Settlement of Soil

ST =Si + S pc + S ss ST =Total Settlement Si=Immediate Settlement S pc =Primary consolidation settlemen t ¿ S ss=Secondary Settlement

For saturated fine-grained soils, the primary consolidation settlement may

be estimated using the following equations.
For normally consolidated soil, OCR = 1
( )
'
C H σ + Δσ
S pc = c log z ' z
1+e σz
σ pc
For over consolidated soil, OCR > 1; OCR = '
σz

If σ + Δ σ <σ
'
z z pc

( )
'
C H σ +Δσ
S pc = s log z ' z
1+e σz

If σ + Δ σ >σ
'
z z pc

( ) ( )
'
Cs H σ C H σ +Δ σz
S pc = log pc' +¿ c log z ¿
1+e σz 1+e σ pc
C c =compression index , 0.009 ( ¿−10 )
H=Thickness of the fine−grained soil layere=Original Void ratioσ 'z =Effective stress ¿ the soil only
Referenced at the mid thickness of the fine−grained soil layer Δ σ z=Increase∈vertical stress due ¿ the surface load
Referenced at the mid thickness of the fine−grained soil layer C s=Swell index ,usually 0.1 ¿ 0.2 of Cc σ pc=Pre−consolidating pressure .

Given the problem, estimate the settlement under the following conditions
1.The soil is normally consolidated
( )
'
C H σ + Δσ
S pc = c log z ' z
1+e σz
H=4 m
e=0.8
C c =0.009 ( 40−10 )=0.27
' kN kN kN
( kN
σ z =14 3 ( 3 m ) +18 3 ( 3 m ) + 19 3 2 m−9.81 3 ( 5 m )=¿
m m m m )
'
σ z =84.95 kPa
Q 1400 kN
Δ σ z= = =19.38 kPa
(B+ z)(L+ z ) (1.5 m+ 7 m)(1.5 m+7 m)
S pc =
(0.27)( 4 m)
1+ 0.8
log (
84.95+19.38
84.95
=0.05355 m )
S pc =53.55 mm
2. σ =95 kPa
pc

If σ + Δ σ <σ
'
z z pc

If σ + Δ σ >σ
'
z z pc

'
σ z + Δ σ z=84.95+19.38=104. 33

Since 104.93 kPa > 95 kPa; Assuming swell index to be 0.15 of the
compression index,
( ) ( )
'
C H σ C H σ +Δ σz
S pc = s log pc' +¿ c log z ¿
1+e σz 1+e σ pc
C s=0.15 ( 0.27 )=0.0405
e=0.8
σ pc=95 kPaC c =0.27
H=4 m
'
σ z =84.95 kPa
Δ σ z=19.38 kPa

S pc =
0.0405(4 m)
1+0.8
log
95
84.95
+¿( 1+0.8)
0.27(4 m)
log
104.33
95
¿ ( )
S pc =0.02878 m=28.78 mm

Considering the figure below, suggest a dimension for footing 2 so that

the primary consolidation settlement it causes is the same as that cause
by Footing 1. Assume the footing its width equal to its length. Assume
the soil is normally consolidated.
Subsurface stress by soil is the same from previous example.
'
σ z =84.95 kPa
General Working equation
S pc F =S pc F
1 2

( ) ( )
' '
Cc F H F σ zF + Δσ z F CcF HF σz F + Δ σ zF
1 1
log 1

'
1
=¿ 2 2
log 2

'
2
¿
1+ e F 1
σ zF 1
1+e F 2
σz F 2

( ) ( )
' '
σ z F1 + Δσ zF σ z F2 + Δσ zF
log '
1
=¿ log '
2
¿
σ z F1 σ zF2

Δ σ z F =Δσ z F
1 2

1300 kN 1600 kN
= ; but B=L
(1.5+7)(1.5+ 7) (B+7)( L+7)
1300 kN 1600 kN
=
( 1.5+7 ) ( 1.5+7 ) ( B+7 ) ( B+ 7 )
2 ( 8.5 )2 1600 kN
( B+7 ) = =88.9231
1300 kN
B=L=2.43 m

S pc =H mv Δ σ z