CALCULUS 1

Dr. THUC PHUNG TRONG

University of Technology–VNU Vietnam

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

Motivation.
Let f (x) be a function. Sometimes, we have a need to find a function
g such that g ′ (x) = f (x).

For example, let f (x) be the acceleration function of a particle.

Then in order to find the velocity function, we need to find a function
g such that g ′ (x) = f (x).
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

Motivation.
Let f (x) be a function. Sometimes, we have a need to find a function
g such that g ′ (x) = f (x).

For example, let f (x) be the acceleration function of a particle.

Then in order to find the velocity function, we need to find a function
g such that g ′ (x) = f (x).

Definition. A function g satisfying g ′ = f is called an antiderivative

of f .
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

Motivation.
Let f (x) be a function. Sometimes, we have a need to find a function
g such that g ′ (x) = f (x).

For example, let f (x) be the acceleration function of a particle.

Then in order to find the velocity function, we need to find a function
g such that g ′ (x) = f (x).

Definition. A function g satisfying g ′ = f is called an antiderivative

of f .
Example. g (x) = x 4 + 2 is an antiderivative of f (x) = 4x 3 .
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

Motivation.
Let f (x) be a function. Sometimes, we have a need to find a function
g such that g ′ (x) = f (x).

For example, let f (x) be the acceleration function of a particle.

Then in order to find the velocity function, we need to find a function
g such that g ′ (x) = f (x).

Definition. A function g satisfying g ′ = f is called an antiderivative

of f .
Example. g (x) = x 4 + 2 is an antiderivative of f (x) = 4x 3 .
Observation: h (x) = x 4 − 5 is also an antiderivative of f (x) = 4x 3 ,
and ϕ (x) = x 4 + 13 is also an antiderivative of f (x) = 4x 3 .
In maths, we use the notation ∫ f (x) dx to indicate
an derivative of f + a constant.
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

Question.

How to find an antiderivative of a function?

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

Question.

How to find an antiderivative of a function?

▸ The substitution method.
▸ The integration by parts method.
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

▸ The substitution method.

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

▸ The substitution method.

If x = r (t) then ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (r (t)) r ′ (t) dt .

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

▸ The substitution method.

If x = r (t) then ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (r (t)) r ′ (t) dt .

The idea: in some cases, after changing to a new variable,

the function f (r (t)) r ′ (t) becomes easier to handle than the
original one.
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

▸ The substitution method.

If x = r (t) then ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (r (t)) r ′ (t) dt .

The idea: in some cases, after changing to a new variable,

the function f (r (t)) r ′ (t) becomes easier to handle than the
original one.
√
Example. Find ∫ 1 − x 2 dx.
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

▸ The substitution method.

If x = r (t) then ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (r (t)) r ′ (t) dt .

The idea: in some cases, after changing to a new variable,

the function f (r (t)) r ′ (t) becomes easier to handle than the
original one.
√
Example. Find ∫ 1 − x 2 dx.
Answer. Let x = sin (t). We have
√ √
∫ 1 − x 2 dx = ∫ 1 − sin (t) cos (t) dt = ∫ cos (t) dt
2 2

1 cos (2t) t sin (2t)

=∫ ( + ) dt = + +C
2 2 2 4
arcsin (x) sin (2 arcsin (x))
= + + C.
2 4
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
▸ The substitution method.
√ 3 x
Example. Find ∫ (1 + 1 − x) √ dx.
1−x
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
▸ The substitution method.
√ 3 x
Example. Find ∫ (1 + 1 − x) √ dx.
1−x

Let t = ϕ (x). Assume that from this, we get x = r (t). Then

∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (r (t)) r (t) dt .

′
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
▸ The substitution method.
√ 3 x
Example. Find ∫ (1 + 1 − x) √ dx.
1−x
√
Answer. Let t = 1 − x, then x = 1 − t 2 . So
√ 3 x 1 − t2
∫ (1 + 1 − x) √ dx = ∫ (1 + t)3 × (−2t) dt
1−x t

Let t = ϕ (x). Assume that from this, we get x = r (t). Then

∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (r (t)) r (t) dt .

′
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
▸ The substitution method.
√ 3 x
Example. Find ∫ (1 + 1 − x) √ dx.
1−x
√
Answer. Let t = 1 − x, then x = 1 − t 2 . So
√ 3 x 1 − t2
∫ (1 + 1 − x) √ dx = ∫ (1 + t)3 × (−2t) dt
1−x t

= ∫ 2t 5 + 6t 4 + 4t 3 − 4t 2 − 6t − 2 dt

t 6 6t 5 4
= + + t 4 − t 3 − 3t 2 − 2t + C
3 5 3
√
(1 − x)3 6
= + (1 − x)5 + (1 − x)2
3 5
√ √
4
− (1 − x)3 − 3 (1 − x) − 2 1 − x + C .
3
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

▸ The integration by parts method.

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
▸ The integration by parts method.

Example. Find ∫ x 3 ln (x) dx.

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
▸ The integration by parts method.

Example. Find ∫ x 3 ln (x) dx.

The question is asking for a function g (x) so that g ′ (x) = x 3 ln (x).

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
▸ The integration by parts method.

Example. Find ∫ x 3 ln (x) dx.

The question is asking for a function g (x) so that g ′ (x) = x 3 ln (x).
Since ′
x4
( ) = x 3,
4
x4
we may think of the function ln (x). However,
4
′
x4 x4 1
( ln (x)) = x 3 ln (x) + × .
4 4 x
x4
Thus ln (x) is not the answer since we have the unwanted part.
4
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
▸ The integration by parts method.

Example. Find ∫ x 3 ln (x) dx.

The question is asking for a function g (x) so that g ′ (x) = x 3 ln (x).
Since ′
x4
( ) = x 3,
4
x4
we may think of the function ln (x). However,
4
′
x4 x4 1
( ln (x)) = x 3 ln (x) + × .
4 4 x
x4
Thus ln (x) is not the answer since we have the unwanted part.
4
x4 x4 1
The right answer is ln (x) − ∫ × dx .
4 4 x
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
▸ The integration by parts method.

Example. Find ∫ x 3 ln (x) dx.

The question is asking for a function g (x) so that g ′ (x) = x 3 ln (x).
Since ′
x4
( ) = x 3,
4
x4
we may think of the function ln (x). However,
4
′
x4 x4 1
( ln (x)) = x 3 ln (x) + × .
4 4 x
x4
Thus ln (x) is not the answer since we have the unwanted part.
4
x4 x4 1 x4 x4
The right answer is ln (x) − ∫ × dx = ln (x) − + C .
4 4 x 4 16
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
▸ The integration by parts method.

Example. Find ∫ x sin (x) dx.

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
▸ The integration by parts method.

Example. Find ∫ x sin (x) dx.

Answer.

∫ x sin (x) dx = − cos (x) x − ∫ − cos (x) dx

= − cos (x) x + sin (x) + C .
 CALCULUS 1

Dr. THUC PHUNG TRONG

University of Technology–VNU Vietnam

DEFINITE INTEGRALS

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
DEFINITE INTEGRALS

How to calculate the area below the graph of f (x), for x ∈ [a, b] ?
y

f (x)

x
a b
DEFINITE INTEGRALS

How to calculate the area below the graph of f (x), for x ∈ [a, b] ?
y

f (x)

x
a b
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
b−a b−a b−a
S ≈ S1 +S2 +. . .+Sn = f (a)+ f (x1 )+. . .+ f (xn−1 )
n n n

f (x)

S1 S2 Sn

x
a x1 x2 xj b
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
b−a b−a b−a
S ≈ S1 +S2 +. . .+Sn = f (a)+ f (x1 )+. . .+ f (xn−1 )
n n n
b
y S = lim [S1 + S2 + . . . + Sn ] ∶= ∫ f (x) dx
n→∞
a

f (x)

S1 S2 Sn

x
a x1 x2 xj b
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
A meaning of the definite integral

a
a b b

a
a b b

b b
Area = ∫ f (x) dx Area = ∫ ∣f (x)∣ dx
a a
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Some basic properties:
b b
1. ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (t) dt.
a a
a
2. ∫ f (x) dx = 0.
a
b b b
3. ∫ (f (x) ± g (x)) dx = ∫ f (x) dx ± ∫ g (x) dx.
a a a
b b
4. ∫ k f (x) dx = k ∫ f (x) dx (k is a constant).
a a
b a
5. ∫ f (x) dx = − ∫ f (x) dx.
a b
b c b
6. ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ f (x) dx.
a a c
DEFINITE INTEGRALS

The fundamental theorem of Calculus

Define the function g (x) by
x
g (x) = ∫ f (t) dt.
a

Then
g ′ (x) = f (x) , ∀x.
That is, g is an antiderivative of f .
DEFINITE INTEGRALS

The fundamental theorem of Calculus

Define the function g (x) by
x
g (x) = ∫ f (t) dt.
a

Then
g ′ (x) = f (x) , ∀x.
That is, g is an antiderivative of f .
b
Observation. ∫ f (x) dx = g (b) − g (a).
a
DEFINITE INTEGRALS

The fundamental theorem of Calculus

Define the function g (x) by
x
g (x) = ∫ f (t) dt.
a

Then
g ′ (x) = f (x) , ∀x.
That is, g is an antiderivative of f .
b
Observation. ∫ f (x) dx = g (b) − g (a).
a
b
Remark. To find ∫a f (x) dx, first find an antiderivative g of f , then
the answer is g (b) − g (a).
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
5
x
Example. Find ∫ √ dx.
2
x −1
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
5
x
Example. Find ∫ √ dx.
2
x −1
√ 1
Answer. Let t = x − 1, so dt = 1
2 (x − 1)− 2 dx = 12 t −1 dx. Thus

x 1 + t2
∫ √ dx = ∫ (2t) dt = ∫ (2 + 2t 2 ) dt
x −1 t
2
= 2t + t 3 + C
3 √
√ 2
=2 x −1+ (x − 1)3 + C .
3
Therefore

2√ 3
5
x √ 2 20
∫ √ dx = (2 4 + 4 ) − (2 + ) = .
2
x −1 3 3 3
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
π
2
dx
Problem 1. Find ∫ .
π
3 + cos x
3
Answer. .
2
Problem 2. ∫ x 2 ln (x + 1) dx.
0
Answer. .

Problem 3. Find the area bounded by the curve y = e −x−2 , the

x-axis and between the lines x = 0 and x = 2.
Answer. .

Problem 4. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x 3 −7x 2 +14x −8,
the x-axis and between the lines x = 1 and x = 4.
Answer. .
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
π
2
dx
Problem 1. Find ∫ .
π
3 + cos x √ √
3
1 6−3 2
Answer. − √ arctan ( √ ).
2 2 6+ 3
Problem 2. ∫ x 2 ln (x + 1) dx.
0 8
Answer. − + 3 ln 3 .
9
Problem 3. Find the area bounded by the curve y = e −x−2 , the
x-axis and between the lines x = 0 and x = 2.

Answer. e −2 − e −4 .
Problem 4. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x 3 −7x 2 +14x −8,
the x-axis and between the lines x = 1 and x = 4.
37
Answer. .
12
 ft wide. What is the length of the longest pipe that
ried horizontally around the corner?
DEFINITE INTEGRALS h

¨ d
6
2x 3 −t 2
Problem 5. Let f (x) = ∫−1 e dt. Find f (1).′

¨
71 . Find the maximum area of a rectangle that can be circum-
Answer. .
scribed about a given rectangle with length L and width W.
[Hint: Express the area as a function of an angle !.]
9
2x 3 −t 2 72 . The blood′vascular system consists of blood vessels (arterie
Problem 6. Let f (x) = ∫x−4 e (1). and veins) that convey blood from
Find f capillaries,
dt. arterioles,
ver stands at a point P, one unit away from a track.
the heart to the organs and back to the heart. This system
ers start at the point S in the figure and run along Answer. .
should work so as to minimize the energy expended by the
One runner runs three times as fast as the other.
maximum value of the observer’s angle An heart in pumping the blood. In particular, this energy is
Problem 7. observer
of sight ! stands at a point P, 1 km away from a
reduced when the resistance of the blood is lowered. One o
he runners. [Hint: Maximize tan !.]
track (see the figure).
Poiseuille’sAt
Laws gives tthe=resistance
time 0, twoRrunners
of the blood as
P start at A and run along the track. The L speed of
R 12t
!C 4
¨
one runner at time t (hours) is t+3 (km/h), r and
1 km
15t
the speed of the other at time t (hours) is
where L is the length of the blood vessel, r is the
t+1radius, an
(km/h). Find the C israte
a positive constant determined
of change of the by the viscosity of the
observer’s
blood. (Poiseuille established this law experimentally, but i
A angle of sight θ between the Equation
also follows from runners8.4.2.)
at the instant
The figure shows a main
t = 1.2 (h). blood vessel with radius r1 branching at an angle ! into a
smaller vessel with radius r2
ter is to be constructed from a metal sheet of width Answer. .
bending up one-third of the sheet on each side C
n angle !. How should ! be chosen so that the gut-
 ft wide. What is the length of the longest pipe that
ried horizontally around the corner?
DEFINITE INTEGRALS h

¨ d
6
2x 3 −t 2
Problem 5. Let f (x) = ∫−1 e dt. Find f (1).′

¨
71 . Find the maximum area of a rectangle that can be circum-
scribed6e
Answer. about
−4 a given rectangle with length L and width W.
.
[Hint: Express the area as a function of an angle !.]
9
2x 3 −t 2 72 . The blood′vascular system consists of blood vessels (arterie
Problem 6. Let f (x) = ∫x−4 e (1). and veins) that convey blood from
Find f capillaries,
dt. arterioles,
ver stands at a point P, one unit away from a track.
the heart to the organs and back to the−9
heart. This system
ers start at the point S in the figure and run along
One runner runs three times as fast as the other.
Answer.
should work 6e −4the−energy
so as to minimize e .expended by the
maximum value of the observer’s angle An heart in pumping the blood. In particular, this energy is
Problem 7. observer
of sight ! stands at a point P, 1 km away from a
reduced when the resistance of the blood is lowered. One o
he runners. [Hint: Maximize tan !.]
track (see the figure).
Poiseuille’sAt
Laws gives tthe=resistance
time 0, twoRrunners
of the blood as
P start at A and run along the track. The L speed of
R 12t
!C 4
¨
one runner at time t (hours) is t+3 (km/h), r and
1 km
15t
the speed of the other at time t (hours) is
where L is the length of the blood vessel, r is the
t+1radius, an
(km/h). Find the C israte
a positive constant determined
of change of the by the viscosity of the
observer’s
blood. (Poiseuille established this law experimentally, but i
A angle of sight θ between the Equation
also follows from runners8.4.2.)
at the instant
The figure shows a main
t = 1.2 (h). blood vessel with radius r1 branching at an angle ! into a
smaller vessel with radius r2
ter is to be constructed from a metal sheet of width Answer. −0.3410 km/h .
bending up one-third of the sheet on each side C
n angle !. How should ! be chosen so that the gut-