation
Adrenocorticotropic Adrenal Cortex Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroid; like
hormone (ACTH) cortisol to regulate glucose homeostasis.
Thyroid stimulating Thyroid Gland Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxine or
hormone (TSH) tetraiodothyronine (T4)
Prolactin Mammary Gland Stimulates milk production
Follicle stimulating Gonads Stimulates development of ovarian follicle and
hormone (FSH) spermatogenesis
Luteinizing hormone Gonads Stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone in
females and testosterone in males.
Posterior Antidiuretic hormone kidneys Stimulates the retention of water in the kidneys
Pituitary or vasopressin
Oxytocin Uterus and Stimulates contractions of the uterus
Mammary glands Stimulates milk production
Thyroid Thyroxine, Most Cells Stimulates metabolism
triiodothyronine
Calcitonin Bone Regulate calcium level in the blood.
Gland Hormone Target Cell Action
Parathyroid Parathyroid Bone and kidneys Regulate calcium level in the blood.
hormone
Thymus Thymosin White blood cells Stimulates the differentiation of white blood cells
Adrenal Epinephrine and Circulatory and Initiate stress responses e.g. increase heart rate,
Medulla Norepinephrine respiratory system breathing, increase blood pressure and increase blood
sugar
Adrenal corticosteroids Kidneys, many organs Maintain blood sugar level and mineral like sodium and
Cortex potassium in the blood
Pancreas Insulin Many cells Stimulates blood sugar uptake from blood
Glucagon Many cells Stimulates glucose release from cells into blood.
Testes Testosterone Many cells Stimulates development of secondary male
characteristics
Ovaries Estrogen Many cells Stimulates development of secondary female
characteristics
Progesterone Uterus Prepares uterus for pregnancy
Pineal Melatonin Brain Promtes sleep
The Endocrine Glands
1.Hypothalamus
2.Pituitary Gland
3.Thyroid Gland
4.Parathyroid Glands
5.Thymus Gland
6.Adrenals
7.Pancreas
8.Gonads
9.Pineal
1.The Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a tiny

gland located at the base of
the brain. The hypothalamus is
the main control system of the
endocrine system and also a
part of the nervous system.
1.The Hypothalamus
It directs the
function of
the pituitary
gland.

1.The Hypothalamus
- As part of the brain, the hypothalamus, receives
information from the nerves.
- It then responds by sending out appropriate nervous
or endocrine signals.
- Its hormonal signals directly control the pituitary
gland by secreting releasing hormones and inhibiting
hormones.
- It also produce hormones (oxytocin and Antidiuretic
Hormone ADH) to be sent down to the pituitary gland.
2. The Pituitary Gland – MASTER GLAND

The Pituitary gland or hypophysis
is a pea-sized gland found in the
center of the skull, below the
hypothalamus of the brain.
It controls growth, blood
pressure, metabolism, sexual
development and reproduction.
It consists of posterior and
anterior lobes.

Hypothalamus
2. The Posterior Lobe
The posterior lobe of the
pituitary gland is composed of
nervous tissue and is actually an Posterior
extension of the hypothalamus. Pituitary
It stores and secretes two
hormones, oxytocin and
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Anterior
Pituitary
made in the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus
2. The Anterior Lobe
The anterior lobe of the
pituitary gland is composed of
endocrine cells that produce Posterior
and secrete hormones directly Pituitary
into the blood which controls
the activity of the other glands.
These hormones are: GH, ACTH, Anterior
LH, FSH, TSH and Prolactin. Pituitary

HORMONES RELEASED BY THE PITUITARY GLAND
Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary
Hormone Target Cell/ Action
Tissue
Antidiuretic Kidneys Stimulates reabsorption and
Hormone ADH or retention of water
vasopressin
Oxytocin Uterus and Stimulates uterine
contractions during childbirth
Mammary Stimulate milk production
glands
HORMONES RELEASED BY THE PITUITARY GLAND
Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary
Hormone Target Cell Action
Growth Hormone Many organs Stimulates the growth of muscles, bone and other
(GH) tissues and for proper metabolic regulation
Adrenocorticotropic Adrenal Cortex Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce
hormone (ACTH) corticosteroid; like cortisol to regulate glucose
homeostasis.
Thyroid stimulating Thyroid Gland Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxine.
hormone (TSH)
Prolactin Mammary Gland Stimulates milk production
Follicle stimulating Gonads Stimulates development of ovarian follicle and
hormone (FSH) spermatogenesis
Luteinizing Gonads Stimulates the production of estrogen and
hormone progesterone in females and testosterone in males.
3. The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a soft
brownish-red organ shaped like
a butterfly or H or shield found
below the larynx or voice box.
It controls the metabolism of
the body and other
homeostatic functions
development and maturation.
3. The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine or
tetraiodothyronine (T4) small amounts of
triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin.
T3 and T4 stimulate metabolic rate and essential to
growth and development.
Calcitonin maintains the proper level of calcium in the
blood and bone.
4. The Parathyroid Glands
The parathyroid glands are four tiny
glands embedded in the surface of
the thyroid. These glands release the
parathyroid hormone (PTH) which
together with calcitonin, regulates
blood calcium levels in the body.
Parathormone
PTH also stimulates the kidneys to
reabsorb calcium from the urine which leads to
activation of vitamin D in the skin.
4. The Parathyroid Glands and Thyroid
The calcitonin and parathyroid

hormone work in antagonistic manner
to maintain the calcium level in the
blood under normal range.
- Calcitonin lowers the calcium level
while parathyroid hormone raises the
calcium level in the blood.
5. The Thymus Gland

The thymus gland is found
just behind the breastbone.
It releases the hormone
thymosin that stimulates the development of
T-lymphocytes or T cells, an important type of white
blood cells which defend the body from potentially
deadly pathogens like viruses and bacteria, or the
body’s immune response.
5. The Thymus Gland

6. The Adrenals
The word adrenal means
“above kidney” as each adrenal
is located above each kidney.
The adrenal gland is made of
two parts, the inner adrenal
cortex and the outer adrenal
medulla. Each part secretes
different types of hormones.
6. The Adrenal Medulla

The adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine (adrenaline) and
norepinephrine (noradrenaline) or
the fight or flight hormones after
receiving input from axons of the
sympathetic division of the autonomic
nervous system to initiate stress
responses.
6. The Adrenal Cortex

The adrenal cortex releases
corticosteroids like cortisol,
glucocorticoids to maintain
blood sugar level balanced and
aldosterone to regulate the
amount of minerals like Sodium
and Potassium in the blood.

7. The Pancreas
Although part of the
digestive system, the
pancreas is also part of the
endocrine system. It contain
a small group of cells called
Islets of Langerhans which
produce insulin and
glucagon which regulate the
sugar level of the blood.
7. The Pancreas
Alpha cells in the Islets of

Langerhans which produce
glucagon while beta cells
produce insulin. Both
hormones regulate the
sugar level of the blood in
antagonistic manner.

8. The Gonads
The human reproductive system
is collectively known as the
gonads. The reproductive organs
in females are the ovaries and
testes for the males. They
produce sex hormones
responsible for the secondary
sexual characteristics that start at
puberty years.
8. Gonads
The testes secretes testosterone
to stimulate male development
like spermatogenesis and male
behavior.
The ovaries secrete progesterone
in preparation for pregnancy and
estrogen to stimulate female
development and behavior.

9. The Pineal Gland

The Pineal gland
located near the
thalamus of the brain,
produces melatonin
which regulates body
rhythms and sleep
patterns.
Endocrine System Disorder
Hormonal imbalance will occur if the organs
and hormones of your body do not produce
the right amount of chemicals needed which
in turn may lead to some dysfunctions. The
following are some examples of endocrine
disorders.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders in

which a person's blood glucose level is high due
either to inadequate insulin production or the
inability of body cells to respond to insulin, or both.
There are three types of diabetes:
1. Type 1 diabetes. The body does not produce
insulin. People with this disorder will need to take
insulin injections throughout their lifetime, go for
regular blood tests, and follow a special diet.
2. Type 2 diabetes. The body produces minimal insulin or
the body's cells do not react to insulin, a condition
known as insulin resistance. About 90% of diabetes
cases are of this type.
3. Gestational diabetes. This affects pregnant women.
About 2%-10% of expectant mothers experience
it during their pregnancy. Due to hormonal changes
during pregnancy, a pregnant woman's cells
are less responsive to insulin. During this time, the
pancreas cannot keep up with the insulin
demand, and so the mother experiences high glucose
levels in her blood.
Hyperthyroidism.
This condition results in the overproduction of thyroid
hormones. Patients experience tremors, nervousness,
fatigue, intolerance for heat, concentration problems,
increased sweating, eye changes (exophthalmos), or
increased bowel movement. Graves' disease, named
after the Irish physician Robert James Graves who fully
described the disorder, is the most common
form of hyperthyroidism. The most common symptom is
goiter, or the enlargement of the
thyroid gland.
Hypothyroidism.
Symptoms associated with insufficient amount of thyroid
hormone include goiter, fatigue, poor concentration,
dry skin, constipation, unusually cold feeling, depression,
and prolonged menstruation in women.

Osteoporosis is a disease that happens when
the mineral density of the bone is reduced
making it brittle and porous. Parathyroid
hormone secretion is one of the possible
causes of this disease.

Gigantism is a disorder that happens during
childhood when there is abnormal increase in
height associated with too much secretion of
growth hormones.

Dwarfism is a condition wherein the
production of growth hormones in the
pituitary gland is insufficient resulting in short
stature.

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QUARTER 3

Module 1: The Endocrine System:

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

2. Explain the role of hormones in the body.

3. Identify the different disorders in the endocrine

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

The endocrine system is

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

The endocrine system consists

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

A gland in the endocrine system is made up of

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

The hypothalamus is a tiny

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

2. The Pituitary Gland – MASTER GLAND

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

3. The Thyroid Gland

3. The Thyroid Gland

4. The Parathyroid Glands and Thyroid

The calcitonin and parathyroid

5. The Thymus Gland

5. The Thymus Gland

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

6. The Adrenal Medulla

6. The Adrenal Cortex

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

Alpha cells in the Islets of

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

9. The Pineal Gland

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders in

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

QUARTER 3: Module 1: The Endocrine System: Glands and their Hormones

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