Dissection Osteology

DISSECTION MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY
ST. JOHN’S MEDICAL COLLEGE, BANGALORE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl. No. TOPIC PAGES Sl. No. TOPIC PAGES

I. UPPER LIMB 1-10 V. LOWER LIMB 40 -49
1. Pectoral region and mammary gland 2 1. Front of thigh – I 41
2. Axilla 3 2. Front of thigh II and adductor compartment 42
3. Back 4 3. Gluteal region 43
4. Shoulder region 5 4. Back of thigh, popliteal fossa and hip joint 44-46
5. Front of arm and cubital fossa 6 5. Front, lateral and medial side of leg and dorsum of foot 47
6. Back of arm and shoulder joint 7 6. Back of leg 48
7. Superficial dissection of front of forearm and palm 8 7. Sole of foot (prosection only) 49
8. Deep dissection of front of forearm and palm 9
9. Back of forearm and dorsum of hand 10
Sl. No TOPIC PAGES
VI HEAD AND NECK 50-66
1. Scalp 51
Sl. No. TOPIC PAGES
2. Superficial dissection of face 52
II. THORAX 11-18 3. Posterior Triangle 53
1. Walls and cavity of thorax and superior mediastinum 12-13 54
4. Back and suboccipital triangle (prosection only)
2. Lungs 14
3. Heart and pericardium 15-17 5. Anterior triangle 55
4. Posterior mediastinum 18 6. Deeper dissection of face and parotid region 56
7. Deep dissection of neck 57
8. Temporal region 58
9. Submandibular region 59
Sl. No. TOPIC PAGES
10. Cranial cavity 60
III. ABDOMEN 19-34
11. The orbit 61
1. Anterior abdominal wall and rectus sheath 20
12. Pharynx and soft palate 62
2. Inguinal canal, male external genitalia and loin (prosection 21-23
only) 13. Nasal cavity, tongue and larynx 63-65
3. Abdominal cavity, spleen and celiac trunk 24-26 14. Eyeball and ear 66
4. Stomach, small and large intestine 27-29
5. Duodenum, pancreas, portal vein and hepatobiliary system 30-31
Sl. No TOPIC PAGES
6. Kidney, suprarenal glands, posterior abdominal wall and 32-34
VII NEUROANATOMY 67-76
respiratoty diaphragm
. 1. Contents of vertebral canal 68
2. Introduction to brain, base of brain, meninges and blood supply 69
Sl. No. TOPIC PAGES 3. The brainstem cerebellum and 4th ventricle 70-71
IV PELVIS 35-39 4. Cerebrum – superficial structures 72-74
1. Sagittal sections of male and female pelvis 36-37 5. Cerebrum – deeper structures and lateral ventricle 75
2. Walls of pelvis 38 6. Thalamus, hypothalamus and 3rd ventricle 76
3. The perineum 39
1
UPPER LIMB
2
1) THE PECTORAL REGION AND MAMMARY GLAND (C36-50)
WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

DISSECTION STEPS
MUST IDENTIFY AND SHOULD IDENTIFY AND COULD IDENTIFY AND IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
KNOW KNOW KNOW
• Read through the surface • Mammary gland and • Attachments and
anatomy of the region related structures actions of pectoral
• Muscles of the muscles
• Make the required incisions as on pectoral region • Blood supply and
page 37, ref fig 3.2 • Cephalic vein lymphatic
• Anterior cutaneous branches • Supraclavicular nerves • Medial pectoral drainage of
• Reflect the skin flaps laterally, of intercostal nerves • Lateral cutaneous branches of nerve mammary gland
leaving the nipple and the intercostal nerves • Lateral pectoral and its applied
surrounding skin in position, and • Platysma nerve anatomy
identify: • Structures piercing • Attachments of
• Mammary gland clavipectoral fascia clavipectoral
• In a female cadaver make a - nipple and areola fascia and
parasagittal cut through the nipple - lactiferous ducts and sinuses structures piercing
to divide the breast into right and - suspensory ligaments it
left halves
• Trace one lactiferous duct to the
nipple • Retromammary space APPLIED ASPECTS
• Insert your fingers behind the • Developmental anomalies of breast
breast to open the retromammary • Gynaecomastia
space • Breast cancer
• Remove the breast from the
anterior surface of the pectoralis
major and store it
• Deltopectoral triangle
• Divide the deep fascia in the • Cephalic vein
deltopectoral groove and identify:
• Remove the fascia from the • Pectoralis major
anterior part of the pectoralis • Deltoid muscle (just identify,
major and deltoid muscles and details can be learnt later)
define their attachments
• Pectoralis minor • Subclavius
• Detach the clavicular and sternal • Medial pectoral nerve • Thoraco-acromial artery and
heads of the pectoralis major and • Lateral pectoral nerve it’s branches
reflect them towards their • Clavipectoral fascia and
insertion and identify: structures piercing it
3
2) AXILLA (C51-65)
SUMMARY
WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS
DISSECTION STEPS
KNOW KNOW KNOW
• Cut through the tendon of the • Anterior wall of axilla: • Boundaries of axilla • Formation of
pectoralis minor near its insertion - pectoralis major and minor • Axillary vessels and axillary sheath
and reflect the muscle - subclavius branches of axillary • Relationship of
• Clean and define the boundaries • Posterior wall of axilla: artery axillary artery to
of the axilla - subscapularis • Brachial Plexus and its pectoralis minor
- teres major major branches • Formation and
- latissimus dorsi • Axillary lymph nodes important relations
(just identify, details can be of the brachial
learnt later) plexus
• Medial wall of axilla: • Variation in
- serratus anterior formation of
brachial plexus
• Remove the loose connective • Axillary artery: three parts and • Axillary sheath • Brachial plexus
tissue and lymph nodes from the branches • Axillary vein injuries
axilla and expose its contents • Cords of the brachial plexus • Other branches of the • Intercostobrachial nerve • Arrangement of
and their main branches brachial plexus axillary group of
- median nerve lymph nodes
- radial nerve
- ulnar nerve APPLIED ASPECTS
- musculocutanous nerve • Palpation of axillary artery
- axillary nerve • Axillary vein thrombosis
• Nerve to serratus anterior • Drainage of abscesses in the axilla
• Axillary lymph nodes • Lesions of brachial plexus and its branches:
- Erb’s paralysis
- Klumpke’s paralysis
- Winging of the scapula
4
3) DISSECTION OF THE BACK (C66-72)
SUMMARY
DISSECTION STEPS
MUST IDENTIFY SHOULD IDENTIFY COULD IDENTIFY IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
AND KNOW AND KNOW AND KNOW
• Read through the surface anatomy of the • Muscles of the back • Arrangement and actions
region • Accessory nerve of muscles of the back
• Suprascapular nerve • Movements of the scapula
• Make the required incisions as on page 66, • Dorsal scapular nerve and muscles causing them
ref fig 5.1 • Superficial and deep
• Cutaneous nerves of branch of transverse
• Reflect skin flaps laterally the back (dorsal rami cervical artery
of spinal nerves) • Suprascapular vessels and
• Strip the superficial fascia from the deep nerve
fascia
• Triangle of
• Remove the fascia from the surface of the • Trapezius auscultation APPLIED ASPECTS
trapezius and define its extent • Renal angle • Triangle of auscultation
• Latissimus dorsi
• Renal angle
• Define and uncover the latissimus dorsi
• Levator scapulae • Superficial branch of

• Reflect the lower part of the trapezius by • Rhomboideus major transverse cervical
dividing it vertically, 5 cm lateral to the and minor artery
median plane and identify: • Accessory spinal nerve • Suprascapular vessels
• Suprascapular nerve
• Dorsal scapular nerve

• Divide both rhomboid muscles midway • Deep branch of
between the vertebral spines and the transverse cervical
medial border of the scapula and identify: artery
5
4) SHOULDER REGION (C73-82)
SUMMARY
DISSECTION STEPS
MUST IDENTIFY AND SHOULD IDENTIFY COULD IDENTIFY IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
KNOW AND KNOW AND KNOW
• Read through the surface anatomy of the • Muscles of the shoulder • Movements at the
region region shoulder joint and the
• Quadrangular space muscles causing them
• Remove fascia from the surface of deltoid • Deltoid • Upper lateral • Upper triangular space • Boundaries of the
and define its attachments and note its cutaneous nerve of the • Lower triangular space spaces mentioned
fibres arm • Contents of above spaces • Formation of rotator
cuff
• Reflect the trapezius muscle superiorly to • Supraspinatus • Course of the axillary
expose the supraspinatus muscle • Infraspinatus nerve
• Separate the deltoid from the spine of the • Teres major • Scapular arterial
scapula and turn it down • Teres minor anastomosis
• Remove fascia over infraspinatus muscle
and identify the two teres muscles
APPLIED ASPECTS
• Define the boundaries of the quadrangular • Axillary nerve • Posterior circumflex • Intramuscular injections
space and note its contents humeral vessels
• Fracture of surgical neck of humerus
• Rotator cuff injuries
• Expose and define the long head of triceps • Long head of triceps
• Profunda brachii
• Clean and define boundaries of the upper • Radial nerve
vessels
triangular space and note it’s contents
• Clean and define boundaries of the lower

• Circumflex scapular
triangular space and note it’s contents
vessels
6
5) FRONT OF ARM AND CUBITAL FOSSA (C94-105)
SUMMARY
DISSECTION STEPS
• Read through the surface anatomy of the • Muscles of flexor compartment • Division of the arm into
region of the arm compartments by
• Muscles arising from the lateral intermuscular septa
• Make the required incisions (refer fig 3.2, supracondylar line • Attachments and actions of
page 37) • Boundaries and contents of the muscles in this region
• Biceps brachii (both heads) • Medial cutaneous. nerves cubital fossa • Course and relations of the
• Cut vertically through the deep fascia on • Coracobrachialis of arm and forearm • Brachial artery brachial artery and median
the anterior surface of the arm and upper • Brachial artery • Branches of brachial artery • Nerves: nerve
half of forearm and cut transversely • Median nerve in arm - Musculocutaneous • Course and relations of the
through it at this level. • Ulnar nerve - Median musculocutaneous nerve
• Reflect the flaps to uncover: - Radial • Relationship of structures in
- Ulnar the cubital fossa
• Detach the origin of the deltoid muscle
from the clavicle and acromion and turn
the muscle downwards exposing the
muscle attachments to the upper end of APPLIED ASPECTS
humerus • Rupture of tendon of long head of biceps
• Brachialis • Palpation of brachial artery
• Lift the biceps brachii muscle and • Musculocutaneous nerve • Auscultatory method of taking blood pressure
identify: • Venepuncture – median cubital vein
• Trace the musculocutaneous nerve to it’s
termination
• Brachioradialis • Lateral cutaneous nerve of
• Remove the fascia from the brachialis and • Extensor carpi radialis forearm
identify: longus
• Branches of the radial
• Radial nerve
nerve in this region
• Brachioradialis • Bicipital aponeurosis
• Remove the fascia from the upper half of • Pronator teres • Median cubital vein
the front of the forearm and identify the • Brachialis
boundaries and contents of the cubital • Supinator
fossa • Tendon of biceps brachii
• Median nerve
• Brachial artery
• Radial artery
• Ulnar artery
7
6) BACK OF ARM AND SHOULDER JOINT (C105-112, C158-162)
SUMMARY
DISSECTION STEPS
KNOW KNOW KNOW
• Place the body in the prone position • Three heads of triceps • Attachments and
with the arm medially rotated • Radial nerve in the radial actions of the triceps
• Make an incision along the middle of groove • Course and branches
the back of the arm up to the upper • Profunda brachii vessels of the radial nerve
one third of the back of the forearm accompanying the radial • Movements of
and reflect the skin flaps nerve shoulder joint
• Ulnar nerve • Action of the rotator
• Remove the deep fascia from the back • Triceps (long and • Glenoid labrum cuff
of the arm and identify: lateral heads) • Intracapsular tendon of
long head of biceps
• Find the radial nerve in the axilla
posterior to axillary artery
• Trace the radial nerve in the triceps • Radial nerve • Branches of the radial APPLIED ASPECTS
and separate the triceps along the • Profunda brachii vessels nerve in the radial
line of the nerve in the muscle • Medial head of triceps groove
• Radial nerve injuries
• Divide and reflect parts of the lateral • Ulnar nerve
head and identify: - palpation
- injuries in arm
• Follow the ulnar nerve in the posterior • Ulnar nerve • Ulnar collateral vessels
• Shoulder joint
compartment and trace it to the back - dislocation
of the medial epicondyle - frozen shoulder
- painful arc syndrome
• Make a vertical incision through the - rotator cuff injuries
posterior part of the capsule of the • Articular capsule • Intracapsular tendon of
shoulder joint long head of biceps
• Rotate the arm medially and dislocate
the head of the humerus through the • Glenoid labrum
cut in the capsule and identify:
8
7) SUPERFICIAL DISSECTION OF THE FRONT OF FOREARM AND PALM (C113-116, C124-126)
SUMMARY
DISSECTION STEPS WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS

• Extend the incision from the front of the • Superficial group (lateral • Superficial muscles of the • Attachment and action of
forearm up to the tip of the middle finger to medial): flexor compartment of the these muscles
• Make transverse incisions at the wrist and distal - Pronator teres forearm • Course of median nerve,
part of the palm - Flexor carpi radialis • Lateral cutaneous nerve • Median nerve ulnar nerve and vessels,
• Reflect the skin flaps - Palmaris longus of forearm • Ulnar nerve and vessels superficial branch of radial
• Divide the deep fascia of the forearm and - Flexor carpi ulnaris • Medial cutaneous nerve • Superficial branch of radial nerve and radial vessels in
expose the superficial muscles • Middle group: of forearm nerve and radial vessels forearm
- Flexor digitorum • Basilic vein • Flexor retinaculum • Attachments of flexor
superficialis • Cephalic vein • Palmar aponeurosis retinaculum
• Superficial palmar arch • Formation and attachments
• Digital branches of median of palmar aponeurosis
• Clean and define the ulnar vessels and nerve • Ulnar vessels • Common interosseous • Palmar cutaneous branch • Formation of superficial
and ulnar nerve
under the cover of flexor carpi ulnaris and trace • Ulnar nerve branch of ulnar artery of ulnar nerve palmar arch
• Fibrous flexor sheaths
them proximally and distally • Dorsal branch of ulnar • Cutaneous innervation of
nerve palm and palmar aspects of
• Other branches of ulnar digits
artery • Attachments of fibrous
• Pull the brachioradialis laterally to expose the flexor sheaths
superficial branch of radial nerve and radial • Radial vessels • Branches of radial artery
artery and trace them proximally and distally • Superficial branch of
radial nerve
• Push aside the flexor digitorum superficialis and
identify the median nerve • Median nerve • Palmar branch of median APPLIED ASPECTS
nerve
• Clean and define the flexor retinaculum • Flexor retinaculum • Palpation of radial pulse
• Golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis)
• Identify the palmar aponeurosis • Palmar aponeurosis • Dupuytren’s contracture
• Cut the aponeurosis proximally, turn it distally, • Superficial palmar arch • Superficial branch of • Palmaris brevis
and identify: ulnar nerve
• Clean and identify the fibrous flexor sheath of • Fibrous flexor sheath • Digital branches of
the middle finger median and ulnar nerves
9
8) DEEP DISSECTION OF THE FRONT OF FOREARM AND PALM (C116-124, C127-143)
SUMMARY

• Cut transversely across the humeroulnar head • Deep group: • Anterior • Deep muscles of the • Attachments and
of flexor digitorum superficialis and identify: - Flexor digitorum interosseous nerve flexor compartment of actions of muscles of
profundus • Anterior the forearm forearm
- Flexor pollicis interosseous artery • Interosseous membrane • Course of anterior
longus • Anterior interosseous interosseous vessels
- Pronator quadratus nerve and vessels and nerve
• Interosseous • Tendons of flexor • Structures passing
membrane digitorum superficialis deep to the flexor
and profundus, flexor retinaculum
• Make a sagittal cut through the flexor • Median nerve pollicis longus • Actions and
retinaculum and trace the median nerve in • Lumbricals innervation of thenar
continuity with it’s course in the palm • Thenar muscles and hypothenar
• Hypothenar muscles muscles
• Trace the tendons deep to the flexor • Tendons of flexor • Deep palmar arch • Formation of deep
retinaculum distally in the palm, and upto their digitorum palmar arch
• Deep branch of ulnar
insertion in the middle finger superficialis and • Course of deep branch
nerve
profundus, flexor of ulnar nerve
• Princeps pollicis and
pollicis longus • Attachment, actions
radialis indicis
• Lumbricals and innervation of
• Interosseous muscles
• Clean the fascia over the thenar and hypothenar lumbricals and
• Thenar muscles • Recurrent branch of
eminence and identify: interossei
• Hypothenar muscles median nerve
• Fascial spaces of palm
and forearm
• Cut through the tendons of flexor digitorum • Deep branch of • Princeps pollicis
profundus proximal to the flexor retinaculum ulnar nerve • Radialis indicis
and the superficial palmar arch and turn them APPLIED ASPECTS
• Deep palmar arch
distally to identify: • Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Interosseous
muscles • Claw hand
• Infection of fascial spaces of palm and their drainage
• Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture
10
9) BACK OF FOREARM AND DORSUM OF HAND (C143-154)
SUMMARY

• Make a vertical midline incision from the back • Superficial muscles of • Actions of the muscles
of the forearm, extending up to the nail bed of extensor compartment of extensor
the middle finger • Deep muscles of extensor compartment
• Make transverse incisions at the wrist and at compartment • Course of posterior
the level of the metacarpophalangeal joints • Superficial terminal • Posterior cutaneous • Posterior interosseous interosseous vessels
• Basilic vein
• Reflect the skin flaps and identify: branch of radial nerve nerve of forearm vessels and nerve and nerve
• Cephalic vein
• Dorsal venous arch • Dorsal branch of • Extensor retinaculum • Extensor retinaculum -
ulnar nerve • Radial artery its various
• Divide the deep fascia of the forearm and • Dorsal digital expansion compartments and their
expose the superficial muscles leaving the contents
• Extensor retinaculum
extensor retinaculum intact and define its • Formation of the dorsal
attachments digital expansion
• Separate the superficial extensor muscles from • Course of radial artery
• Superficial muscles
each other at the wrist and define them in the hand
of extensor
proximally
compartment • Cutaneous innervation
of dorsum of hand
• Push the superficial muscles aside to expose

• Deep muscles of
the deep muscles and the posterior
extensor
interosseous nerve and vessels APPLIED ASPECTS
compartment
• Posterior interosseous • Tennis elbow
nerve • Wrist drop
• Posterior interosseous • De Quervain’s tenosynovitis
artery
• Define the boundaries and contents of the
anatomical snuff box • Radial artery
• Dorsal digital • Dorsal interossei

• Expose the dorsal digital expansion of the
expansion
middle finger and the dorsal interossei
11
THORAX
12
1a) WALLS AND CAVITY OF THORAX (C240-263)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Review the surface anatomy and the • Intercostal muscles • Arrangement of

skeleton of the thorax • Intercostal nerves and intercostal muscles
vessels • Arrangement of
• Remove the remains of serratus anterior • External intercostal • Lateral cutaneous • Internal thoracic artery neurovascular bundle in
and pectoral muscles and identify: muscle and membrane branches of intercostal • Thoracic viscera in-situ the intercostals space
nerves
• Choose one intercostal space and cut
through the external intercostal muscle • Internal intercostal
and membrane along the lower border of muscle and membrane APPLIED ASPECTS
the space. Turn the muscle upward and
identify: • Girdle pain
• Paracentesis thoracis
• Cut the internal intercostals muscle to • Intercostal nerves • Innermost intercostal • Rib fractures
expose: • Posterior intercostal muscle • Sternal puncture
• Follow the intercostal nerve forward and vessels
backward with accompanying intercostal
vessels
• Cut through the clavicle and the ribs in the • Heart with pericardium
midaxillary line in situ.
• Remove the anterior thoracic wall to • Lungs with pleura in
observe: situ.
• Mediastinum
• On the internal surface of the anterior

thoracic wall identify: • Internal thoracic artery • Costal parietal pleura • Transversus thoracis
muscle
• Follow the internal thoracic artery
inferiorly to identify: • Superior epigastric
artery
• Musculophrenic artery
• Anterior intercostal
vessels
13
1b) SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM (C278-280)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Identify and trace the structures present in • Right and left • Thymus • Origins of the sterno- • Superficial, intermediate • Subdivisions and
the superficial part of the superior brachiocephalic veins • Large tributaries of thyroid and sterno- and deep structures in the boundaries of the
mediastinum • Superior vena cava brachiocephalic veins hyoid muscles superior mediastinum mediastinum
(inferior thyroid, • Course of left recurrent
internal thoracic and laryngeal nerve
superior intercostals)
• Identify and trace the structures present in • Arch of aorta and it’s • Ligamentum • Cardiac nerves
the intermediate part of the superior three branches arteriosum APPLIED ASPECTS
mediastinum - brachiocephalic trunk • Mediastinoscopy
- left common carotid • Mediastinal shift
artery • Mediastinitis
- left subclavian artery • Pneumomediastinum
• Phrenic nerves • Mediastinal masses
• Vagus nerves • Aortic anuerysm
• Obstruction of superior vena cava
• Identify and trace the structures present in • Trachea • Left recurrent • Para-tracheal and
the deeper part of the superior mediastinum • Oesophagus laryngeal nerve tracheo-bronchial
• Thoracic duct lymph nodes
• Origin of longus colli
14
2) THE LUNGS (C264-277)
DISSECTION STEPS
MUST IDENTIFY AND SHOULD IDENTIFY COULD IDENTIFY AND IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
KNOW AND KNOW KNOW
• On each side tie and cut through the structures • Apex • Features common to both • The formation, parts, and
present in the root of each lung and remove the • Base lungs recesses of pleura
lungs from the thoracic cavity • Borders – anterior, - apex • Mediastinal relations of both
• On each lung identify the following common posterior, inferior - base lungs
features • Surfaces – costal, - borders • Arrangement of structures at
and medial (with - surfaces the hilum
vertebral part and • Bronchopulmonary segments
mediastinal part) • Features of individual lungs • Blood supply, nerve supply
- lobes and lymphatic drainage of the
• On the right lung identify the following features • Lobes – upper, middle, • Impressions on - fissures lungs
lower mediastinal surface - - impressions on mediastinal
• Fissures – oblique, brachiocephalic trunk, surface
horizontal oesophagus - structures at hilum
• Impressions on mediastinal - cardiac notch and lingula
surface - cardiac
impression, superior vena
cava, inferior vena cava, APPLIED ASPECT
arch of azygos vein, trachea • Bronchoscopy
• Structures at hilum – • Bronchopulmonary segments and segmental resection
eparterial and hyparterial • Pulmonary ligament
• Bronchitis
bronchus, pulmonary • Pneumonia
artery, superior and inferior • Lung abscess
pulmonary veins • Pulmonary tuberculosis
• Impressions on • Bronchial asthma
• On the left lung identify the following features • Lobes – upper and lower • Emphysema
• Fissure – oblique mediastinal surface –
pulmonary trunk, left • Bronchogenic carcinoma
• Cardiac notch • Pulmonary oedema
brachiocephalic vein
• Lingula • Pulmonary embolism
• Impressions on mediastinal
surface - cardiac
impression, arch of aorta,
subclavian artery,
descending thoracic aorta,
oesophagus
• Structures at hilum – • Pulmonary ligament
principal bronchus,
pulmonary artery, superior
and inferior pulmonary
veins
15
3a) PERICARDIUM AND EXTERNAL FEATURES OF THE HEART (C283-288)
DISSECTION STEPS MUST IDENTIFY AND SHOULD IDENTIFY COULD IDENTIFY IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
• Make a longitudinal incision over the • Pericardium – it’s • Formation of sinuses of

fibrous pericardium from its superior extent subdivisions and sinuses pericardium
to its inferior extent in the midline • Phrenic nerve • Orientation of the heart in
• Carry the ends of the longitudinal incision • Pericardium • External features of the the pericardial cavity
medially and laterally both above and below - fibrous heart
to uncover the sternocostal surface of the - serous (with parietal and - apex
heart visceral parts) - base
• Identify the following: • Sinuses of pericardium - borders
- transverse - surfaces
- oblique - grooves
• Phrenic nerve - chambers
• Pericardio-phrenic
vessels APPLIED ASPECT
• Cut through the great vessels close to the • Apex • Pericarditis
heart and remove the heart from the • Base • Pericardial effusion
pericardial cavity • Borders • Cardiac tamponade
• Identify the following external features of - right • Pericardiocentesis
the heart: - inferior • Cardiomegaly
- left
• Surfaces
- sternocostal
- diaphragmatic
- left
• Grooves
- atrioventricular (anterior • Cardiac crux
and posterior)
- interventricular (anterior
and posterior)
• Chambers
- right and left atria with
auricles
- right and left ventricles
16
3b) BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEART (C298-307)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Find the right coronary artery in the right • Right coronary artery • Large branches of right • Other smaller branches • Right coronary artery and • Origin, course, major
anterior atrioventricular groove and trace it coronary artery of right coronary artery its major branches branches and termination of
proximally and distally - marginal - conus artery • Left coronary artery and right and left coronary
- posterior - SA nodal artery its major branches arteries
interventricular - smaller atrial and anterior interventricular • Location and major
ventricular branches and circumflex tributaries of coronary sinus
• Coronary sinus and its
• Find the anterior interventricular branch of • Left coronary artery • Diagonal branch of • Smaller atrial and major tributaries
the left coronary artery in the anterior and its main branches anterior ventricular branches
interventricular groove and trace it - anterior interventricular artery
proximally till it’s origin from the left interventricular • Marginal branch of APPLIED ASPECT
coronary artery - circumflex circumflex artery • Ischaemic heart disease
• Identify the circumflex branch of the left • Angina pectoris
coronary artery • Myocardial infarction
• Coronary angiography
• Identify the coronary sinus in the posterior • Coronary sinus • Major tributaries • Smaller tributaries • Coronary angioplasty
atrioventricular groove and note it’s major - great cardiac vein - small cardiac vein
• Coronary bypass surgery
tributaries - middle cardiac vein - oblique vein of left
- posterior vein of left atrium
ventricle
17
3c) INTERIOR OF HEART (C288-298)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Incise the right border of the heart from the entry • Sulcus and crista terminalis • Valve of IVC • Triangle of Koch • Interior of right atrium • Blood flow through the
of the inferior to the superior vena cava to expose • Musculi pectinati • Torus aorticus sulcus and crista terminalis, heart
the interior of the right atrium • Sinus venarum with • Valve of coronary sinus musculi pectinati, sinus venarum • Actions of papillary
• Clean out the right atrium to identify: openings: with openings, inter atrial septum muscles and chordae
- SVC with features, right AV opening tendinae
- IVC with cusps of tricuspid valve • Conducting system of the
- coronary sinus • Interior of ventricles heart
• Inter-atrial septum with: trabeculae carneae, papillary • Nerve supply of heart
- fossa ovalis muscles and chordae tendinae, • Development of inter-atrial
- limbus fossa ovalis cusps of tricuspid and mitral and inter-ventricular septa
• Right AV opening with valves, infundibulum and aortic
cusps of tricuspid valve vestibule, aortic and pulmonary
orifices with valves, inter-
• Make an oblique section through both the • Rough inflow part of both • Inter-ventricular septum • Supra – ventricular crest ventricular septum
ventricles from the apex to the openings of the ventricles with: • Septo – marginal between inflow and • Interior of left atrium
ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk - trabeculae carneae trabecula outflow tracts of right smooth interior with openings of
• Clean out the ventricles to identify: - papillary muscles with ventricle pulmonary veins, left AV orifice
chordae tendinae with cusps of mitral valve
- cusps of tricuspid and
mitral valves
• Smooth outflow part of APPLIED ASPECTS
both ventricles with: • Echocardiography
- infundibulum of right • Atrial and ventricular septal defects
ventricle • Congenital and acquired valvular heart diseases
- aortic vestibule of left • Congenital heart diseases
ventricle - Fallot’s tetrology
- aortic and pulmonary - patent ductus arteriosus
orifices with cusps of - coarctation of aorta
valves • Cardiac arrest
• Open the left atrium between the openings of the • Smooth interior of left • Cardiac transplantation
right and left pairs of pulmonary veins and atrium with openings of
identify: pulmonary veins
• Left AV orifice with cusps
of mitral valve
18
4) POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM (C280-281; C310-329)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Identify and trace the structures present in • Oesophagus • Splanchnic nerves • Para-tracheal and • Structures in the posterior • Subdivisions and
the posterior mediastinum • Descending thoracic • Hemiazygos veins trachea-bronchial mediastinum boundaries of the
aorta • Posterior intercostals lymph nodes mediastinum
• Vagus nerves vessels • Origin of longus colli • Course of thoracic duct
• Azygos vein • Posterior mediastinal
• Thoracic duct lymph nodes
APPLIED ASPECTS
• Mediastinoscopy
• Mediastinal shift
• Mediastinitis
• Pneumomediastinum
• Mediastinal masses
19
ABDOMEN
20
1) ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL AND RECTUS SHEATH (C233-249)
DISSECTION STEPS
KNOW AND KNOW KNOW
• Place the body in a supine position and review the • Superficial fascia and its • Layers of superficial fascia • Various planes and their
relevant surface anatomy two layers • Muscles of anterior abdominal levels
- fatty wall • The abdominal regions
• Make the required incisions as on page 235, fig 16.3 - membranous • Superficial inguinal ring. • Attachments, actions,
• Reflect the skin flaps leaving the superficial fascia • Superficial inguinal ring • Spermatic cord. modifications and nerve
on the anterior abdominal wall and identify: and structures emerging • Rectus sheath supply of muscles of anterior
through it • Rectus abdominis muscle abdominal wall
- spermatic cord in male • Superior and inferior epigastric • Formation of rectus sheath at
- round ligament of uterus vessels different levels
in female • Arcuate line • Contents of rectus sheath
• Linea semilunaris • Attachments and actions of
• Anterior and lateral
• Separate superficial fascia by blunt dissection and • External oblique muscle • Linea alba rectus abdominis
identify: and aponeurosis cutaneous nerves
• Divide the external oblique muscle from costal • Internal oblique muscle APPLIED ASPECTS
margin to iliac crest and reflect it medially and
identify: • Paracentesis abdominis
• Nerves with • Caput medusae
• Divide internal oblique muscle from costal margin • Transversus abdominis • SVC blockade - Lateral thoracic vein
accompanying blood
to iliac crest, reflect it medially and identify: vessels • Ultrasonography
- lower intercostal nerves • Anterior abdominal wall incisions and their rationale
- subcostal nerve • Umbilical hernia
- iliohypogastric nerve • Paraumbilical hernia
- ilioinguinal nerve • Epigastric hernia
• Divarication of recti
• Open the anterior layer of rectus sheath along the • Anterior layer of rectus
middle of the rectus abdominis muscle, reflect it sheath
medially and laterally and observe: • Rectus abdominis muscle
• Pyramidalis muscle, if
present
• Lift the rectus abdominis muscle and identify: • Posterior layer of rectus • Intercostal nerves
sheath. • Subcostal nerve
• Divide the rectus abdominis muscle transversely at • Superior and inferior

the middle, turn the parts superiorly and inferiorly epigastric vessels
and identify: • Arcuate line
• Linea alba
• Linea semilunaris
21
2a) THE INGUINAL CANAL (C249-256)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Make an incision in the external oblique • External oblique • Cremaster muscle • Inguinal ligament • Boundaries of inguinal
aponeurosis along the inguinal canal from the aponeurosis • Superficial and deep canal
superficial inguinal ring laterally, reflect it, • Arching fibres of inguinal rings • Direct and indirect
and observe: internal oblique and • Spermatic cord in males and inguinal hernia
transversus abdominis it’s important contents • Factors preventing
muscle laterally • Round ligament in females inguinal hernia
• Conjoint tendon
• One one side, expose the contents of the • Spermatic cord in • Ilioinguinal nerve • Fascia transversalis
inguinal canal males and round
ligament of uterus in
females APPLIED ASPECTS
• Move aside the contents of the inguinal canal • Inguinal ligament • Lacunar ligament • Reflected part of • Inguinal hernia
to expose the structures in the floor and • Fascia transversalis • Hasselbach's triangle inguinal ligament • Anatomical consideration in repair of hernia
posterior wall • Deep inguinal ring
• Conjoint tendon
• Ductus deferens • Genital branch of • Artery to the ductus

• Open the spermatic cord and observe its • Testicular artery genitofemoral nerve deferens
contents • Cremasteric artery
• Pampiniform plexus
• Testicular plexus of
sympathetic nerves
22
2b) MALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA (C257-269)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Make an incision along the midline of the • Spermatic cord and it’s • Coverings of spermatic
scrotum important contents cord and testis
• Reflect the skin from the dartos • Scrotum – layers • Epididymis parts and • Descent of testis
• Reflect dartos from the loose areolar tissue especially dartos sinus • Continuation of
deep to it • Testis – poles, borders, superficial fascia from
surfaces abdomen onto penis and
• On one side, cut the spermatic cord at the • Contents of spermatic • Coverings of spermatic • Penis – root, body, glans, scrotum
superficial inguinal ring and remove it along cord (mentioned cord prepuce
with testis earlier) - external, cremasteric
• Clean and trace the blood vessels into the • Testis – poles, borders and internal spermatic
testis and surfaces fascia APPLIED ASPECTS
• Epididymis – head, • Hydroocele

• Free the tail and body of epididymis from the
testis body, tail • Varicocele
• Sinus of epididymis • Cryptorchidism
• Ectopic testis
• Make a transverse incision through the testis • Mediatinum testis • Vasectomy
and examine it • Capsule and tunica • Torsion of the testis
albuginea • Cremasteric reflex
• Lobules • Phimosis
• Epispadias and hypospadias
• Identify the gross features of the penis • Penis- root and body • Corona glandis • Circumcision
• Glans and prepuce • Neck of the penis
• Frenulum
• Make a transverse section through the body of • Corpus cavernosum • Tunica albuginea
penis, but leave the two parts connected by • Corpus spongiosum • Blood vessels of the
the skin of the urethral surface to observe • Penile urethra penis
23
2c) THE LOIN (prosection only)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Place the body in the prone position • Layers passed through • Lumbar triangle • Muscles • Arrangement and
• Expose the free posterior border of external before reaching kidney - Latissimus dorsi attachments of
oblique muscle and note the interval between from superficial to - External oblique thoracolumbar fascia
it and the latissimus dorsi deep: - Internal oblique
• Reflect the latissimus dorsi muscle inferiorly - skin - Erector spinae
and the external oblique muscle anteriorly to - superficial and deep - Quadratus lumborum
expose the internal oblique muscle and fascia • Thoracolumbar fascia
thoracolumbar fascia - latissimus dorsi and • Triangle
• Remove remains of latissimus dorsi and external oblique - lumbar triangle
detach serratus posterior inferior from the - serratus posterior • Lower pole of kidney
thoracolumbar fascia (posterior layer) inferior
• Cut vertically through posterior layer from - posterior layer of
12th rib to iliac crest and transversely at upper thoracolumbar fascia
and lower ends - erector spinae
• Reflect the layer and expose erector spinae - middle layer of
• Pull erector spinae medially and identify thoracolumbar fascia
middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia - quadratus lumborum APPLIED ASPECTS
• Cut through the middle layer and reflect it - anterior layer of
thoracolumbar fascia • Renal angle
laterally • Lumbar hernia through lumbar triangle
• Identify and push the quadratus lumborum
muscle medially and identify the anterior
layer of thoracolumbar fascia
• Divide the anterior layer and expose the
lower part of the kidney
24
3a) THE POSTERIOR ASPECT OF ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL AND PERITONEAL CAVITY (C270-290)
DISSECTION STEPS
MUST IDENTIFY AND KNOW IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
• Make an incision through the transversus abdominis and the • Peritoneal cavity • Meaning of peritoneal
parietal peritoneum from the costal margin to the iliac crest • Parietal and visceral cavity
• Detach the origin of the diaphragm from the inner surface of peritoneum • Meaning of visceral and
the ribs and turn the rib cage with the anterior abdominal • Falciform ligament and parietal peritoneum
wall inferiorly to observe: • Peritoneal cavity ligamentum teres • Subdivision of peritoneal
• Peritoneum • Umbilical folds cavity into compartments
- visceral • Abdominal organs in-situ • Formation of greater and
- parietal • Greater omentum and lesser lesser sacs and their
• Greater omentum omentum communication through
• On the posterior aspect of the anterior abdominal wall observe • Supracolic and infracolic the epiploic foramen
- falciform ligament compartments
- ligamentum teres • Epiploic foramen
- median, medial and lateral umbilical folds • Greater and lesser sacs
• Identify the abdominal organs in-situ APPLIED ASPECTS

• Lift the greater omentum to identify: • Transverse colon and mesocolon • Ascites
• Compartments – supracolic and infracolic • Abdominal paracentesis
• Peritonitis
• Identify and trace the gastro-epiploic vessels in the greater • Right and left gastro-epiploic vessels • Peritoneal dialysis
omentum • ‘Policeman’ of the abdomen
• Internal hernia
• Pull stomach down and to left and liver up and to right to • Lesser omentum
identify:
• Identify the epiploic foramen by passing a finger through it • Epiploic foramen and its boundaries
and identify: • Greater sac
• Lesser sac
25
3b) SPLEEN (C344-349)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Identify the spleen in the left • Spleen and its anatomical • Peritoneal reflections of
hypochondrium position organ
• Ends, borders and surfaces • Ligaments of spleen
• Push the stomach to right and identify the of the spleen • Blood circulation through
fold of peritoneum extending from there to • Gastrosplenic ligament • Impressions on its visceral it
hilum of spleen. surface • Functional aspects of the
• Identify and trace the vessels in the gastro- • Short gastric vessels • Hilum of spleen organ
splenic ligament • Left gastroepiploic • Gastrosplenic and
vessels lienorenal ligaments
• Push the spleen upwards and note the fold
of peritoneum extending between the spleen • Lienorenal ligament
and left kidney APPLIED ASPECTS
• Study the organ in-situ and note its relations • Palpation of spleen
• Splenomegaly
• On a spleen that has been removed from the • Anatomical position • Splenic notch • Angles – anterior and • Splenic rupture
body observe the following: • Ends – anterior posterior basal • Splenectomy
(lateral) and posterior • Accessory spleen
(medial) • Splenic puncture
• Borders – superior,
inferior and
intermediate
• Surfaces –
diaphragmatic and
visceral
• Impressions – gastric,
renal, colic and
pancreatic
26
3c) COELIAC TRUNK (C323-325)
DISSECTION STEPS
• In the lesser omentum identify and trace the • Coeliac trunk and its three • Distribution of coeliac
following structures along the lesser curvature • Left gastric vessels branches trunk
of the stomach • Right gastric vessels • Branches of common • Relations of structures in
hepatic artery the right free margin of the
• Trace the left gastric artery to the coeliac • Structures in the right free lesser omentum
trunk and identify: • Coeliac trunk and its margin of the lesser • Formation and distribution
• Follow the right gastric artery to the common three branches omentum of coeliac plexus
hepatic artery - left gastric
- common hepatic
- splenic APPLIED ASPECTS
• Identify the structures in the right free margin • Hepatic artery proper • Arterial variations of the hepatic arteries and their surgical
of the lesser omentum • Bile duct significance
• Trace these structures to porta hepatis and • Portal vein
note their relations
• Clean and define branches of common • Right gastric artery

hepatic artery • Gastroduodenal artery
• Hepatic artery proper
• Identify the coeliac ganglia on either side of • Coeliac ganglion

the coeliac trunk
27
4a) STOMACH (C294-302)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Identify the organ in situ and note it’s gross • Ends – cardiac and • Cardiac notch • Gross features • Anatomical disposition
features pyloric • Incisura angularis • Structures forming • Peritoneal relations
• Curvatures – greater • Pyloric part – antrum, • Sulcus intermedius stomach bed • Blood supply
and lesser canal and pylorus • Rugae • Nerve supply
• Parts- fundus, body • Lymphatic drainage
and pylorus
• Surfaces – anterior APPLIED ASPECTS
and posterior
• Gastroscopy
• Cut through the stomach and the right gastric • Barium meal study
and gastro-epiploic vessels immediately to the • Gastritis
left of the pylorus • Gastirc ulcers
• Turn them to the left side and then identify: • Structures forming • Structures forming • Gastric triangle • Pyloric stenosis
stomach bed stomach bed • Gastrectomy and vagotomy
- left kidney - left crus of diaphragm • Carcinoma of the stomach and it’s spread
- left suprarenal gland - splenic artery
- pancreas - transverse mesocolon
• Strip off peritoneum along lesser curvature • Anterior and posterior

and identify: gastric branches of the
vagi
• Open the stomach along the greater curvature
and examine it’s interior and observe: • Rugae
28
4b) SMALL INTESTINE (C303-312, C325-329)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Turn the transverse colon and it’s mesocolon • Duodeno-jejunal junction • Attachment of root of
upwards to expose the mesentery of the small • Mesentery of small • Differences between • Mesenteric group of • Ileocaecal junction mesentery
intestine intestine jejunum and ileum in lymph nodes • Jejunum • Differences between
• Trace the root of the mesentery on the • Root of mesentery - fat distribution in the • Ileum jejunum and ileum
posterior abdominal wall mesentery • Mesentery of small • Blood supply, nerve
- arterial arcades intestine and it’s root supply and lymphatic
- ‘windows’ between • Branches of superior drainage of jejunum and
vasa recta mesenteric artery to ileum
jejunum and ileum
• Turn small intestine to the left and cut • Superior mesenteric • Plica circularis
through the right layer of the mesentery and vessels and branches of • Peyer’s patches
expose the superior mesenteric vessels superior mesenteric
• Trace the branches of the superior mesenteric artery
artery to the jejunum and ileum - inferior pancreatico- APPLIED ASPECTS
duodenal
- jejunal and ileal • Barium follow through
- ileo-colic • Enteritis
• Paralytic ileus
• Tie two ligatures each 1 inch distal to the • Small intestine • Duodunojejunal • Suspensory ligament of • Meckel’s diverticulum
duodunojejunal flexure and 2 inches proximal - jejunum flexure Treitz
to the to the iliocaecal junction - ileum • Ileo-caecal junction
• Cut between the ligatures at each end to • Plica circularis and • Differences in
remove the small intestine and flush it’s their distribution in thickness of wall
lumen thoroughly jejunum and ileum between jejunum and
• Open the jejunum and ileum along their anti • Payer's patches in ileum
mesenteric borders and study their interior ileum
29
4c) LARGE INTESTINE (C312-322; 328-330)
DISSECTION STEPS MUST IDENTIFY SHOULD IDENTIFY COULD IDENTIFY IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
• Remove the peritoneum and fat on the • Branches of superior • Branches of the superior • Attachment of
posterior abdominal wall between the mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric transverse mesocolon
mesentery and ascending and - ileocolic arteries to the large • Posterior relations of
descending colon to identify branches - middle colic • Marginal artery of • Mesenteric group of intestine caecum, ascending
of the superior and inferior mesenteric - right colic Drummond lymph nodes • Marginal artery and descending
arteries to the large intestine • Inferior mesenteric of Drummond colon
vessels • Large intestine and • Positions of appendix
• Branches of inferior it’s various parts • Blood supply,
mesenteric artery • Cardinal features of nerve supply and
- left colic the large intestine lymphatic drainage
- sigmoid • Appendix and it’s position of the large
• Transverse mesocolon intestine
• Identify the parts of the large intestine • Parts of large intestine • Position of appendix and mesoappendix
in situ and note its cardinal features • Cardinal features – • Ileocaecal junction
taeniae coli, and valve
haustrations, appendices
• Mesoappendix with
epiploicae APPLIED ASPECTS
appendicular vessels
• Identify the transverse mesocolon and • Transverse mesocolon • Barium enema
the mesoappendix and their contents with middle colic vessels • Colonoscopy
• Ileocaecal valve • Colitis
• Ileocaecal and • Appendicitis
• Open the lateral wall of the caecum and appendicular orifices • Frenula of valve • Appendicectomy/ Appendectomy
observe • Carcinoma of the colon
• Posterior relations of
• Colectomy
caecum, ascending and
descending colon • Intussusception
• Divide the colon at the junction of the • Volvulus
descending colon and sigmoid colon
between two ligatures • Crescentic folds
• Remove this part of the large intestine
wash it
• Cut open a small portion and examine
it’s interior
30
5a) THE DUODENUM, PANCREAS AND PORTAL VEIN (C305-310, C349-355, C330-334)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Expose the anterior surface of the • Pancreas – situation, • Pancreas – parts, surfaces, • Relations of
pancreas parts (head with borders, important relations duodenum and
uncinate process, neck, • Duodenum – parts, pancreas
body and tail), surfaces, important relations • Blood supply of
borders, important • Main pancreatic duct duodenum and
relations • Major duodenal papilla pancreas related to
• Common bile duct development
• Duodenum – situation, • Duodenal fossae • Splenic vessels • Drainage of
• Trace the duodenum from the pylorus parts (1st to 4th), • Formation of portal vein pancreatic and
to the duodenojejunal flexure important relations • Origin of superior common bile duct
mesenteric artery into duodenum
• Superior and • Formation of portal vein
• Identify and trace the superior and inferior • Portal system of
inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries pancreaticoduoden circulation
al arteries • Porto-caval
• Splenic vessels anastomosis
• Lift the tail of the pancreas and carefully • Inferior
dissect the body of pancreas from the • Formation of portal mesenteric vein
posterior abdominal wall to identify: vein APPLIED ANATOMY
• Origin of superior • Duodenal ulcer
mesenteric artery • Duodenal cap in barium meal study
• Acute and chronic pancreatitis
• Divide the bile duct near the superior • Common bile duct • Accessory • Carcinoma of pancreas
part of duodenum and remove • Main pancreatic duct pancreatic duct (of • Obstructive jaundice produced by blockage at major
duodenum and pancreas as one piece (of Wirsung) Santorini) duodenal papilla due to various causes
• Carefully remove the pancreatic tissue • ERCP - Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-
piecemeal from it’s posterior surface pancreatography
to expose the main pancreatic duct • Portal hypertension and it’s results
and note its tributaries • Porto-caval shunts
• Expose the accessory duct in head
of the pancreas
• Follow both ducts to the duodenum • Major duodenal papilla
• Cut open the duodenum along its • Minor

right wall vertically and wash it to duodenal
identify: papilla
31
5b) HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM (C355-364, C336-343)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Identify the liver and gall bladder • Gall bladder – parts • Important relations of the • Liver – anatomical • Lines of peritoneal
• Carefully dissect the gall bladder from (fundus, body and gall bladder position, lobes, reflections of the
the liver and trace the cystic duct till neck) surfaces, borders, liver
it’s junction with the common hepatic • Fossa for the gall fissures, ligaments, • Peritoneal recesses
duct bladder bare area, relations of of liver
• Cystic duct visceral surface • Bare area of liver
• Gall bladder – parts • Relations of
• Calot’s triangle and fossa visceral surface of
• Identify Calot’s triangle and identify • Cystic artery • Cystic duct the liver
and trace the cystic artery • Various other • Blood supply and
• Common hepatic duct • Right and left branches of components of vascular segments of
• Clearly delineate the structures at the • Hepatic artery proper the hepatic duct, hepatic extrahepatic biliary the liver
porta hepatis • Portal vein artery proper and portal apparatus • Lymphatic drainage
vein • Structures seen at of liver
porta hepatis
• Liver • Liver • Liver
• Pull the liver down and cut layers - anatomical position - other surfaces (superior, - tuber omentale APPLIED ASPECTS
of left triangular and coronary - anatomical lobes (right, anterior, posterior, right - caudate and
ligaments lateral) papillary processes • Hepatomegaly and palpation of liver
left, caudate and
• Cut the structures at the porta hepatis quadrate) - other borders (postero- • Hepatitis
• Identify and feel the inferior vana - physiological lobes inferior and postero- • Cirrhosis
cava and cut it above and below the (right and left) superior) • Liver biopsy
liver - surfaces - relations of other • Surgical importance of vascular segments of the liver
• Remove the liver along with this (diaphragmatic and surfaces • Metastasis to liver
segment of the inferior vena cava and visceral) • Hepatorenal pouch of Morrison
identify the following: - borders (inferior) • Cholecystitis
- fissures (for • Cholecystogram
ligamentum teres and • Gall stones and biliary colic
venosum) • Calot's triangle and it’s importance in cholecystectomy
- relations of visceral
surface
- ligaments (teres,
coronary and
triangular)
- bare area
32
6a) KIDNEYS AND SUPRARENAL GLAND (C365-381; C382-387)
WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE SUMMARY

STUDENTS
DISSECTION STEPS
MUST IDENTIFY SHOULD IDENTIFY COULD IDENTIFY AND IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
AND KNOW AND KNOW KNOW
• Remove fat and fascia from the anterior • Coverings of kidney • Coverings of kidneys • Coverings of kidneys
surface of the kidneys and suprarenal - fibrous capsule • Renal vessels • Important relations
glands - perinephric fat • Ureters – course, relations of kidneys
- renal fascia and sites of constrictions • Important relations
- paranephric fat • Suprarenal glands – of ureter and sites of
location, shape and constriction
• Renal vessels • Branches of important relations • Important relations
• Clean and trace the renal vessels on renal arteries • Kidneys – important of suprarenal glands
either side • Tributaries of features • Blood supply of
• Ureter renal veins • Important features of suprarenal
• Clean and trace the ureters - course coronal section of kidneys glands
- relations • Correlation between
- sites of constrictions coronal section of
kidneys
• Suprarenal glands and histology
• Separate the suprarenal glands from the - location • Suprarenal glands • Suprarenal glands
renal fascia and note their relations - shape - suprarenal arteries and - surfaces APPLIED ASPECTS
- important relations vein - borders • Pyelography
• Renal and ureteric calculi
• Kidneys • Renal and ureteric colic
• Mobilize both the kidneys, turn them - location • Kidneys • Kidneys
• Posterior surgical approach to kidney
medially, and remove the fascia over - anatomical position - renal angle - Morris parallelogram
• Vascular segments of kidney
their posterior relations and side - Brodel’s line
determination • Renal transplantation
• On one side cut the ureter at the lower pole • Tumours of adrenal gland – eg. phaeochromocytoma
of the kidney and renal vessels 2cm from the - borders – medial
hilum and remove the kidney and lateral
- hilum - renal sinus and
- surfaces – anterior it’s contents
and posterior and
• their relations
• Cut the removed kidney along its lateral -cortex - medullary rays
- medulla - renal columns and convoluted
border into two equal halves (anterior and
- major and and cortical part in cortical
posterior) and study the cut section with
the help of a diagram minor calyces arches in cortex arches
- pelvis of ureter - pyramids in medulla - lobe and lobule
of kidney
33
6b) POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL (C395-408)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Expose the abdominal aorta and its branches • Abdominal.aorta and its • Important relations • Pre and para-aortic • Abdominal aorta and it’s • Developmental significance
• Find and trace the other structures passing branches of abdominal aorta groups of lymph nodes branches of branches of abdominal
through aortic opening in diaphragm • Azygos vein • Inferior vena cava and it’s aorta
• Cisterna chyli and tributaries • Arrangement of fascia on
continuation upwards • Sympathetic trunk the posterior abdominal
as thoracic duct • Muscles – quadratus wall
lumborum, psoas major, • Lymphatic drainage of
• Expose the inferior vena cava and it’s • Inferior vena cava and • Important relations iliacus abdomen
tributaties it’s tributaries of inferior vena cava • Branches of lumbar plexus • Course of important
branches of lumbar plexus
• Expose and trace the sympathetic trunks on • Sympathetic trunks
either side of the aorta
APPLIED ASPECTS
• Remove the fascia covering the muscles of • Psoas major • Psoas fascia • Psoas minor
the posterior abdominal wall to identify: • Quadratus lumborum • Fascia iliaca • Medial arcuate • Aneurysm of aorta
• Iliacus • Anterior layer of ligament • Inferior vena caval obstruction
thoracolumbar fascia • Lateral arcuate • Tuberculosis of the spine
• Subcostal nerve ligament • Psoas abscess
• Triangle of Marcille • Meralgia paraesthetica
• Branches of iliolumbar
artery
• Identify the following branches of the lumbar • Iliohypogastric • Genitofemoral
plexus • Ilioiniguinal • Lateral cutaneous
• Femoral nerve of the thigh
• Obturator
• Lumbosacral trunk
34
6c) RESPIRATORY DIAPHRAGM (C388-394)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Strip the parietal peritoneum from the • Parts • Respiratory diaphragm and • Origins of diaphragm
undersurface of diaphragm - right and left domes its various components • Actions of diaphragm
• Identify its various parts - central tendon • Origins of the diaphragm • Developmental anatomy
• Major openings in of diaphragm
• Clean and define the origins of the diaphragm • Origin • Median arcuate diaphragm and structures • Nerve supply of
- sternal ligament passing through them diaphragm
- costal • Phrenic nerves
- lumbar – crura, medial
and lateral arcuate
ligaments APPLIED ASPECTS
• Clean and define major openings in • IVC opening (in • Other structures • Diaphragmatic herniae
diaphragm with structures passing through central tendon) passing through major • Paralysis of diaphragm: injury to phrenic nerve
them • Oesophageal opening openings
(in right crus)
• Aortic opening (behind
median arcuate
ligament)
• Explore various other minor openings and • Openings for: • Openings for:
structures passing through them - superior epigastric - musculophrenic
vessels vessels
- subcostal vessels and - lower five intercostals
nerves nerves
- sympathetic trunk - hemiazygos vein
- splanchnic nerves
• Trace the major branches from the phrenic • Phrenic nerves
nerves to diaphragm
35
PELVIS
35
1a) SAGITTAL SECTION OF THE MALE PELVIS (C434-438, C465-473, C475-487)
DISSECTION STEPS
KNOW AND KNOW KNOW
• On a sagittal section of the male pelvis, identify the • Urinary bladder • Urinary bladder • Urinary bladder • Urinary bladder – gross • Changes in the shape of the
following: - location - borders - interureteric ridge features urinary bladder with
- shape - uvula vesicae • Prostate gland distention
- parts - space of Retzius - gross features • Trigone of the urinary
- surfaces • Seminal vesicle bladder
- trigone • Ejaculatory duct • Nerve supply of the urinary
- ureteric and urethral • Parts of male urethra bladder
openings • Rectum - gross features • Course of male urethra
- rectovesical pouch • Lobes of the prostate
Anal canal - gross features
- important relations • Prostatic venous plexus
• Pelvic part of the ureters
• Prostate gland • Prostate gland • Importance of pectinate line
• Vas deferens
- location - prostatic utricle
- coverings
- parts APPLIED ASPECTS
- surfaces
- prostatic urethra • Pyelography
- lobes • Cystoscopy
• Seminal vesicle • Bladder catheterization
• Ejaculatory duct • Cystitis
• Parts of male urethra • Bladder calculi
• Rectum • Rectum • Disorders of nerve supply to urinary bladder
- location - anorectal junction and • Benign hypertrophy of prostate
- extent angle • Carcinoma of the prostate and its spread
- curvatures • Prostatectomy
- Houston's valves • Stricture of the urethra
- important relations • Rupture of the urethra
• Anal canal • Anal canal • Anal canal • Carcinoma of the rectum
- interior - white line of Hilton - intersphincteric groove • Haemorrhoids
- pectinate line • Anal fissures
- anal columns • Perianal abscesses
- anal valves • Anal fistulae
- anal sinuses
- anal sphincters
• Trace the ureter to its entry into the urinary bladder • Pelvic part of the ureter
• Trace the vas deferens from the deep inguinal ring • Vas deferens
to its termination in the ejaculatory duct
36
1b) SAGITTAL SECTION OF THE FEMALE PELVIS (C419-420, C445-474)
DISSECTION STEPS
KNOW AND KNOW KNOW
• Identify the female external genitalia • Mons pubis • Hymen • Prepuce of clitoris • Female external genitalia • Normal position of
• Clitoris • Frenulum of clitoris • Urinary bladder - gross anteversion and anteflexion
• Labia majora • Fourchette features of the uterus
• Labia minora • Female urethra • Supports of the uterus
• Vestibule with • Uterus - gross features • Rectouterine pouch and its
- vaginal orifice • Vagina with fornices importance
- urethral orifice • Pelvic part of ureter • Blood supply of the uterus
• Broad ligament and its parts • Parts of the broad ligament
• On a sagittal section of the female pelvis, identify • Urinary bladder • Uterine tube
the following - same as in male, except • Ovary and ovarian artery
presence of uterovesical • Ligament of ovary
pouch, absence of uvula • Uterine artery
vesicae and different • Round ligament of the uterus
relations
• Female urethra APPLIED ASPECTS
• Rectum and anal canal -
same as in male except • Hysterosalpingogram
relations • Changes in the uterus in pregnancy
• Uterus • Caesarean section
- location • Prolapse of the uterus
- parts • Tumours of the uterus
- axes • Hysterectomy
- surfaces
• Tubal pregnancy
- uterine cavity
- uterovesical pouch • Tubectomy
- rectouterine pouch • Tumours of the ovary
- important relations • Vaginal examination
• Vagina with fornices • Culdocentesis
• Importance of pouch of Douglas
• Pelvic part of the ureter • Laparoscopy
• Trace the ureter to its entry into the urinary bladder
• Broad ligament and its • Ligament of the ovary

• Carefully remove the anterior layer of the broad • Remnants of
parts
ligament to identify • Round ligament of the mesonephric tubules and
• Uterine tube uterus duct
• Ovary • Ovarian artery
• Uterine artery • Ovarian fossa
37
2) WALLS OF THE PELVIS (C488-500)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Review the skeleton of the pelvis • Vessels - internal iliac • Formation and functions
vessels and branches of of the pelvic diaphragm
• Pull the pelvic viscera away from the pelvic • Internal iliac artery and the artery, superior rectal • Autonomic nerve supply
walls and trace the internal iliac artery and its vein artery to the pelvic viscera
branches • Branches of anterior • Branches of anterior • Nerves - lumbosacral
• Trace the median sacral artery from origin to division division trunk, anterior rami of the
termination - superior and inferior - obturator sacral nerves, obturator
• Follow the superior rectal artery to its vesical - middle rectal • Median sacral artery nerve, sympathetic trunk
termination - uterine and vaginal • Muscles - piriformis,
- internal pudendal obturator internus, levator
- inferior gluteal ani
• Branches of posterior • Branches of posterior
division division APPLIED ASPECTS
- superior gluteal - iliolumbar
• Superior rectal artery - lateral sacral • Hiatus of Schwalbe
• Prolapse of pelvic viscera
• Expose the lumbosacral trunk and the anterior • Lumbosacral trunk (L4 • Superior hypogastric • Anterior rami of S4,
rami of the sacral nerves passing to the and L5) plexus S5 and Co forming
piriformis • Anterior rami of S1, • Inferior hypogastric coccygeal plexus
• Trace the obturator nerve along the lateral S2, S3 and S4 forming plexus
wall of the pelvis lumbosacral plexus • Pelvic splanchnic
• Find and trace the sympathetic trunk • Obturator nerve nerves
• Sympathetic trunk • Ganglion impar
• Remove the pelvic fascia over the muscles of • Piriformis • Coccygeus • Anococcygeal
the pelvis to uncover them • Obturator internus • Arcus tendinous ligament
• Levator ani
38
3) THE PERINEUM (Prosection only) (C409-427)
DISSECTION STEPS
MUST IDENTIFY AND KNOW IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
• Place the cadaver in the lithotomy position • Perineal body - location • Subdivisions of perineum
• Make a transverse incision between the • Colles fascia • Arrangement of fascia in the
ischial tuberosities, immediately anterior to • Fat in ischiorectal fossa urogenital triangle
the anus • Boundaries and contents • Structures piercing the
• Make a median incision from the coccyx to of the superficial perineal perineal membrane
the scrotum encircling the anus. In females pouch • Importance of perineal body
also encircle the pudendal cleft • Perineal body - location • Boundaries and contents • Formation and contents of
of ischiorectal fossa pudendal canal
• Reflect the skin flaps to expose: • Colles fascia • Pudendal canal and it’s • Course and branches of
• Fat in ischiorectal fossa contents pudendal nerve and internal
• Perineal membrane pudendal artery
• Reflect Colles fascia to expose the contents of • Boundaries and contents of the superficial perineal pouch • Boundaries and contents
the superficial perineal pouch of deep perineal pouch
• Expose the lower border of the gluteus • Boundaries and contents of ischiorectal fossa
maximus and clean the fat in the ischiorectal • Pudendal canal and it’s contents APPLIED ASPECTS
fossa to expose its boundaries and contents
• Ischiorectal abscess
• On one side remove the contents of the • Perineal membrane • Hiatus of Schwalbe and ischiorectal hernia
superficial perineal pouch to expose the • Episiotomy
perineal membrane • Pudendal nerve block
• Extravasation of urine in urethral rupture
• Cut through the perineal membrane to expose • Boundaries and contents of deep perineal pouch
the contents of the deep perineal pouch
39
LOWER LIMB
40
1) FRONT OF THIGH – I (C45-59)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Read the surface anatomy of • Inguinal ligament • Attachments of inguinal

the lower limb • Great saphenous vein ligament
• Saphenous opening • Attachments of fascia lata
• Make the required incisions • Inguinal ligament
• Superficial and deep inguinal • Compartments of the thigh
• Great saphenous vein and • Medial, intermediate and
only on the front of the group of lymph nodes • Arrangement of inguinal
its tributaries lateral cutaneous nerves
thigh as on page 45, ref fig • Femoral sheath lymph nodes
• Superficial inguinal of the thigh
3.1 • Femoral vessels • Formation of femoral sheath
lymph nodes • Superficial branches of
• Reflect the skin flaps and • Femoral nerve • Boundaries and contents of
femoral artery
identify: • Boundaries and contents of femoral canal
• Fascia lata • Iliotibial tract femoral triangle including • Boundaries and contents of
floor femoral triangle
• Reflect the superficial fascia • Saphenous opening
• Profunda femoris vessels • Course and relations of
and fat and identify:
femoral vessels
• Femoral sheath and its • Course and relations of
contents profunda femoris vessels
• Expose the femoral sheath
and cut its anterior layer to • Femoral nerve
identify: APPLIED ASPECTS
• Sartorius
• Femoral hernia
• Clean the remaining fascia • Adductor longus
• Varicose veins
and fat over the upper third
• Palpation of femoral artery
of the thigh to define
• Femoral vein puncture
boundaries of the femoral
triangle. • Meralgia paraesthetica
• Femoral nerve and its two • Branches from femoral • Femoral branch of • Stab injuries
divisions nerve genito-femoral nerve
• Clean the contents of the • Saphenous vein as bypass graft
• Femoral vessels • Medial and lateral • Nerve to pectineus
triangle and identify: circumflex femoral
• Profunda femoris vessels
vessels
• Deep inguinal nodes
• Iliacus
• Clean the muscular floor and • Psoas major
identify: • Pectineus
41
2) FRONT OF THIGH II AND ADDUCTOR COMPARTMENT (C59-73)
DISSECTION STEPS
KNOW AND KNOW KNOW
• Clean the fat and fascia in • Boundaries and contents of • Boundaries of adductor canal
middle third of the thigh. adductor canal • Attachments and actions of
• Lift and turn the sartorius • Femoral artery • Subsartorial plexus of • Posterior division of • Components of the quadriceps the quadriceps femoris
laterally to expose the • Femoral vein nerves obturator nerve femoris • Attachments and actions of
boundaries and contents of • Saphenous nerve • Adductor group of muscles the adductor group of
the adductor canal • Nerve to vastus medialis • Divisions of obturator nerve muscles
• Relation of divisions of
• Clean and define muscles • Rectus femoris • Nerves to quadriceps obturator nerve to adductor
of the front of the thigh • Vastus medialis femoris brevis
• Vastus intermedius
• Vastis lateralis
• Sartorius APPLIED ASPECTS
• Hunter’s canal
• Clean the medial side of • Adductor longus • Referred pain from hip to knee
the thigh by removing fat • Abnormal obturator artery
• Gracilis
and fascia and identify: • Spastic paraplegia
• Pectineus
• Paralysis of quadriceps in conditions like poliomyelitis
• Cut adductor longus about
• Adductor brevis • Muscular branches of
2-3 cm from its origin and
• Anterior division of obturator nerve
turn it downwards to
obturator nerve
identify:
• Detach pectineus from its • Obturator externus

origin and turn it laterally
to identify:
• Detach adductor brevis

• Adductor magnus
close to its origin and turn
• Posterior division of
it laterally to identify:
obturator nerve
• Remove obturator externus
from its origin to identify: • Obturator artery
42
3) GLUTEAL REGION (C74-86)
DISSECTION STEPS
MUST IDENTIFY AND KNOW SHOULD IDENTIFY COULD IDENTIFY IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
AND KNOW AND KNOW
• Study the surface anatomy of • Gluteus maximus • Attachments and actions of

the region • Structures under the cover of the muscles of the gluteal
• Place the cadaver in the prone gluteus maximus region
position and make the required • Relationship of piriformis to
incisions as on page 75, ref fig other structures under the
5.2 • Posterior cutaneous • Cutaneous nerves in cover of gluteus maximus
• Reflect the skin flap laterally nerve of thigh gluteal region • Relations of sciatic nerve in
to identify: this region
• Gluteus maximus • Cruciate and trochanteric
• Remove the fat and fascia to • Tensor fasciae latae anastomoses
identify:
• Cut the gluteus maximus from • Muscles - gluteus medius, APPLIED ASPECTS
its lower border about 2-3cms piriformis, superior and inferior • Intramuscular injection in gluteal region
medial to its insertion on gemelli, obturator internus, • Trendelenberg’s sign and test
femur. quadratus femoris, adductor magnus • Damage to sciatic nerve in posterior dislocation of hip joint
• Reflect the two parts medially • Nerves - superior and inferior
and laterally and identify the gluteal, sciatic, posterior cutaneous • Nerve to quadratus
structures deep to it. nerve of thigh femoris
• Vessels - superior and inferior
gluteal
• Detach the gluteus maximus • Sacrotuberous ligament

from the sacrotuberous • Sacrospinous ligament
ligament and identify: • Pudendal nerve
• Nerve to obturator
• Internal pudendal vessels
internus
• Cut across gluteus medius
about 5cm. above the greater • Gluteus minimus
trochanter and reflect it to • Superior gluteal vessels and nerve
identify:
43
4a) BACK OF THIGH (C96-104)
DISSECTION STEPS
KNOW AND KNOW KNOW
• Place the cadaver in the prone • Muscles of back of the thigh • Attachment and actions the
position and make the required • Sciatic nerve and it’s branches hamstring muscles
incisions (ref fig 5.2, page 75) • Profunda femoris and it’s • Course, distribution, and
branches branches of sciatic nerve
• Reflect skin flaps and identify: • Posterior cutaneous • Course and distribution of
nerve of thigh the profunda femoris artery
• Divide deep fascia vertically • Semimembranosus
• Remove the fascia from the • Semitendinosus
hamstring muscles, separate • Biceps femoris (both APPLIED ASPECTS
them and define their heads) • Sciatica
attachments • Adductor magnus (ischial • Hamstring muscle tears
head)
• Identify the sciatic nerve and • Sciatic nerve • Muscular branches from
its branches sciatic nerve to
hamstrings
• Detach hamstrings from • Adductor hiatus

ischial tuberosity and turn • Emergence of popliteal • Perforating branches
aside to expose the insertion vessels from profunda femoris,
and posterior surface of the passing through adductor
adductor magnus and identify: magnus
44
4b) POPLITEAL FOSSA (C87-95)
DISSECTION STEPS
KNOW AND KNOW KNOW
• Reflect the superficial fascia • Small saphenous vein • Posterior cutaneous nerve • Sural communicating • Boundaries and contents of the • Boundaries of popliteal
over the popliteal fossa to of the thigh nerve popliteal fossa fossa
identify: • Sural nerve • Small saphenous vein • Relationship of popliteal
• Lateral cutaneous nerve artery, vein and tibial
of calf nerve in upper, middle
and lower third of the
• Remove the deep fascia over • Semimembranosus fossa
the muscles forming the • Semitendinosus • Area drained by popliteal
boundaries of the popliteal • Biceps femoris lymph nodes
fossa to identify: • Gastrocnemius
(medial and lateral heads) APPLIED ASPECTS
• Palpation of popliteal artery
• Clean the contents and • Popliteal artery • Genicular branches of the • Popliteal group of lymph • Swellings in popliteal fossa
identify: • Popliteal vein popliteal artery nodes
• Tibial nerve • Muscular and articular • Popliteus muscle (just
• Common peroneal nerve branches of the tibial identify)
nerve
• Articular branches of the
common peroneal nerve
45
4c) HIP JOINT (C162-167)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Cut the femoral vessels • Capsule of hip joint • Hip joint and its:
inferior to the inguinal • Iliofemoral ligament - Classification
ligament • Acetabular labrum - Relations
• Ligament of head of femur - Capsule and ligaments
• Detach sartorius and rectus - Movements and the muscles
femoris about 5 cm. from causing them
their origin and turn them - Blood and nerve supply
downwards.
• Cut the ilio-psoas near its APPLIED ASPECTS

insertion. Turn it upwards. • Fracture neck of femur
• Trendelenberg sign
• Cut the capsule and expose • Fibrous capsule • Pubo-femoral ligament • Ischio-femoral ligament • Referred pain
femoral head • Expose and identify the • Dislocation
iliofemoral ligament
• Acetabular labrum
• Transverse acetabular
ligament
• Ligament of head of
femur
46
5) FRONT, MEDIAL AND LATERAL SIDES OF THE LEG AND DORSUM OF THE FOOT (C105-122)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Study the surface anatomy of the • Great saphenous vein • Dorsal venous arch • Branches from dorsalis • Muscles of anterior compartment • Attachments of intermuscular
region • Saphenous nerve pedis artery • Muscles of the lateral septa
• Place the cadaver in the supine • Insertion of sartorius, gracilis • Deep peroneal nerve compartment and their actions • Attachments and actions of
position and make the required and semitendinosus • Muscles of the dorsum of the foot muscles of anterior and lateral
incisions( ref fig 3.1, page 45) • Extensor retinacula • Insertions of sartorius, gracilis and compartment
• Reflect the skin flaps from leg and • Peroneal retinacula semitendinosus • Attachments of sartorius, gracilis
the dorsum of foot to identify: • Superficial peroneal nerve • Great saphenous vein and semitendinosus
• Saphenous nerve • Order of structures passing deep to
• Muscles of anterior • Extensor retinacula and structures the extensor retinacula
• Remove deep fascia and identify: compartment deep to them • Course of anterior tibial artery and
• Clean the structures passing deep to - Tibialis anterior • Superficial peroneal nerve dorsalis pedis artery
the extensor retinacula - Extensor hallucis • Deep peroneal nerve • Course of the superficial and deep
longus • Anterior tibial artery peroneal nerves
- Extensor digitorum • Dorsalis pedis artery • Nerve supply of dorsum of foot
longus
- Peroneus tertius
• Perforating branch of
• Anterior tibial vessels APPLIED ASPECTS
peroneal artery
• Deep peroneal nerve
• Varicose veins
• Long extensor tendons • Extensor expansion • Venesection
• Clean and trace the deeper structures
• Extensor digitorum brevis • Foot drop
on the dorsum and identify:
• Deep peroneal nerve • Shin splints
• Dorsalis pedis artery • Anterior compartment syndrome
• Divide deep fascia on the lateral • Palpation of dorsalis pedis artery
aspect of leg and identify: • Muscles of lateral
compartment
- Peroneus longus
- Peroneus brevis
• Superficial peroneal nerve
47
6) BACK OF LEG (C123-133)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Place the cadaver in the supine • Small saphenous vein • Attachments and actions of
position and make the required • Sural nerve the superficial, intermediate
incisions (ref fig 5.2, page 75) • Small saphenous vein • Sural (peroneal) • Superficial, intermediate and and deep muscles of the back
• Reflect the skin and superficial • Sural nerve communicating nerve deep muscles of the back of of leg
fascia and identify: • Flexor retinaculum leg • Course of the tibial nerve
• Tibial nerve • Course of the posterior tibial
• Reflect the deep fascia and • Both heads of • Posterior tibial artery and peroneal arteries
identify: gastrocnemius • Peroneal artery • Order of structures passing
• Soleus • Structures deep to flexor deep to the flexor retinaculum
• Plantaris retinaculum
• Cut both heads of the • Popliteus

gastrocnemius close to their • Flexor hallucis longus
origin and reflect them down • Flexor digitorum longus APPLIED ASPECTS
• Detach soleus from the tibia • Division of popliteal • Palpation of posterior tibial artery
and turn it laterally • Peroneal artery
artery into anterior and • Achilles tendonitis
• Divide longitudinally the inter- posterior tibial arteries • Achilles tendon rupture
muscular septum and identify: • Tibial nerve • Deep vein thrombosis
• Tarsal tunnel syndrome
• Separate the long flexor • Tibialis posterior • Pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles in muscular dystrophy
muscles and identify:
• Identify the structures passing

deep to the flexor retinaculum
48
7) SOLE OF FOOT (Prosection only) (C135-147)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Make the required incisions • Plantar aponeurosis • Arrangement of various

• Reflect the skin and superficial • Muscles and tendons of all the layers of the sole
fascia and identify: • Plantar aponeurosis • Plantar digital nerves • Medial calcaneal nerves layers of the sole • Relationship of the vessels
and vessels and vessels • Medial and lateral plantar and nerves to the various
vessels and nerves layers of the sole
• Cut the plantar aponeurosis close • Abductor hallucis • Plantar arch and deep branch • Various factors involved in
to the heel and reflect it forward • Flexor digitorum brevis of lateral plantar nerve maintenance of the arches of
to identify the 1st layer of • Abductor digiti minimi the foot
muscles
• Cut across the muscles of the • Tendon of flexor hallucis APPLIED ASPECTS
first layer near their proximal longus • Muscular branches to • Pes cavus
attachments and reflect them • Tendon of flexor muscles from medial • Pes planus
distally to identify 2nd layer of digitorum longus and lateral plantar • March fracture
muscles • Flexor digitorum nerves • Congenital talipes equino varus (CTEV)
accessorius • Morton's metatarsalgia
• Four lumbricals • Plantar fascitis
• Trunks of medial and
lateral plantar vessels and
nerves
• Cut across tendons of flexor • Flexor hallucis brevis
hallucis longus and flexor • Adductor hallucis
digitorum longus through the • Flexor digiti minimi brevis
middle and reflect them to
identify the muscles of the 3rd
layer
• Tendons of peroneus • Plantar arch • Long and short plantar
• Detach the muscles of the 3rd
longus and tibialis • Deep branch of lateral ligaments
layer from their proximal
posterior plantar nerve
attachment and identify the
• Plantar interossei
structures of the 4th layer
49
HEAD AND NECK
50
1) SCALP (C62 - 67)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Study the relevant surface marking • Layers of the scalp • Arrangement of layers
• Muscles of the scalp
• Place a wooden block under the head end and - frontalis • Attachments of the
raise the head and make the required incisions - occipitalis occipitofrontalis
as on page 63, refer fig 2.2a • Layers of the scalp • Supratrochlear vessels • Upper part of - epicranial aponeurosis muscle and the
• Carefully reflect the skin flaps and identify: • Frontal belly of and nerve orbicularis oculi • Nerves supplying the epicranial aponeurosis
occipitofrontalis • Supraorbital vessels and muscle scalp • Nerve supply and
• Occipital belly of nerve • Temporal branches of • Vessels of the scalp blood supply of the
. occipitofrontalis • Auriculotemporal nerve facial nerve scalp
• Epicranial aponeurosis • Great auricular nerve • Posterior auricular • Lymphatic drainage of
• Greater occipital nerve • Lesser occipital nerve vessels and nerve the scalp
• Superficial temporal • 3rd occipital nerve • Drainage of emissary
vessels and diploic veins
APPLIED ASPECTS
• Sebaceous cysts
• Profuse bleeding and gaping of scalp wounds
• Dangerous layer of scalp
• Black eye
• Caput succedaneum
• Cephalhaematoma
51
2) SUPERFICIAL DISSECTION OF FACE (C67-75)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Identify the important surface landmarks on the • Orbicularis oculi • Zygomaticus major • Procerus • Muscles of facial • Attachments of orbicularis
face • Platysma and minor • Corrugator supercilli expression oculi, orbicularis oris and
• Make the required incisions as on page 63, refer • Orbicularis oris • Levator labii • Nasalis • Facial artery buccinator
fig 2.2a • Buccinator superioris • Depressor septi • Facial vein • Actions of facial muscles
• Reflect the skin flaps and expose the major facial • Levator anguli oris • Mentalis • Branches of facial • Modiolus
muscles taking care not to cut through them • Depressor anguli oris nerve in the face • Course and surface
• Depressor labii • Parotid duct marking of facial artery
inferioris and vein
• Risorius • Course of branches of
• Levator labii facial nerve in the face
superioris alaeque • Embryological basis of
nasi cutaneous innervation of
face
• Branches of facial • Lymphatic drainage of
• Identify the branches of the facial nerve to the nerve in the face face
muscles of the face and the parotid duct and - temporal
trace them proximally till they emerge from the - zygomatic
parotid gland - buccal APPLIED ASPECTS
- marginal mandibular
- cervical • Palpation of facial artery
• Parotid duct • Clinical testing of facial muscles and facial nerve
• Bell’s palsy
• Medial palpebral • Wounds on the face
• Pull eyeball laterally and identify: ligament and orbital • Dangerous area of face
part of orbicularis oculi
• Detach risorius and reflect it along with • Facial artery

platysma towards the corner of the mouth • Facial vein
• Expose facial artery and vein in relation to the
antero-inferior angle of the masseter and note
their course and relations
52
3) POSTERIOR TRIANGLE OF NECK (C93-98)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Identify the important surface landmarks on the • Boundaries and • Arrangement of deep
neck subdivisions of posterior cervical fascia especially
• Make the required incisions as on page 85, refer triangle investing layer
fig 3.1a • Structures in the roof • Prevertebral fascia
• External jugular vein • Platysma • Contents • Subdivisions and
• Reflect the skin flaps and in the superficial • Muscles forming the arrangement of structures
• Supraclavicular nerves
fascia covering the roof identify: floor in the posterior triangle
• Brachial plexus -trunks
• Investing layer of deep entering posterior triangle
• Cut through roof formed by the investing layer • Formation of axillary
of deep cervical fascia and identify: cervical fascia
• Sternocleidomastoid sheath
• Define the occipital and supraclavicular
triangles • Trapezius
• Inferior belly of APPLIED ASPECTS
omohyoid
• Spasmodic torticollis
• Spinal part of • 3rd and 4th cervical • Occipital artery near
• Injury to accessory nerve during surgery in posterior
• Identify the contents of the occipital triangle accessory nerve nerves the apex of the triangle
triangle
• Four cutaneous nerves • Dorsal scapular nerve • Virchow’s nodes
of the cervical plexus • Superficial cervical • Air embolism in external jugular vein
artery • Brachial plexus injuries involving roots, trunks and their
branches
• Trunks of brachial • Branches from brachial • Supraclavicular lymph • Cervical rib
• Identify the contents of the supraclavicular plexus plexus nodes • Subclavian steal syndrome
triangle • Subclavian artery • Branches from
• Entry of external subclavian artery
jugular vein into
subclavian vein
• Splenius capitis • Semispinalis capitis

• Clean and define the muscles forming the floor • Levator scapulae • Scalenus posterior
of the posterior triangle
• Scalenus medius
53
4) BACK AND SUBOCCIPITAL TRIANGLE (Prosection only) (C196-205)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Identify the important surface landmarks on • Muscles of back • Arrangement of muscles

the back of the neck • 1st layer of back muscles • Greater occipital nerve • Occipital branch of - Superficial layer of the back
• Make the required incisions on the neck as on - Trapezius • Occipital artery posterior auricular - Intermediate layer • Actions of these muscles
page 197, refer fig 10.1 - Latissimus dorsi nerve - Deep layers • Nerve supply of muscles
• Reflect the skin flaps to identify: (inferiorly) • 3rd occipital nerve • Greater occipital nerve of back
• Occipital artery • Dorsal rami of spinal
• 2nd layer of back • 2nd layer of back • Branches from 3rd and • Boundaries of suboccipital nerves
• Separate trapezius from superior nuchal line muscles muscles 4th cervical nerves triangle • Boundaries of
and divide it vertically about 1cm away - Levator scapulae - Serratus posterior • Superficial and deep • Contents of suboccipital suboccipital triangle
from vertebral spines and reflect it laterally - Rhomboids superior branches of the triangle • Course of 3rd part of
to identify: - Splenius capitis - Splenius cervicis transverse cervical - vertebral artery (3rd part) vertebral artery
• Spinal part of accessory • Dorsal scapular nerve artery - dorsal ramus of C1 • Relationship between
nerve posterior arch of atlas,
dorsal ramus of C1 and
• Deeper layers of muscles 3rd part of vertebral
• Reflect serratus posterior superior and - Semispinalis capitis artery
define the attachment of splenius, separate it - Longissimus capitis
from the vertebral spines and turn it muscle
superlaterally to identify: APPLIED ASPECTS
• Suboccipital muscles • Greater occipital nerve • Suboccipital venous
• Detach the longissimus capitis and the - Rectus capitis posterior • Occipital artery plexus • Importance of back muscles in maintaining posture
semispinalis capitis from the skull and major and minor • Dorsal ramus of C1 • Deep cervical artery • Clinical considerations of suboccipital venous plexus
reflect them - Obliquus capitis superior (suboccipital nerve) • Cisternal puncture
• Clean the muscles forming the boundaries and inferior
of the suboccipital triangle and identify its • Vertebral artery (3rd
contents part)
54
5) ANTERIOR TRIANGLE OF NECK (C99-113)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Identify the important landmarks on the • Boundaries and • Boundaries and

front of the neck subdivisions of anterior subdivisions of anterior
• Make the required incisions on the neck as on • Platysma • Anterior jugular vein • Cervical branch of triangle triangle
page 85, refer fig 3.1a and jugular venous facial nerve • Muscles • Midline structures in the
• Reflect the skin flaps to identify: arch • Transverse cervical - Suprahyoid neck
cutaneous nerve - Infrahyoid • Formation, and
• Anterior belly of • Midline structures of the arrangement of
• Reflect platysma upwards and expose the digastric muscle • Submental lymph neck structures within the
deep fascia from anterior bellies of digastrics • Mylohyoid muscle nodes • Boundaries and contents carotid sheath
and define the submental triangle and • Hyoid bone of submental, digastric, • Formation of ansa
suprahyoid muscles muscular and carotid cervicalis
• Sternocleidomastoid triangles • Arrangement and
• Clean the fascia over and clearly define the muscle drainage of deep
sternocleidomastoid muscle • Infrahyoid muscles cervical lymph nodes
• Remove fascia below hyoid and expose the
infrahyoid muscles APPLIED ASPECTS
• Midline structures of
• Carotid pulse
• Identify the midline structures of the neck neck
• Jugular venous pressure
• Identify the boundaries of the subdivisions of
• Ludwig’s angina
the anterior triangle
• Submandibular gland • Submandibular lymph • Submental branch of • Deep cervical lymph nodes in radical neck dissection
(superficial part) nodes facial artery
• Clean and define the digastric triangle and
• Facial artery and vein • Nerve to mylohyoid • Submental artery
identify:
• Common, internal and • Branches from • Tributaries of internal

• Remove fat and fascia between posterior belly external carotid external carotid artery jugular vein
of digastric and superior belly of omohyoid to arteries in carotid triangle • Sympathetic trunk
expose carotid triangle and identify: • Internal jugular vein • Ansa cervicalis and it’s • Nerves supplying
• Vagus nerve roots infrahyoid strap
• Hypoglossal nerve • Internal and external muscles from ansa
laryngeal nerves cervicalis or it’s roots
• Deep cervical lymph
nodes
55
6) DEEPER DISSECTION OF THE FACE AND PAROTID REGION (C75-83, C114-121)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Trace the facial artery and vein superiorly • Facial artery • Inferior labial artery • Supratrochlear vein • Parotid gland and duct • Structures emerging at
towards the medial angle of eye and identify • Facial vein • Superior labial artery • Supraorbital vein • Branches of facial nerve the borders of the parotid
their various branches and tributaries • Common facial vein • Lateral nasal artery • Angular vein in the face gland
• Deep facial vein • Branches of trigeminal • Course and surface
• Expose the bucinator muscle and define its • Buccinator nerve in the face marking of facial artery
attachments • Facial artery and vein and vein
• Retromandibular vein • Attachments and actions
• Identify the sensory branches of the of the • Infraorbital nerve • Zygomaticofacial • Buccinator muscle of the buccinator muscle
trigeminal nerve nerve • Lacrimal gland and sac • Location of lacrimal
• Buccal nerve • Superficial temporal gland and lacrimal sac
• Cut through the superolateral part of the • Mental nerve vessels
palpebral fascia and expose the lacrimal gland • Lacrimal gland
• Identify the medial palpebral ligament and the
lacrimal sac posterior to it • Lacrimal sac • Medial palpebral
ligament
• Review the skeleton of the parotid region
• Define the boundaries of the parotid gland
• Cut through the fascial covering of parotid in APPLIED ASPECTS
front of auricle from zygomatic arch to angle • Parotid gland • Parotid lymph nodes
of mandible • Palpation of facial artery
• Dissect the fascia forwards to the margins of • Branches of facial nerve • Transverse facial • Bell’s palsy
gland and identify various nerves, vessels and • Superficial temporal vessels • Cavernous sinus thrombosis
the duct emerging at the margins vessels • Accessory parotid • Herpes zoster
• Auriculotemporal nerve gland • Trigeminal neuralgia
• Parotid duct • Dacrocystitis
• Retromandibular vein • Parotitis
and its anterior and • Sialography
posterior divisions • Parotid tumours and parotidectomy
• Remove part of gland piecemeal & expose the • Frey’s syndrome
structures within the gland • Trunk of facial nerve • Terminal branches of • Posterior auricular
external carotid artery artery
• Retromandibular vein
– maxillary and • Branches from trunk of
• External carotid artery
superficial temporal facial nerve
56
7) DEEP DISSECTION OF THE NECK (C153-179)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Cut sternohyoid and sternocleidomastoid • Thyroid gland and its • Relations of the thyroid
muscles near their lower ends and turn them blood vessels gland and it’s blood
upwards • Recurrent laryngeal vessels
• Cut the sternothyroid muscle near its lower nerve • Pretracheal fascia
attachment and reflect it upwards • Scalenus anterior • Lymphatic drainage of
• Remove fat and fascia from front of trachea • Remains of thymus • Phrenic nerve head and neck
• Sympathetic chain • Thoracic duct in neck
• Remove fascia from lobes of thyroid gland • Thyroid gland • Superior, middle and • Anastomosis between • 1st part of subclavian • Course, relations and
• Clean and identify blood vessels of thyroid • Superior and inferior inferior thyroid veins superior and inferior artery and it’s branches branches of 1st part of
gland and accompanying nerves thyroid artery • Parathyroid glands thyroid arteries and subclavian vein subclavian artery
• Lift the thyroid gland and look for parathyroid • External and recurrent • Thyroidea ima artery • Trachea • Location of sympathetic
glands on its posterior aspect laryngeal nerves • Oesophagus chain in the neck and
position and branches
• Lift the lower part of gland and expose lateral • Trachea from cervical ganglia
surface of trachea and oesophagus and • Oesophagus
identify the structures adjacent to them • Recurrent laryngeal
nerve between them APPLIED ASPECTS
• Scalenus anterior • Brachiocephalic veins • Middle cervical • Thyroid swellings

• Remove the fat, lymph nodes and the carotid
sheath to clearly display its contents • Phrenic nerve • Branchiocephalic trunk ganglion • Anatomical considerations during thyroid surgery
• Displace the contents of the carotid sheath to • 1st part of the subclavian on right side only • Cervicothoracic • Tracheostomy
expose the structures deep to it and identify: artery and it’s branches • Costocervical trunk ganglion • Subclavian steal syndrome
- Vertebral artery • Sympathetic chain • Internal thoracic artery • Radical neck dissection
- Thyrocervical trunk • Deep cervical lymph • Thoracic duct (on left • Scalenus anterior syndrome
• Subclavian vein nodes side) • Horner’s syndrome
• Stab injuries in neck damaging thoracic duct
57
8) THE TEMPORAL REGION (C123-140)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Review the features of norma lateralis and the • Muscles of mastication • Boundaries of
boundaries of the temporal and infratemporal • Maxillary artery and its major infratemporal fossa
fossae on the skull branches • Attachments and actions of
• Mandibular nerve and its muscles of mastication
• Clean and define the lateral surface of the • Masseter • Buccal nerve and vessles major branches • Course and distribution of
masseter muscle • Capsule and articular disc of maxillary artery
• Divide zygomatic arch anterior and posterior to TM joint • Course and distribution of
attachment of masseter and turn it down along mandibular nerve
with the muscle
• Temporal fascia • Neurovascular bundle • Distribution of chorda
• Strip masseter from surface of mandible upto tympani nerve
angle and identify: • Temporalis entering masseter
• Connections of otic
ganglion
• Separate coronoid process from mandible
• Turn coronoid process and attached temporalis • Movements of TM joint
upwards and separate muscle fibres from • Deep temporal vessels
temporal fossa to expose: and nerves
APPLIED ASPECTS
• Make a horizontal cut through the neck of
mandible and second above mandibular foramen • Middle meningeal artery and extradural haemorrhage
• Remove the piece of bone and identify: • Lateral pterygoid • Maxillary artery and its • Sphenomandibular • Clinical considerations of pterygoid venous plexus
• Medial pterygoid branches: ligament and structures • Lingual nerve block in tooth extraction
• Maxillary artery and its - Muscular branches piercing it • Dislocation of TM joint.
branches: - Posterior superior • Maxillary artery and its
- Middle meningeal alveolar branches:
- Inferior alveolar • Branches of mandibular - Anterior tympanic
• Branches of mandibular nerve: - Deep auricular
nerve: - Buccal - Accessory meningeal
- Inferior alveolar - Muscular
- Lingual
• On one side remove both heads of lateral • Mandibular nerve • Chorda tympani • Pterygoid venous plexus
pterygoid piecemeal from the infratemporal fossa • Auriculotemporal nerve • Otic ganglion • Tensor palatini
and identify:
• Capsule and articular disc • Lateral ligament of TM
• Disarticulate head of mandible and identify: of TM joint joint
58
9) SUBMANDIBULAR REGION (C142-152)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Revise the boundaries and contents of the • Submandibular gland - • Surfaces, parts, relations
digastric and submental triangles both parts and nerve supply of
• Sublingual gland submandibular gland
• Detach anterior belly of digastric from the • Mylohyoid • Submental vessels • Submandibular duct • Relations of the
mandible and observe: • Nerve to mylohyoid • Muscles - both bellies of mylohyoid
digastrics, myohyoid, • Relations of hyoglossus
• Identify the superficial part of the • Submandibular gland • Facial vein stylohyoid, hyoglossus, • Connections of
submandibular gland superficial part • Submandibular lymph geniohyoid , genioglossus, submandibular ganglion
nodes styloglossus,
stylopharyngeus, middle
• Turn this part of the gland anteriorly and • Facial artery • Stylomandibular constrictor
identify: ligament • Nerves – lingual,
• Glandular branches hypoglossal,
of facial artery glossopharyngeal
• Submandibular ganglion
• Make a midline saw cut through the mandible • Deep part of • Geniohyoid • Veins accompanying • Arteries – facial, lingual
in the median plane submandibular gland • Genioglossus hypoglossal nerve
• Make an incision along the median raphe of • Hyoglossus • Styloglossus • Sublingual artery APPLIED ASPECTS
the mylohyoid and reflect the muscles • Lingual nerve • Submandibular
laterally • Submandibular duct ganglion • Submandibular salivary calculi
• Turn the body of the mandible upwards and • Hypoglossal nerve • Sublingual gland • Sialography
identify: • Lingual artery – 3rd • Ranula
part
• On one side, detach the hyoglossus from the • Middle constrictor • Stylohyoid ligament • Deep lingual vein
hyoid and turn it upwards to identify: • Stylopharyngeus • Dorsal lingual
• Glossopharyngeal nerve arteries
• Lingual artery – 2nd part
59
10) THE CRANIAL CAVITY (C212-230)
DISSECTION STEPS MUST IDENTIFY AND KNOW SHOULD IDENTIFY AND IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
KNOW
• Support the head on a block and strip the soft tissue and • Meninges • Arrangement of meninges
periosteum from the vault of the skull • Dural folds • Position of dural venous
• Dural venous sinuses sinuses and folds
• Make a pencil mark on the skull that passes no more than one • Cranial nerves • Relation of the cranial
cm. above the orbital margins and the external occipital • Pituitary gland nerves to the cranial fossae
protuberance • Trigeminal ganglion • Location and relations of
• Remove the calvaria by sawing along this mark • Structures related to the walls pituitary gland
of the cavernous sinus • Location of trigeminal
• Make parasagittal incisions on the dura on either side of • Meninges
- Dura mater ganglion
the superior sagittal sinus
- Arachnoid mater • Location and relations of
• From the centre of these incisions, make another on either side to
- Pia mater cavernous sinus
the cut edge of the skull above the auricle
• Expose the cerebral hemispheres by turning the flaps aside
• Detach the falx cerebri from the crista galli, and pull the falx • Dural folds
posteriorly from between the hemispheres - Falx cerebri
- Tentorium cerebelli
• Lift the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres and detach the - Falx cerebelli
tentorium along it’s attached margin on either side - Diaphragma sellae APPLIED ASPECTS
• Place a block under the shoulders to allow the head to fall back
• Dural venous sinuses • Dural venous sinuses
• Cut the cranial nerves in order from before backwards along with • Meningitis
- Superior sagittal - Straight
the internal carotid artery • Haemorrhage
- Inferior sagittal - Occipital
• Pass a knife into the vertebral canal in front of the medulla - Superior petrosal - extradural
- Transverse
oblongata and divide the medulla along with the vertebral - Inferior petrosal - subdural
- Sigmoid
arteries - subarachnoid
- Cavernous
• Remove the brain from the cranial cavity • Thrombosis of superior sagittal sinus
• Cavernous sinus thrombosis
• Note the location of the cranial nerves in relation to the cranial • Pulsating exophthalmos
• Cranial nerves in relation to the
fossae • Tumours of pituitary gland
cranial fossae
• Trigeminal neuralgia
• Carefully incise the diaphragma sellae radially, dislodge the
• Pituitary gland
pituitary gland, and examine it
• Trigeminal ganglion
• Expose the trigeminal ganglion
• Oculomotor nerve
• Trochlear nerve
• Trace the structures related to the walls of cavernous sinus
• Ophthalmic and maxillary
divisions of trigeminal nerve
• Abducent nerve
• Internal carotid artery
60
11) THE ORBIT (C231-245)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Revise the skeleton of the orbit and the • Extraocular muscles • Attachments, actions and
surface anatomy of the eyeball eyelid and • Cranial nerves nerve supply of
lacrimal apparatus - Optic extraocular muscles
• Revise the gross anatomy of the eyelid and - Oculomotor • Relations of structures
the lacrimal apparatus - Trochlear passing through the
- Abducent superior orbital fissure
• Strip periosteum from the anterior cranial - Ophthalmic division of • Ciliary ganglion
fossa trigeminal nerve and it’s
• Break orbital plate of frontal bone including • Extraocular muscles • Superior division of • Lacrimal nerve and branches
lesser wing of sphenoid, leaving margins of - Levator palpebrae oculomotor nerve vessels • Ciliary ganglion
optic canal intact superioris • Supratrochlear nerve • Ophthalmic artery and it’s
• Open the superior orbital fissure and trace - Superior rectus • Supraorbital nerve branches
various nerves to the orbit from the - Superior oblique
cavernous sinus • Nerves:
• Trace frontal nerve on the levator palpebrae - Trochlear
superioris and identify: - Frontal APPLIED ASPECTS
• • Ciliary ganglion • Squint (strabismus)

• Cut frontal nerve along with levator Extraocular muscles • Superior ophthalmic
- Lateral rectus • Nasociliary nerve vein • Ptosis
palpebrae superioris and superior rectus and
- Medial rectus • Clinical importance of venous drainage of orbit
turn them aside
• Optic nerve • Horner's syndrome
• Carefully clean the loose tissue posterior to
• Ophthalmic artery • Accomodation and light reflex
the eyeball to identify:
• Abducent nerve
• Divide the optic nerve close to the canal and • Inferior rectus • Inferior division of
turn it forwards to identify: oculomotor nerve
• Make an incision over the lower eyelid, • Inferior oblique

inferior fornix of conjunctiva and palpebral
fascia to expose the inferior oblique muscle
61
12) THE PHARYNX AND SOFT PALATE (C257-270) (C252-257)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Remove buccopharyngeal fascia from • Constrictors of pharynx • Buccopharyngeal • Muscles of the • Extent, subdivisions and
external surface of pharyngeal muscles and - superior fascia pharynx structure of the pharynx
identify: - middle - constrictors • Attachments,
- inferior - longitudinal arrangement and actions
• Clean and expose glossopharyngeal nerve • Longitudinal muscles of • Structures passing of muscles of pharynx
winding round posterior surface of pharynx above, below and • Innervation of
stylopharyngeus - stylopharyngeus, between the pharyngeal muscles and
• Identify the palatopharyngeal and - palatopharyngeus constrictors pharyngeal plexus
salpingopharyngeal folds - salpingopharyngeus • Deglutition
• Lateral pharyngeal and
• Clean and define structures at upper border • Auditory tube • Ascending palatine retropharyngeal spaces
of superior constrictor • Tensor palatini artery
• Palatine branch of
ascending palatine
artery APPLIED ASPECTS
• Clean and define structures between • Stylopharyngeus
• Dysphagia
superior and middle constrictor • Glossopharyngeal nerve
• Killian's dehiscence and pharyngeal pouch
• Clean and define structures between middle • Internal laryngeal nerve • Pharyngeal abcess
and inferior constrictors • Superior laryngeal
vessels
• Clean and define structures at lower border • Recurrent laryngeal

of inferior constrictor nerve
• Inferior laryngeal
vessels
• In the mid sagittal cut specimen of head and
neck study the interior of pharynx.
• Strip off its mucous membrane to expose
the pharyngeal muscles from medial slide.
62
13 a) NASAL CAVITY (C271-285)
DISSECTION STEPS
• In the mid sagittally cut specimen of head • Nasal septum with • Parts of maxilla, • Nasal septum and it’s • Extent, parts, and walls
and neck, identify the nasal septum - vomer palatine, nasal, and formative constituents of the nasal cavity
• Strip the mucous membrane from the - perpendicular plate of sphenoid bones forming • Structures in the lateral • Nerve supply and blood
septum and identify: ethmoid nasal septum wall of the nasal cavity supply of the walls of
- septal cartilage - Conchae the nasal cavity
- Meatuses with features • Position and distribution
• Trace the nasopalatine nerve from the nasal • Nasopalatine nerve and openings of the pterygopalatine
septum across the roof of nasal cavity to the • Sphenopalatine artery ganglion
sphenopalatine foramen • Location, walls, and
drainage of the paranasal
• On one side remove the three nasal conchae • Superior, middle, and • Vestibule of nose sinuses
and identify the various features of the inferior nasal conchae
lateral wall of the nasal cavity • Inferior meatus with
opening of APPLIED ASPECTS
nasolacrimal duct
• Middle meatus with • Atrium of middle • Deviated nasal septum
opening of frontal, meatus • Little's area and epistaxis
maxillary anterior, and • Infundibulum • Sinusitis
middle ethmoidal air • Hiatus semilunaris
cells • Bulla ethmoidalis
• Superior meatus with
opening of posterior
ethmoidal air cells
• Sphenoethmoidal
recess with opening of
sphenoidal air sinus
63
13 b) TONGUE (C299-307)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Identify the gross features of the tongue • Root • Parts of the tongue • Actions of muscles of
• Tip • Foramen caecum and the tongue
• Base sulcus terminalis • Nerve supply in relation
• Root • Vallecula and to development of the
• Dorsum - presulcal and • Foramen caecum • Median and lateral glossoepiglottic folds tongue
postsulcal part • Sulcus terminalis glossoepiglottic folds • Extrinsic muscles of the • Lymphatic drainage of
• Circumvallate papillae • Vallecula tongue the tongue
• Lingual tonsils • Nerves supplying the
tongue
• Inferior surface • Frenulum • Plica fimbriata • Blood vessels supplying
• Lateral margins • Sublingual papillae • Deep lingual veins the tongue
• Extrinsic muscles of • Intrinsic muscles of the

• In the mid sagittally cut specimen of head tongue tongue
and neck, identify the extrinsic muscles of - genioglossus - superior and inferior
the tongue - palatoglossus longitudinal APPLIED ASPECTS
- hyoglossus - transversus linguae
- verticalis linguae • Ankyloglossia
- styloglossus
• Lacerations of the tongue
• Lingual nerve • Superficial and deep • Internal laryngeal • Effects of lesions of cranial nerves supplying the
• Trace the nerves and vessels of the tongue • Hypoglossal nerve lingual veins nerve tongue
till their termination • Sublingual drug absorption
• Glossopharyngeal
• Management of the tongue in unconscious patient
nerve
• Lymphatic spread of carcinoma of tongue
• Lingual artery
64
13 c) LARYNX (C286-298)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Expose the larynx by removing the extrinsic • Cartilages – thyroid, • Cartilages – corniculate, • Cartilages • Location and arrangement
muscles attached to it cricoid, epiglottis, cuneiform • Membranes and ligaments of cartilages, membranes
• Identify the external features of the larynx arytenoid • Boundaries of inlet and ligaments
• Cavity of larynx and it’s • Boundaries of laryngeal
• Membranes and • Membranes and • Membranes and ligaments subdivisions inlet
ligaments –thyrohyoid, ligaments – cricotracheal, – hyoepiglottic, • Vocal and vestibular folds • Subdivisions of cavity of
cricothyroid, quadrate thyroepiglottic glossoepiglottic • Rima glottidis and vestibuli larynx
membrane • Intrinsic and extrinsic • Actions of intrinsic
muscles muscles
• Strip the mucous membrane covering the • Muscles • Muscles • Muscles • Blood vessels and nerves
Extrinsic - longitudinal Intrinsic - aryepiglotticus
• Movements and positions
posterior aspect of the larynx to uncover some of - Extrinsic – sternothyroid, supplying larynx of the vocal cords
the intrinsic muscles of the larynx thyrohyoid, inferior muscles of pharynx
constrictor Intrinsic - transverse
- Intrinsic – cricothyroid, arytenoids, oblique
posterior cricoarytenoid arytenoid APPLIED ASPECTS
• Laryngoscopy
• Trace the nerves and vessels of the larynx till • Internal and external • Superior and inferior
laryngeal vessels • Laryngeal oedema
their termination laryngeal nerves
• Laryngitis
• Recurrent laryngeal nerve
• Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and Semon’s law
• Identify the boundaries of the inlet of the larynx • Boundaries of inlet - • Singer’s nodules
epiglottis, aryepiglottic
fold, interarytenoid
mucous membrane
• On a sagittally sectioned larynx identify the • Cavity of larynx and it’s • Vestibular folds
following: subdivisions –vestibule, • Position of rima vestibuli
ventricle, infraglottic part
• Vocal folds
• Position of rima glottidis
• Strip the mucous membrane from interior of the • Intrinsic muscles • Intrinsic muscles
larynx to identify the intrinsic muscles - thyroarytenoid - vocalis
- lateral cricoarytenoid - thyroepiglotticus
65
14) EYEBALL AND EAR (C327-336) (C309-326)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Strip the soft tissue covering the sclera from • Bulbar conjunctiva • Attachments of extra- • Venae vorticosae • Layers of the eyeball • Arrangement and
the sclero-corneal junction anteriorly to the • Sclera ocular muscles to • Posterior ciliary arteries and their subdivisions subdivisions of layers of
entry of the optic nerve and identify: • Optic nerve sclera • Ciliary nerves • Optic nerve eyeball
• Lens • Arrangement of
• Remove the cornea by cutting around the • Cornea • Anterior chamber • Vitreous body refractive media of the
sclero-corneal junction and identify: • Iris • Optic disc eyeball
• Parts of auricle • Formation of optic nerve
• Make an incision along the equator through • Ear ossicles • Nerve supply of external
the layers of the eyeball • Tympanic membrane ear
• Carefully remove the vitreous body and • Retina • Vitreous body • Branches and tributaries • Facial nerve • Orientation, contents and
identify: • Choroid • Optic disc of central retinal vessels • Vestibulo-cochlear nerve relations of middle ear
cavity
• Carefully cut through the suspensory • Lens • Suspensory ligament • Parts of internal ear and
ligament and remove the lens to identify: • Ciliary body orientation of it’s
contents
• Identify the gross features of the auricle • Tragus • Antihelix • Cymba conchae • Course of facial nerve
• Lobule • Antitragus • Scaphoid fossa
• Helix • Concha • Triangular fossa
• Intertragic notch APPLIED ASPECTS
• Carefully chip away the tegmen tympani to • Ophthalmoscopy

• Ear ossicles • Superior semi-circular • Tendon of tensor
expose the middle ear cavity and identify: canal tympani • Corneal transplants
• Tympanic membrane • Cataract
• Chorda tympani nerve
• Follow the facial and vestibulocochlear • Papilloedema
• Facial nerve • Retinal detachment
nerves distally through the internal acoustic
• Vestibulo-cochlear • Diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy
meatus by chipping away the bone covering
nerve
them • Otoscopy
• Syringing for wax accumulation
• Perforation of tympanic membrane
• Otitis media and mastoiditis
• Deafness – sensorineural and conductive
66
NEUROANATOMY
67
1) CONTENTS OF THE VERTEBRAL CANAL (C206-211 in vol 3)
DISSECTION STEPS
• Remove the extensor muscles of the head • Ligamentum nuchae • Disposition of meninges
and back from the occiput to the coccyx to • Meninges • Modifications of pia
expose the laminae of the vertebrae • Subarachnoid space • Relationship between
• Cut through the laminae of all the vertebrae • Ventral and dorsal spinal cord segments and
and remove the spinous processes in one • Ligamentum nuchae • Ligamenta flava • Interspinous ligament roots vertebral levels
piece and observe: • Supraspinous ligament • Trunk of spinal nerve • Blood supply of spinal
• Dorsal root ganglion cord
• Make a small vertical midline incision • Meninges • Extradural space • Internal vertebral • External features of
through the dura and arachnoid mater and - dura • Denticulate ligaments venous plexus spinal cord
extend the incision upwards and downwards - arachnoid
to observe: - pia
• Subarachnoid space APPLIED ASPECTS
• Spinal cord
• Dorsal rootlets and roots • Segmental arteries and • Epidural nerve block
veins • Lumbar puncture
• Incise a few of the denticulate ligaments on • Ventral rootlets and • Meningitis
each side and observe: roots • Metastases through vertebral venous plexus
• Radicular pain
• Trace a pair of ventral and dorsal roots to • Trunk of spinal nerve
the intervertebral foramen till they fuse, • Dorsal and ventral rami
cutting away the surrounding bone and • Dorsal root ganglion
observe:
• Cut across all the dorsal roots, ventral roots • Spinal cord
and the denticulate ligaments on both sides - cervical and lumbar • Linea splendens
and remove the spinal cord along with the enlargements
cauda equina and identify: - conus medullaris
- cauda equina
- filum terminale
• Remove the linea splendens and follow the • Anterior spinal artery • Posterior spinal
anterior spinal artery for some distance arteries
68
INTRODUCTION, MENINGES, BLOOD VESSELS AND BASE OF BRAIN (C3-24, C25-33, C185-199)
DISSECTION STEPS
KNOW AND KNOW KNOW
• Identify the parts of the brain • Forebrain • Parts of the brain • Arrangement of dural folds
o Telencephalon • Meninges of the brain with • Blood supply and nerve supply
- cerebrum modifications of duramater
- basal ganglia • Major blood vessels • Gross anatomy of cavernous
o Diencephalon supplying the brain and the sinus
- thalamus circle of Willis • Circulation of CSF
- hypothalamus • Major structures at base of
• Midbrain • Subarachnoid cisterns
brain
• Hindbrain - interpeduncular fossa – • Arterial territories of major
o Metencephalon boundaries and contents arteries supplying cerebral
- cerebellum - attachments of cranial cortex
- pons nerves • Formation of circle of Willis
o Myelencephalon • Venous drainage of brain
- medulla oblongata
• Revise the anatomy of the • Meninges APPLIED ASPECTS

meninges of the brain and the dural o Duramater
venous sinuses. Identify the - layers • Meningitis
following: - folds • Haemorrhage
- dural venous sinuses - extradural
o Arachnoid mater - subdural
- granulations - subarachnoid
o Piamater • Thrombosis of superior sagittal sinus
• Cavernous sinus thrombosis
• Identify the major arteries that • Arteries • Branches of the main arteries • Hydrocephalus
supply the brain - anterior cerebral and the circle of Willis • Lumbar puncture
- middle cerebral • Cisternal puncture
- posterior cerebral • Queckenstedt's test
- vertebral
- basilar
• Circle of Willis
• Identify the following structures at • Interpeduncular fossa –

the base of the brain boundaries and contents • Anterior perforated substance
• Attachments of cranial nerves • Lamina terminalis
69
3a) THE BRAINSTEM (C100-116)
DISSECTION STEPS
KNOW KNOW KNOW
• Section the cerebellar peduncles • Ventral and lateral • Ventral and lateral • Ventral • Pyramids • Reason for formation of
close to the cerebellum - pyramids - anterior median fissure - foramen caecum • Olives pyramids and olives
• Cut across the upper and lower - olives - anterolateral sulcus with • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • Functions of inferior cerebellar
limits of the brainstem and study it - inferior cerebellar peduncle rootlets of XII cranial nerve • Medullary part of floor of 4th peduncle
- posterolateral sulcus with ventricle • Arrangement of structures in
rootlets of IX, X and XI • Emergence of VI, VII, VIII, the medullary part of floor of
cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII cranial 4th ventricle
• Identify the external features of the • Dorsal • Dorsal • Dorsal nerves • Reason for prominence of
medulla oblongata - fasciculus gracilis - gracile and cuneate - tuberculum cinereum • Basilar part with sulcus basilar part
and cuneatus tubercles o Floor of 4th ventricle • Middle cerebellar peduncle
o Floor of 4th ventricle - posterior median sulcus - funiculus separans
• Functions of middle cerebellar
• Pontine part of floor of 4th peduncle
- hypoglossal trigone o Floor of 4th ventricle - area postrema ventricle
- vagal trigone - median sulcus - stria medullaris • Arrangement of structures in
• Emergence of V cranial nerve the pontine part of floor of 4th
- vestibular area - inferior fovea
• Crus cerebri ventricle
- sulcus limitans
• Superior and inferior colliculi • Arrangement of fibres in crus
• At the ponto-medullary junction, • VI, VII and VIII cranial nerves
• Superior and inferior cerebri
identify:
brachium • Functions of superior cerebellar
• • Ventrally • Emergence of III and IV peduncle
• Identify the external features of the Ventrally
- cerebello-pontine (CP) angle cranial nerves
pons - basilar part
- basilar sulcus
- middle cerebellar peduncle
- motor and sensory roots of V APPLIED ASPECTS
nerve
• Dorsally • Dorsally • Dorsally • Medial medullary syndrome
o Floor of 4th ventricle o Floor of 4th ventricle o Floor of 4th ventricle • Lateral medullary syndrome
- facial colliculus - medial eminence - locus ceruleus • Pseudobulbar palsy
- vestibular area - median sulcus • CP angle tumours
- sulcus limitans • Pontine haemorrhage
- superior fovea • Millard-Gubler syndrome
• Parkinson’s disease
• Identify the external features of the • Ventrally • Ventrally • Ventrally • Congenital hydrocephalus
midbrain - crus cerebri - structures winding around - lateral sulcus overlying • Weber’s syndrome
- emergence of oculomotor nerve crus cerebri lateral lemniscus • Benedikt’s syndrome
from medial sulcus • Parinaud’s syndrome
• Dorsally • Dorsally
- superior and inferior colliculi - cruciform sulcus
- superior and inferior brachium
emergence of trochlear nerve
70
3b) THE CEREBELLUM AND IV VENTRICLE (C117-127) (C128-133)
DISSECTION STEPS
KNOW KNOW KNOW
• Identify the external features of the • Hemispheres • Anterior and posterior • Other subdivisions of the • Hemispheres • Anatomical subdivisions
cerebellum • Vermis notches vermis and hemispheres • Vermis • Morphological subdivisions
• Gray matter with folia and • Vallecula • Cerebellar peduncles • Functional subdivisions
fissures • Paramedian sulcus • Surfaces • Functions and fibres carried
• Cerebellar peduncles • Nodule and uvula of vermis • Fissures by the cerebellar peduncles
- superior • Tonsil and flocculus of • Lobes
- middle
• Relationship of cerebellum to
hemispheres • Arbor vitae IV ventricle
- inferior • Dentate nucleus
• In each hemisphere • Flow of CSF from 4th
• The following features of the ventricle to sub-arachnoid
o Surfaces IV ventricle
- superior surface space
- Boundaries
- inferior surface - Floor
• Formation of tela choroidea
o Important fissures of 4th ventricle
- Roof
- primary fissure - Foramina
- horizontal fissure
- posterolateral fissure
o Lobes
- anterior APPLIED ASPECTS
- posterior
- flocculo-nodular
• Cerebellar syndromes
• Take a mid-sagittal section of the • Tonsillar herniation
cerebellum • Chiari malformation
• Take parallel sagittal sections of one of • Hydrocephalus
the hemispheres till the dentate nucleus
is seen within the white matter • Arbor vitae cerebelli
• On the cut section of the cerebellum • Dentate nucleus • Other cerebellar nuclei
identify:
• Boundaries • Recesses • Taenia
• Identify the features of the IV ventricle - superior cerebellar peduncle - median dorsal (1) • Obex and recess behind it
- inferior cerebellar peduncle - lateral dorsal (2) • Tela choroidea of IV
• Floor - lateral (2) ventricle
- medullary part
- pontine part
• Roof
- superior medullary velum
- inferior medullary velum
• Foramina
- Luschka
- Magendie
71
4a) THE CEREBRUM (LOBES, BORDERS AND SURFACES) (C134-138)
DISSECTION STEPS
MUST IDENTIFY AND KNOW SHOULD IDENTIFY AND KNOW IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
• Identify the external features of the • Hemispheres • Hemispheres • How the superolateral
cerebral hemispheres in a specimen - right and left • Medial longitudinal surface is divided into
in which the cerebellum and • Median longitudinal fissure fissure lobes
brainstem have been removed • Sulci and gyri with grey matter • Sulci and gyri with grey
• Poles matter
- frontal • Poles
- occipital • Borders
- temporal • Surfaces
• Borders • Borders • Lobes
- superomedial - superciliary part of inferolateral
- inferolateral - medial orbital and medial occipital parts
- inferomedial with medial orbital and of inferomedial border
medial occipital
• Surfaces • Surfaces
- superolateral - orbital and tentorial parts of inferior
- medial
- inferior
• Central sulcus
• To demarcate the lobes on the • Lateral sulcus
superolateral surface identify the
• Parieto occipital sulcus
following
• Pre-occipital notch
• Lobes on superolateral surface
- frontal
- parietal
- occipital
- temporal
72
4b) THE CEREBRUM (GYRI AND SULCI) (C138-147)
DISSECTION STEPS
MUST IDENTIFY AND KNOW SHOULD IDENTIFY AND KNOW IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
• Identify the following gyri and • Superolateral surface • Superolateral surface • Important sulci and gyri on • Functions of important
sulci o Frontal lobe the superolateral surface Brodmann’s areas
Ø Sulci • Important Brodmann’s areas
- precentral (1,2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,17,18,19,
- superior and inferior frontal 22,39,40,41,42,44,45) in
Ø Gyri relation to the gyri
- precentral
- superior, middle, and inferior frontal
o Parietal lobe o Parietal lobe
Ø Sulci Ø Gyri
- postcentral - supramarginal
- intraparietal - angular
Ø Gyri
- postcentral
- superior and inferior parietal lobules
o Occipital lobe o Occipital lobe
Ø Sulci Ø Sulci
- lunate - transverse occipital
o Temporal lobe - lateral occipital
Ø Sulci Ø Gyri
- superior and inferior temporal - superior and inferior occipital
Ø Gyri
- superior, middle, and inferior temporal
73
4b) THE CEREBRUM (GYRI AND SULCI) contd. AND MEDIAL SURFACE (C138-147)
DISSECTION STEPS
MUST IDENTIFY AND SHOULD IDENTIFY COULD IDENTIFY AND

KNOW AND KNOW KNOW IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
• Identify the following gyri and sulci • Inferior surface • Inferior surface • Important gyri and sulci on the • Functions of the important gyri
o Orbital surface inferior and medial surfaces on the inferior and medial
Ø Sulci • Corpus callosum and it’s parts surfaces
- olfactory • Other important structures seen on • Functions and arrangement of
- H-shaped sulcus the medial surface fibres in the corpus callosum
Ø Gyri • Other commissural fibres
- gyrus rectus
- orbital – anterior, posterior,
medial and lateral
o Tentorial surface o Tentorial surface
Ø Sulci Ø Sulci
- occipitotemporal - rhinal
- collateral Ø Gyri
Ø Gyri - lateral and medial
APPLIED ASPECTS
- Parahippocampal occipitotemporal
- uncus
• Cerebral infarcts and haemorrhage
• Medial surface • Epilepsy
• Make a mid sagittal section through • Medial surface Ø Sulci • Hemisphere specialization
the corpus callosum to separate the Ø Sulci - subparietal • Aphasia
two cerebral hemispheres and - callosal Ø Gyri • Alzheimer’s disease
identify: - cingulate - medial frontal
- parieto-occipital - precuneus
- calcarine - lingual
Ø Gyri
- cingulate
- paracentral lobule
- cuneus
• Identify the following structures on • Corpus callosum and its parts • Septum pellucidum • Transverse fissure
the medial surface • Fornix • Foramen of Monro • Tela choroidea of 3rd
• Thalamus • Lamina terminalis ventricle
• Hypothalamic sulcus • Anterior commissure • Posterior commissure
• Hypothalamus • Pineal body
74
5) THE CEREBRUM (DEEPER STRUCTURES) AND THE LATERAL VENTRICLES (C169-178)
DISSECTION STEPS
MUST IDENTIFY AND SHOULD IDENTIFY AND COULD IDENTIFY AND
KNOW KNOW KNOW IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
• Carefully remove the cerebral cortex • Insula • Branches of middle cerebral • Insula • Parts, functions and important
around the anterior end of the artery • Parts of hippocampal connections of the limbic
posterior limb of the lateral sulcus formation system
and identify: • Parts of corpus striatum • Parts, functions, major relations
• The internal capsule and it’s and important connections of
• Carefully remove the uncus and the • Pes hippocampus • Dentate gyrus • Alveus parts the basal ganglia
medial parts of the parahippocampal • Fornix • Fimbria • Gyrus fasciolaris • Thalamus • Arrangement of white matter in
gyrus and identify: • Indusium griseum • 3rd ventricle the cerebrum
• Lateral ventricle • Formation, parts, major
• On a horizontal section of the • 3rd ventricle • External capsule • Claustrum - parts relations, fibres passing through
cerebral hemispheres taken through • Lateral ventricle – anterior • White and grey matter of • Optic radiation - important relations and blood supply of internal
the genu and splenium of the corpus and posterior horns insula • Stria of Gennari capsule
callosum identify: • Head of caudate nucleus • Forceps minor and major • Tail of caudate nucleus • Relations of the lateral
• Thalamus ventricles
• Internal capsule and it’s parts • Choroid fissure, choroids plexus
• Lentiform nucleus with and tela choroidea
globus pallidus and putamen • Formation and flow of CSF
from lateral ventricles
• Parts • Choroid fissure and plexus • Tela choroidea of 3rd
• Make coronal sections through the - body ventricle APPLIED ASPECTS
posterior and inferior horns of the - anterior, posterior and
lateral ventricle and identify inferior horns • Investigations – CT, MRI
• Hyperkinetic disorders – chorea, athetosis, hemiballismus
• The following relations of the • The following relations of the • The following relations of the • Parkinson’s disease
lateral ventricle lateral ventricle lateral ventricle • Korsakoff’s syndrome
- septum pellucidum - tapetum - optic radiation • Kluver-Bucy syndrome
- corpus callosum - amygdaloid body and stria - thalamostriate veins • Vascular lesions of internal capsule causing stroke
- caudate nucleus terminalis • Ventriculography
- thalamus - collateral eminence • Pneumo-encephalography
- hippocampus and fornix (produced by collateral • Hydrocephalus
- bulb of posterior horn sulcus)
(produced by forceps major)
- calcar avis (produced by
calcarine sulcus)
75
6) THE THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS AND 3RD VENTRICLE (C149-159, C168-169)
DISSECTION STEPS COULD IDENTIFY AND

MUST IDENTIFY AND SHOULD IDENTIFY
KNOW IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND
KNOW AND KNOW
• On a mid-sagittal section of the • Thalamus • Pineal body • Habenular commissure • Thalamus • Nuclei and important
brain identify the following on the - medial surface • Inter-thalamic adhesion • Posterior commissure - medial surface connections of the
medial surface • Hypothalamic sulcus - superior surface thalamus
• Hypothalamus - anterior tubercle • Nuclei and important
• Infundibulum - pulvinar connections of the
- medial and lateral hypothalamus
• Thalamo-striate vein geniculate bodies • Location and boundaries
• On one hemisphere, carefully • Thalamus • Stria terminalis • Stria medullaris thalami • Hypothalamic sulcus of 3rd ventricle
expose the thalamus from above - superior surface • Habenular trigone • Hypothalamus
and identify: - anterior tubercle • Infundibulum
- pulvinar • 3rd ventricle and it’s
boundaries
• Follow the optic tract posteriorly • Lateral geniculate body

and identify: • Medial geniculate body APPLIED ASPECTS
• Identify the 3rd ventricle on coronal • 3rd ventricle • Thalamic syndrome

sections of the brain o Boundaries o Boundaries • Diabetes insipidus
• Identify the boundaries of the 3rd Anterior- lamina terminalis Anterior - anterior
ventricle on the medial surface in a Posterior - pineal body and commissure, columns of
mid sagittal section of the brain recess, commencement of fornix
aqueduct Posterior - supra-pineal
Roof - ependyma and tela recess
choroidea, body of fornix Floor - supra – optic recess,
Floor - optic chiasma, tuber infundibular recess
cinereum and infindibulum,
mamillary bodies
Lateral wall – thalamus,
hypothalamic sulcus,
hypothalamus
76
OSTEOLOGY MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY
ST. JOHN’S MEDICAL COLLEGE, BANGALORE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL. NO. TOPIC Pg No.

UPPER LIMB 1-17
1 Clavicle 2-3
2 Scapula 4-7
3 Humerus 8-10
4 Radius 11-12
5 Ulna 13-14
6 Articulated hand 15-17
THORAX 18-25
1 Sternum 19-20
2 Ribs 21-23
3 Thoracic vertebra 24-25
ABDOMEN & PELVIS 26-33

1 Lumbar vertebra 27-28
2 Articulated pelvis 29-31
3 Sacrum 32-33
LOWER LIMB 34-49

1 Hip bone (outer & inner surface) 35-37
2 Femur 38-40
3 Tibia 41-42
4 Fibula 43-44
5 Patella 45-46
6 Articulated foot 47-49
HEAD & NECK 50-65

1 Norma frontalis, verticalis, lateralis, 51-55
occipitalis
2 Cervical vertebra 56-58
3 Norma basalis 59-61
4 Mandible 62-64
5 Interior of skull 65
6 Foetal skull 66
UPPER LIMB
1
CLAVICLE (C6-8)
Must Know Good to know
• Identify the bone: Clavicle • Type of Bone : Horizontally placed Long

bone
• Hold the clavicle in anatomical position
• Identify the main parts of the • Peculiarities of the clavicle
clavicle
• Determine the side of the clavicle
• Identify the main parts of the clavicle:
- Acromial end
- Sternal end
- Shaft
• Acromial end: • Sternal end: • Shaft:
- Shape - Shape • Lateral 1/3rd and medial 2/3rd
- Facet - Articulation with • In lateral 1/3rd identify:
- Articulation: with clavicular notch of • 2 surfaces and 2 borders
acromion process of manubrium - • 2 surfaces: superior and
scapula sternoclavicular joint inferior surfaces
- acromio-clavicular joint • 2 borders: anterior and
posterior borders
• Superior surface: subcutaneous
- Inferior surface: roughened
- Identify the conoid tubercle
and trapezoid line
- Identify the anterior border and
posterior border
2
- Identify the deltoid tubercle
- In medial 2/3rd identify
- 4 surfaces: anterior, posterior,
upper and lower surface
- Subclavian groove
• Identify and know the muscular and • Good to Identify and know these ligament
ligament attachment to the surfaces attachment to the surfaces and borders of
and borders of clavicle: clavicle:
- Deltoid - Interclavicular ligament
- Trapezius - Sternoclavicular ligament
- Coracoclavicular ligament
- Pectoralis major
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Costoclavicular ligament
- Subclavius
• Applied Anatomy: • Good to know:
- Ossification
- Fracture clavicle - Dislocations of the acromioclavicular and
sternoclavicular joints
• Surface Anatomy:
- Subcutaneous shaft
- Sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints
- Projection of sternal end above the manubrium
• Radiological Anatomy:
• Identify & name the following bony shadows in radiograph of the Shoulder region
/chest PA/ AP view
- Acromioclavicular joint
- Acromion
- Lateral half of clavicle
- Conoid tubercle
3
SCAPULA (C8-13)
• Identify the bone: Scapula • Type of Bone : Flat bone

• Hold the bone scapula in anatomical position
• Identify the main parts of the scapula:
• 2 Surfaces: • 3 Borders: • 3 Angles: • 3 Processes:
- Dorsal surface - Superior - Inferior - Spinous
- Costal surface - Lateral - Superior - Acromion
- Medial - Lateral - Coracoid
• Determine the side of the scapula

• Identify the features of the scapula:
• Surfaces: Costal and Dorsal surfaces
• Costal surface or subscapsular fossa
- Identify the thick ridges on the lateral border
• Dorsal surface:
- Identify the division into two fossae by Spine of scapula
- Upper smaller Supraspinous fossa
- Lower larger Infraspinous fossa
- Spinoglenoid notch
• Borders:
• Superior:
- Extension: superior angle to suprascapular notch
- Suprascapular notch/foramen, coracoid process
• Lateral:
- Infraglenoid tubercle
4
• Medial:
- Longest
- Extension: superior angle to inferior angle
• Angles:
Inferior angle:
Superior angle:
Lateral angle or glenoid angle:
- Glenoid cavity or fossa
- Understand the articulation of shoulder joint
- Neck
- Supraglenoid tubercle
• Processes:
• Spinous process
• Has 3 borders:
- Lateral,
- Anterior,
- Posterior – identify the crest of the spine, upper & lower lips,
- Upper, Lower surfaces
- Supraspinous fossa
- Infraspinous fossa
• Acromion process:
- 2 borders: lateral and medial
- 2 surfaces: upper and lower
• Coracoid process:
- Upper surface: conoid tubercle, trapezoid ridge
- Lower surface
• Identify and know the muscular and • Good to know:

ligament attachment to the surfaces and - Spinoglenoid ligament
borders of Scapula:
5
- Subscapularis
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Deltoid
- Trapezius
- Serratus anterior
- Biceps brachii- short & long head
- Coracobrachialis
- Triceps
- Pectoralis minor
- Long head of triceps
- Teres minor
- Tere major
- Levator scapulae
- Rhomboid major and minor
- Inferior belly of omohyoid
- Capsule of shoulder joint
- Coracohumeral ligament
-
- Movement of scapula
- Winging of scapula - Anastomosis around scapula
- Dislocation of shoulder - Bursa in relation to scapula
- Auscultatory triangle
- Frozen shoulder
- Painful arc syndrome
- Fractures
- Ossification
- Tip of Coracoid process
- Tip of Acromion
6
- Crest of spine of scapula
- Superior and inferior angle of scapula
- Medial and lateral border of scapula
- Understand the corresponding vertebral level to parts of scapula
Identify & name the following bony shadows in X- ray of the Shoulder region AP view
- Acromioclavicular joint
- Acromion
- Lateral half of clavicle
- Conoid tubercle
- Medial & lateral borders, Coracoid, acromion process, glenoid fossa
7
HUMERUS (C13-18)
• Identify the bone: Humerus • Type of Bone : Long bone

• Hold the humerus in anatomical position
• Identify the main parts of the bone:
- Upper end
- Shaft
- Lower end
• Determine the side of the humerus
• Identify the features of the humerus
• Upper end: • Shaft: • Lower end:

- Head • Borders: - Articular: trochlea
- Anatomical neck - Anterior and capitulum
- Surgical neck - Medial - Non-articular:
- Intertubercular - Lateral medial and lateral
sulcus/bicipital - Medial and lateral epicondyle
groove supracondylar ridges - Fossae: olecranon,
- Tubercles: Greater • Surfaces radial and coronoid
and lesser - Anterolateral
- Anteromedial
- Posterior
- Spiral groove
Deltoid tuberosity
ligament attachment to the surfaces and
8
borders of humerus: - Changes at the level of insertion
- Supraspinatus of Coracobrachialis
- Infraspinatus
- Teres minor
- Pectoralis major
- Latissimusdorsi
- Teres major
- Deltoid
- Coracobrachialis
- Brachialis
- Pronator teres
- Common flexors
- Common extensors
- Triceps (lateal & medial head)
- Brachioradialis
- Capsular ligament of shoulder joint
- Capsular ligament of elbow joint
- Relations of nerves and vessels
- Shoulder dislocation - Ossification
- Fracture : - Direction of nutrient artery,
- Upper end: Surgical neck, growing end
- Mid shaft fractures - Anatomical basis of
- Lower end: Supracondylar fracture Volkmann’s ischemic
- Understand the Nerve injuries contracture
associated with these fracture
- Lesser tubercle,
- Greater tubercle,
- Medial & lateral epicondyle
9
• Radiological Anatomy :
• Identify & name the following bony shadow in Shoulder region/elbow joint
AP/lateral view:
- Upper end: head of humerus, greater tuberosity, anatomical neck, surgical
neck
- Lower end: medial and lateral epicondyles
- Radial fossa
- Olecranon fossa
- Capitulum
- Trochlea
10
RADIUS (C18-21)
• Identify the bone: Radius • Type of Bone : Long bone

• Hold the radius in anatomical position
• Identify the main parts of the radius:
- Upper end
- Shaft
- Lower end
• Determine the side of the radius
• Identify the features of the radius
• Upper end: • Shaft • Lower end:
- Head and its Borders: Surfaces: Anterior, posterior,
articulations - Anterior medial, lateral, inferior
- Neck - Posterior - Ulnar notch
- Radial tuberosity - Medial/ - Articulations
interosseous - Styloid process
Surfaces: Dorsal tubercle of Lister
- Anterior - Grooves and tendons
- Posterior related to it
- Lateral
• Identify and know the muscular and • Good to know attachment of:
ligament attachment to the surfaces - Flexor pollicis longus
and borders radius: - Abductor pollicis longus
- Biceps
- Supinator
- Pronator teres
- Brachioradialis
11
- Flexor digittorum superficialis
- Pronator quadratus
- Interosseous membrane
- Extensor retinaculum
- Colles’ fracture - Ossification
- Smith fracture - Direction of the nutrient foramen
- Pulled elbow
- Head of the radius
- Styloid process
Identify & name the following bony shadows in radiograph of the Elbow region AP / lateral
view:
AP view:
- Medial & lateral epicondyle of humerus
- Olecranon process
- Trochlea
- Head & tuberosity of radius
- Elbow joint space
Lateral View:
- Supracondylar ridge
- Epicondyles
- Olecranon process
- Capitulum
- Coronoid process
- Head of radius
In PA view wrist & hand identify the following features of lower end of radius:
- Styloid process of radius
- Articulations of the Elbow joint
- Superior and inferior radioulnar joints
12
ULNA (C22-25)
• Identify the bone: Ulna • Type of Bone : Long bone

• Hold the ulna in anatomical position
• Identify the main parts of the ulna:
- Upper end
- Shaft
- Lower end
• Determine the side of the ulna
• Identify the features of the ulna
• Upper end: • Shaft: • Lower end

- Olecranon process Borders: - Styloid process
- Coronoid process - Anterior - Superior and inferior
- Trochlear notch with - Posterior radioulnar joints
articulation - Lateral/interosseous
- Radial notch with Surfaces:
articulation - Anterior
- Articulations of the - Posterior
elbow joint - Medial

ligament attachment to the surfaces and - Capsule of the elbow joint
borders of ulna: - Annular ligament
- Brachialis - Ulnar collateral ligament
- Triceps brachii
- Pronator quadratus
13
- Supinator
• Applied Anatomy: - Good to know:
- Fracture of Olecranon process - Ossification
- Dislocation of elbow - Developmental changes in the elbow
- Fracture of both bones of forearm joint with regard to secondary centers of
- Pulled elbow ossification
- Nutrient foramen
- Head of ulna
- Olecranon process
- Posterior border
- Styloid process of ulna
• Identify the following bony shadows in Radiograph of the elbow AP/lateral view
- Olecranon process
- Trochlea
• PA view of wrist & hand identify the
- Styloid process of ulna
14
ARTICULATED HAND (C25-34)
• Identify the bone: Articulated Hand Type of Bone :

• Carpal Bones: Short Bones
• Metacarpals: Short /Miniature long
bone
• Phalanges: Short bones
• Hold the articulated hand in anatomical position
• Identify the main parts of the articulated hand:
- Carpal bones
- Metacarpal bones
- Phalanges
• Determine the side of the articulated hand
• Identify the features of the articulated hand:
• Carpal Bone:
• Identify and name the carpal bones:
- Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform
- Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
• Identify the parts of the following carpal bones:
- Tubercle of scaphoid
- Pisiform
- Crest of trapezium
- Hook of hamate
• Radio carpal articulation
• Metacarpals:
• Identify and name the metacarpal bones
- Numbering (1-5)
- Parts of the metacarpal bones
15
proximal, distal & intermediate
- Type of articulations
1st Carpometacarpal joint in detail
• Phalanges:
• Identify and name the proximal, distal & intermediate phalanges
- Parts of phalanges
- Articulations: proximal & distal
- Features of sesamoid bone
- Articular surfaces of the carpal bones
ligament attachment: - Thenar muscles
- Flexor retinaculum - Hypothenar muscles
- Interossei muscles
- Lumbricals
- Flexor digitorum superficialis
- Flexor digitorum profundus
- Extensor digitorum
• Applied Anatomy:
- Fracture of the scaphoid bone
Understand the anatomical basis of avascular necrosis of the proximal scaphoid
- Dislocation of lunate bone
- Fracture of metacarpal bones:
Bennett fracture
- Medico legal importance of ossification
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Ossification
- Hook of hamate
- Pisiform bone
- Metacarpal heads
16
- Metacarpophalangeal joints
• Identify & name the following bony shadows in AP/lateral view radiograph of the
hand
- Distal end of radius and ulna
- Carpal bones – proximal and distal rows
- 5 - Metacarpal bones
- Phalanges – proximal, middle and distal
- Wrist joint
- Intercarpal joint
- Understand the type of articulations
17
THORAX
18
STERNUM (C-224-227)
• Identify the bone: Sternum • Type of Bone : flat bone

• Hold the sternum in anatomical position
- Manubrium sterni
- Body
- Xiphoid process
• Identify the features of the sternum:
Manubrium Sterni: Body of Sternum: Xiphoid process
2 surfaces: 2 surfaces:
- Anterior - Anterior
- Posterior - Posterior
4 borders: 2 ends:
- Superior: - Upper
Suprasternal/jugular notch - Lower
Clavicular notch: facets 2 lateral borders: articulations
- Inferior
2 lateral: articulations
• Identify and know the muscular and • Good to:
ligament attachment to the surfaces and - Understand the relations of
borders of sternum: mediastinum structures
- Pectoralis major
- Sternocleidomastod
- Sternothyroid
- Sternohyoid
- Parietal pleura
- Rectus abdominis
- Diaphragm
19
- Linea alba
- Sternal angle location and its importance
- Collection of sternal bone marrow
- Sternal notch
- Sternal angle
- Articulations of costal cartilages
- Xiphoid process
Identify the bony markings of sternum in chest PA/Lateral view:
- Manubrium sterni
- Body
- Xiphoid process
- Articulations
20
RIBS (C-219-224)
• Identify the bone: Ribs • Type of Bone : Flat bone

• Hold the rib in anatomical position
• Total number: 12 pairs
• Classification of Ribs:
- True ribs: 1st to 7th rib
- False ribs: 8th to 12th ribs
- Typical: presents common features
- Atypical: 1st, 2nd, 10th, 11th, 12th ribs
• Identify the main parts of the typical ribs:
- Anterior end
- Posterior end
- Shaft
• Determine the side of the rib
• Identify the features of the Typical rib :
• Anterior end: facet
• Posterior end:
- Head: bear 2 facets separated by transverse ridge
- Neck: 2 surfaces and 2 borders
- Tubercle: articular and nonarticular part
• Angle of the rib
• Shaft:
2 surfaces:
- external
- internal: costal groove
2 borders: superior and inferior
21
• Identify the features of the atypical ribs:
• First rib:
Place the rib in anatomical position & determine the side
- Head
- Neck
- Tubercle
- Shaft: 2 surfaces:
- Superior: identify shallow groove, scalene tubercle
- Inferior
- 2 borders: outer and inner
• Learn the difference between atypical ribs from typical ribs
• Learn the articulation of ribs with sternum and thoracic vertebra
- Costotransverse joint
- Joint with head of the rib
- Sternocostal joints
• Identify and know the muscular and ligament attachment to the surfaces and borders
of ribs:
- Intercostal membrane
- Intercostal muscles attachment
- Scalenus anterior
- Subclavius
- Scalenus medius
- Serratus anterior
- Counting of ribs - Thoracic wall boundaries
- Rib fractures - Movements of the thoracic wall
- Pleural tap - Pump handle movement
- Bone grafts - Bucket handle movement
- Piston movement
22
- Counting of ribs
- Anterior end
- Shaft
*Articulations with lateral border of sternum
- Numbering of ribs
- Anterior ends
- Upper and lower borders
23
THORACIC VERTEBRAE (C229-232)
• Identify the bone: Thoracic Vertebrae • Type of Bone : irregular bone

• Hold the bone in anatomical position
• Total Number : 12
• Classification: Typical and atypical
- Typical: 2nd -8th thoracic vertebrae)
- Atypical: 1st ,9th , 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae
• Understand and identify the distinguishing features of atypical thoracic vertebrae
• Identify the main parts of the thoracic • Understand the difference between
vertebra with characteristic features: cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Typical:
- Body: shape, 2 costal facets: superior
and inferior facets
- Vertebral foramen
- Pedicles
- Laminae
- Articular process: superior & inferior
- Transverse processes
- Spinous processes
- Vertebral notch: superior & inferior
Atypical:
Identify the distinguishing feature of
atypical thoracic vertebrae from typical
vertebrae
24
ligament attachment to the surfaces and - Supraspinous and interspinous ligament
borders of thoracic vertebrae - Rhomboideus major and minor
- Anterior and posterior longitudinal - Serratus posterior superior and inferior
ligament - Sacrospinalis
- Ligamentum flava - semispinalis
- Latissimus dorsi
- Trapezius
- Failure of fusion of neural arches
- Degenerative changes
- Disc prolapsed
- Third, seventh, twelfth thoracic spine
Identify the following bony shadows of the thoracic vertebra in PA /Lateral view of thoracic
region:
- Vertebral body
- Transverse process
- Pedicles
- Spines
- Intervertebral disc space
- Intervertebral foramen
- Articulations with ribs
25
ABDOMEN & PELVIS
26
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE (C219-C224)
• Identify the bone: Lumbar Vertebra • Type of Bone : irregular bone

• Hold the lumbar vertebra in anatomical position
Total Number : 5
• Classification: Typical and atypical
- Typical: L1, L2, L3, L4
- Atypical: L5
• Identify the main parts of the lumbar vertebra with characteristic features:
Typical:
- Body
- Vertebral foramen
- Pedicles
- Laminae
- Articular process: superior & inferior
- Transverse processes
- Spinous processes
- Vertebral notch: superior & inferior
- Accessory process on transverse processes
- Mamillary process on the superior articular process
Atypical:L5
Understand and identify the distinguishing features of atypical lumbar vertebra
** Understand the difference between cervical and thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
of lumbar vertebrae
- Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament
27
- Ligamentum flava
- Crura of the diaphragm
- Psoas major
- Thoracolumbar fascia
- Level at which spinal cord ends in children and adults
- Level at which lumbar puncture/spinal tap done-procedure
- Lumbar disc prolapse
- Lumbar lordosis
- Spondylosis
- Spondilolisthesis
- Spina bifida
- Hemivertebra
- Sacralisation of lumbar vertebra: partial and complete
- Counting of lumbar vertebra
- Spinous process
- L5
• Identify the following skeletal shadow in AP /lateral view LS spine, abdomen pelvis:
- Body
- Laminae
- Pedicles
- Spinous process
- Numbering of vertebra
- Intervertebral disc
- Superior and inferior vertebral notch
28
ARTICULATED PELVIS (C227-C231)
Must Know
• Identify the bone: Articulated Pelvis

• Hold the articulated pelvis in anatomical position
• Identify the main bones of the articulated pelvis:
- 2 Hipbones
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
• Identify and name the division of articulated pelvis
- Greater pelvis/False pelvis
- Lesser pelvis/ True pelvis
Pelvic inlet/ Pelvic brim:
- Sacral promontory
- Anterior margins of ala
- Linea terminalis: includes
- Arcuate line of ilium
- Iliopubic eminence
- Pectin pubis
- Pubic crest
- Upper part of pubic symphysis
Greater pelvis:
Boundaries
- On either side: Iliac fossae of hip bone
- Posteriorly: Ala of the sacrum
- Anteriorly : no bony wall
29
Lesser pelvis
Boundaries:
- Infornt: Pubic symphysis
- On either side: superior rami of pubis
- Behind: sacrum and coccyx
Identify the subdivisions of lesser pelvis
- Pelvic Inlet
- Pelvic Cavity
- Pelvic Outlet
• Identify and differentiate the shape of male & female pelvic inlet
• Name & identify the plane of pelvic inlet
• Name & identify the Axis of pelvic inlet
• Identify and name the measurements of the pelvic inlet
- Antero-posterior diameter/ anatomical conjugate
- Oblique diameter
- Transverse diameter
- Obstetrical conjugate
- Diagonal conjugate
• Difference between male and female pelvic cavity

• Identify and name the measurements of female pelvic cavity:
- Anteroposterior diameter
- Oblique diameter
- Transverse diameter
- Plane of least dimensions
- Axis of Pelvic cavity:
- Anterior superior iliac spine
- Iliac crest
- Posterior superior iliac spine
- Pubic crest
- Pubic symphysis
30
- Pubic tubercle
- Tubercle of the iliac crest
• Radiological anatomy:
Identify the following bony shadows in the plain x -ray abdomen AP view
- Iliac crest
- Linea terminalis
- Superior pubic ramus
- Obturator foramen
- Ischial tuberosity
- Sacral foramina
- Sacro-iliac joints
- -Symphysis pubis
- Coccyx
- Articulations
31
SACRUM (C224-C227)
Must Know
• Identify the bone: Sacrum

• Hold the sacrum in anatomical position
• Identify the main parts of the Sacrum:
- Base
- Apex
- 3 Surface
• Identify the main features of the sacrum:
• Base:
- articulations with body of 5th lumbar vertebra – Sacrovertebral angle
Identify the Features:
Body
- Sacral promontory
- Ala of sacrum
- Vertebral foramen
- Pedicles
- Laminae
- Spinous process
- Superior articular processes
• Apex:
- Identify the facet for articulation with coccy
3 Surfaces:
- Pelvic surface:
- Identify the 4 pairs of pelvic sacral foramina
- Transverse ridges
Dorsal Surface:
- Median sacral crest
- Sacral hiatus
- Dorsal sacral foramina
32
- Intermediate sacral crest
- Lateral sacral crest
- Sacral cornu
Lateral surface: Articular surface
Sacral canal :
Identify the boundaries
Identify the Sacral hiatus, learn the contents and structures transmitted
• Identify and know the muscular and ligament attachment to the surfaces and borders of
sacrum:
- Piriformis
- Erector spinae
- Gluteus maximus
- Sacrospinous ligament
- Sacrotuberous ligament
- Coccygeus
- Spina bifida
- Sacral fracture
- Epidural anesthesia
- Abnormal fusion of lumbar and sacral vertebrae
Identify the following bony shadows in the x-ray of abdomen pelvis AP view/lateral view
- Sacral promontary
- Sacral foramina
- Sacroiliac joint
- Coccyx
33
LOWER LIMB
34
HIP BONE (C7-15)
• Identify the bone: Hip bone • Type of Bone : Irregular bone

• Hold the hip bone in anatomical position
Pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine lies in the same coronal plane
• Identify the main parts of the hip bone:
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
• Determine the side of the hip bone
• Identify the features of the bone:
• Ilium: • Pubis: • Ischium:

2 ends – Upper and lower - Body of the pubis - Body of the ischium
Upper end: Iliac crest: - Superior ramus of pubis - Ramus of the
- Extent - Inferior ramus of pubis ischium
- Divisions: • Body of the pubis: - Ischial tuberosity
- Ventral & dorsal Surfaces: • Body of the
segments - Anterior ischium:
- Tubercle - Posterior/pelvic Borders:
Lower End - Medial/symphyseal - Anterior
Borders: • Superior ramus of pubis: - Posterior
- Anterior border: anterior Borders: - Lateral
superior/inferior iliac spine - Superior Surfaces:
- Anterior - Femoral
35
- Posterior border : - Inferior - Dorsal surface
posterior superior/ inferior Surfaces: • Ramus of the
iliac spine, greater sciatic - Pectineal ischium
notch - Pelvic • Ischial tuberosity:
- Medial border: arcuate - Obturator - Surfaces: outer and
line • Inferior ramus of pubis inner
Surfaces: - 2 borders • Greater sciatic
Outer gluteal surface: - 2 surfaces notch
- Inferior gluteal line - Ischiopubic ramus • Lesser sciatic
- Anterior gluteal line • Pubic Tubercle notch
- Posterior gluteal line • Pubic Crest • Ischial spine
Iliac fossa • Symphysis pubis • Obturator
Sacropelvic surface • Iliopubic eminence foramen
• Acetabulum
• Articulations of
the hip bone- hip
joint, pubic
symphysis,
sacroiliac joint

ligament attachment to the surfaces and • Ligaments of sacroiliac joint
borders of outer surface of hip bone : attached to hipbone
• Ilium: • Ligaments of the pubic symphysis
- Sartorius attached to hip bone
- Tensor fascia lata
- Gluteus maximus, minimus & medius
• Pubis:
- Adductor group of muscles
• Ischium:
- Hamstrings
36
- Structures passing through greater and
lesser sciatic notch
- Structures related to ischial spine
- Ligaments of the hip joint attached to
acetabulum
- Dislocation of hip joint
- Avulsion fracture
- Iliac crest
- Posterior superior iliac spine
- Pubic tubercle
- Pubic crest
- Ischiopubic ramus
- Symphysis pubis
• Identify & name the following in AP/lateral view radiograph of the hip region
- Iliac crest
- Posterior inferior iliac spine
- Greater sciatic notch
- Acetabulum
- Obturator foramen
- Hip joint
37
FEMUR (C15-22)
• Identify the bone: Femur • Type of Bone : Long bone

• Hold the femur in anatomical position
• Identify the main parts of the femur:
- Upper end
- Shaft
- Lower end
• Determine the side of the femur
• Identify the features of the femur:
• Upper end: • Shaft: • Lower end:
- Head: identify fovea Borders: - Articular surface:
- Neck - Lateral patellar and tibial
- Greater and lesser - Medial - Condyles,
trochanter - Posterior/Linea aspera intercondylar fossa
- Trochanteric fossa • Surfaces: - Epicondyles
- Intertrochanteric line - Anterior - Adductor tubercle
- Intertrochanteric crest - Lateral - Popliteal surface
- Quadrate tubercle - Medial - Articulations
- Articulations - Posterior: identify the
Spiral line, Gluteal
tuberosity
of femur:
- Gluteus medius
- Obturator internus
- Piriformis
38
- Psoas major
- Iliacus
- Vasatus lateralis, Vasatus medialis
- Capsular ligament of hip joint
- Adductor group of muscles
- Gluteus maximus
- Popliteus
- Gastrocnemius
- Ligament of head of femur
- Ilio-femoral ligament
- Articular ligament of knee joint
- Tibial collateral ligament
- Fibular collateral ligament
- Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament
- Dislocation of hip joint
- Fracture neck of femur
- Blood supply of head of femur and hip joint
- Coxa valga and coxa vara
- Medico legal importance of adductor tubercle
- Ossification of lower end of femur
- Adductor tubercle
- Greater trochanter of femur
- Medial & lateral femoral condyles
• Identify & name the following skeletal markings in Radiograph of hip region AP view
- Greater trochanter
- Head of femur
- Lesser trochanter
- Neck of femur
39
- Shenton’s line
- Nelaton’s line
- Joint space
Radiograph of knee region AP view

- Articular ends of femur
- Intercondylar notch of femur
- Joint space
Lateral view of knee region:
- Medial & lateral epicondyle of femur
40
TIBIA (C23-28)
• Identify the bone: Tibia • Type of Bone : Long bone

• Hold the tibia in anatomical position
• Identify the main parts of the tibia:
- Upper end
- Shaft
- Lower end
• Determine the side of the Tibia:
• Identify the features of the tibia:

Upper end Shaft Lower end
- Condyles - medial & • Borders - Medial malleolus
lateral - Anterior - Inferior articular
- Intercondylar area & - Medial surface
intercondylar - Lateral (interosseous) Articulation s of lower end
eminence • Surfaces
- Tibial tuberosity - Medial
- Fibular facet - Lateral
- Articulations - Posterior - Soleal Line
Articulations of upper end Articulations of Tibiofibular
joint
of tibia:
- Ligamentum patellae
- Iliotibial tract
- Semimembranosus
- TibialisAnterior
41
- Soleus
- Popliteus
- Sartorius
- Gracilis
- Semitendinosus
- Tibialis posterior
- Medial and lateral meniscus
- Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament
- Tibial collateral ligament
- Fracture of tibia - Acute osteomyelitis
- Palpation of posterior tibial artery - Bone graft
- Medial surface of tibia
- Tibial condyles
- Tibial tuberosity
- Medial malleolus
• Identify the following bony shadows in radiograph of knee region AP/lateral view
- Articular ends of tibia
- Intercondylar eminence
- Joint space
• Identify the following in radiograph of ankle joint AP/lateral view :
- Lower end of tibia
- Joint space
42
FIBULA (C28-32)
• Identify the bone: Fibula • Type of Bone : long bone

• Hold the fibula in anatomical position
• Identify the main parts of the fibula:
- Upper end
- Shaft
- Lower end
• Determine the side of the fibula
• Identify the features of the fibula
Upper end Shaft Lower end Surfaces:
- Styloid process Borders Anterior, Lateral, Medial &
- Facet for Tibia - Anterior Posterior
- Neck - Interosseous - Lateral
- Posterior malleolus
Surface - Facet for
- Medial/Extensor talus
- Lateral/Peroneal - Malleolar
- Posterior/Flexor fossa
• Identify and know the muscular and ligament attachment to the surfaces and
borders of fibula:
- Biceps femoris
- Anterior compartment muscles to medial surface of the shaft
- Lateral compartment muscle to lateral surface of the shaft
- Posterior compartment muscles to posterior surface of the shaft
- Fibular collateral ligament
43
- Fracture fibula
- Relation of common peroneal nerve to neck of fibula
- Bone grafting
- Violation of laws of ossification
- Head of fibula
- Lateral malleolus
- Neck of fibula
• Identify the following bony shadows in radiograph of Knee AP view
- Head & styloid process of fibula
• AP view of Ankle region:
- Lower end of fibula
- Lateral malleous
44
PATELLA (C22-23)

• Identify the bone: Patella • Type of Bone : Sesamoid bone
• Place the patella in anatomical position
• Identify the main parts of the patella
• Determine the side of the patella
• Identify the features of the bone:
Surfaces:
- Rough anterior surface
- Articular posterior surface
Borders:
- Upper border or base
- Medial border
- Lateral border
- Apex
- Articulations
patella:
- Ligamentum patellae
- Rectus femoris
- Vasatus medialis
- Vasatus intermedius
- Vasatus lateralis
- Ossification
- Patellar dislocation
- Fracture
- Base
45
- Apex
- Borders
In AP and Lateral view of knee joint identify: the patella and its articulations with lower end
of femur
46
ARTICULATED FOOT (C32-42)
• Identify the bone: Articulated foot Type of Bone :

• Tarsal bones: short bones
• Metatarsal bones: short long bones or
miniature long bones
• Phalenges: minture long bones
• Hold the articulated foot in anatomical position
• Identify the main bones of the articulated foot :
- Tarsal bone
- Metatarsal bones
- Phalanges
• Determine the side of the articulated foot
• Identify the features of the articulated • Good to identify :
foot: • Articulations of metatarsal with tarsal
Tarsal bones: arranged in 3 rows bones and phalanges
- Proximal row: talus and calcaneus - Subtalar joint
- Middle row: Navicular bone - Talocalcaneonavicular joint
- Distal row: medial, intermediate - Calcaneocuboid joint
and lateral cuneiform and cuboid - Tarsometatarsal joint
Talus: - Metatrsophalangeal joint
- head, - Articulations of ankle joint
- neck: sulcus tali
- body: articular facets, tubercles
Calcaneus:
Surfaces:
- Anterior
- Posterior
- Plantar or inferior
47
- Dorsal or superior
- Lateral
- Medial
- Sustantaculum tali (medial surface)
- Sulcus Calcanei
Navicular Bone:
- Tuberosity
Metatarsal bones: 5 in number and numbered
from medial to lateral side
- Understand the bones forming
articulations of the foot and ankle joint
of articulated foot:
- Plantar aponeurosis
- Achilles tendon
- Flexor retinaculum
- Deltoid ligament
- Spring ligament
- Peroneus longus
- Tibialis posterior
- Short & long plantar ligament
- Arches of foot
- Hallux valgus
- Tarsal tunnel syndrome
- March fracture
- Jones fracture
- Retrocalcaneal spurs
- Ossification
48
- Head of talus
- Medial cuneiform bone
- Sustantaculum tali
- Tubercle of base of 5th metatarsal bone
- Tuberosity of navicular bone
Identify the bones in AP and lateral radiograph of ankle
- Body of talus
- Calcaneum
- Cuboid
- Navicular
- Cuneiform
- Metatarsals
- Sesamoid bone
- Phalanges
49
HEAD & NECK
50
NORMA FRONTALIS, VERTICALIS & LATERALIS, OCCIPITALIS
(C4-13)
• Identify the bone: • Type of Bone:

Norma frontalis, verticalis, lateralis, occipitalis
• Hold the skull in anatomical position

• Identify the bones in norma frontalis
- Frontal bone
- Nasal Bones
- Maxillae
- Zygomatic bones
- Orbital cavities
- Nasal cavities
• Identify the important features of the Good to identify:
NORMA FRONTALIS: - Zygomatico fascial formina
- Superciliary arches - Articulations
- Glabella
- Nasion
- Frontal eminences
- Supra - orbital margins
- Supra - orbital notches/foramina
- Infra - orbital foramina
- Alveolar processes of maxilla
- Canine fossae
- Incisive fossae
- Frontal and zygomatic processes
of maxillae
Orbital cavities:
51
- Borders of orbit and bones forming them
- Walls of the orbit: bones contributing
- Supra-orbital notch /foramen: structures emerging
- Superior and inferior orbital fissure: structure
passing through
• Identify the bones in NORMA VERTICALIS:
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Part of occipital
• Identify the important features of the norma
verticalis:
- Coronal suture
- Sagittal suture
- Lambdoid suture
- Bregma
- Lambda
- Parietal eminence
- Parietal foramen
• Identify the bones in NORMA LATERALIS:
- Frontal
- Parietal bone
- Sphenoid : greater wing and lateral pterygoid plate
- Temporal: squamous part, styloid process, mastoid
part
- Zygomatic
- Maxillae
- Occipital
• Identify the important features of the norma
lateralis:
- Temporal lines
- Supra-mastoid crest
52
- Zygomatic arch
- External auditory meatus
- Supra – meatal triangle • Temporal fossa –
- Parieto – mastoid suture Boundaries
- Occipito-mastoid suture • Infratemporal fossa –
- Mastoid process Boundaries
- Mastoid foramen • Pterygopalatine fossa -
- Styloid process Boundaries
- Temporal fossa
- Infra-temporal fossa
- Pterygopalatine fossa
- Sphenopalatine foramen
- Greater palatine canal
Identify the bones in NORMA OCCIPITALIS:
- Parietal bones
- Occipital bone – squamous part
- Temporal bones – mastoid part
Identify the important features of the NORMA
OCCIPITALIS
- Lambdoid suture
- Occipitomastoid suture
- Parietomastoid suture
- Sagittal suture (posterior part)
- Lambda
- External occipital protuberance
- Inion
- Superior nuchal line
- Highest nuchal line
- Occipital point
- Mastoid foramen
- Interparietal bone
-
53
• Identify and know the muscular and ligament attachment to the surfaces of skull:
- Temporalis muscle & fascia
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Digastric
- Masseter
- Pterygoids
- Trapezius
- Ligamentum nuchae
- Fractures
- Structures passing through foramina
- Emissary veins
- Malar prominence
- Zygomatic arch
- External acoustic meatus
- Orbital and nasal apertures
- Upper jaw
- Anterior nasal spine
- Nasion
54
- Glabella
- Bregma
- Vertex
- Lambda
- External occipital protuberance
- Mastoid process
- Styloid process
- Pterion
• Radiological Anatomy: Identify the bony shadows in radiograph of skull PA view:
- Sagittal suture
- Frontal bone
- Lambdoid suture
- Superior orbital margin
- Inferior orbital margin
- Bony nasal septum
- Zygomatic bone/arch
- Maxilla
Identify the bony shadows in radiograph of skull lateral view:
- Frontal bone
- Coronal suture
- Vertex
- Parietal bone
- Lambdoid suture
- Occipital bone
55
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (C51-56)
• Identify the bone: Cervical vertebra • Type of Bone : irregular bone

• Hold the cervical vertebra in anatomical position
• Number of vertebrae and types : 7
• Understand and identify the difference between typical and atypical vertebra
• Typical cervical vertebrae: C3, C4, C5, C6
• Atypical cervical vertebrae: C1, C2 and C7
• Identify the main parts and features of the Typical cervical vertebrae:
- Body
- Vertebral foramen
- Pedicles
- Laminae
- Spine: bifid
- Articular processes – superior & inferior facets
- Foramen transversarium
- Intervertebral foramen
Identify the features of Atypical Vertebrae:
C1 – Atlas
Identify the distinguishing features of the Atlas vertebra from other vertebrae
- Anterior arch
- Posterior arch
- Anterior tubercle
- Posterior tubercle
- Facet for odontoid process
- Lateral masses: upper articular and lower articular facets
- Groove for vertebral artery
56
- Vertebral canal
C2 – Axis
Identify the distinguishing features of the Axis vertebra from other vertebrae
- Odontoid process/dens
- Superior articular facets
- Inferior articular facets
- Laminae
- Bifid spinous process
- Vertebral canal
C7 – Vertebra Prominens
Identify the distinguishing features of the vertebra prominens from other vertebrae
- Body
- Transverse process: posterior root , anterior root
- Articular facets
- Laminae
- Spinous process
• Understand the articulations and joints formed • Good to know:
by the cervical vertebrae - Anterior & posterior
- Atlantooccipital joint, longitudinal ligament
- Atlanto axial joint - Intertransverse ligament
• Know the structures passing through - Interspinous ligament
- Vertebral canal - Ligamentum flava
- Foramen transversarium - Apical ligament
- Intervertebral foramen - Alar ligament,
- Membrana tectoria,
- Longus coli
- Rectus capitis lateralis
57
- Superior oblique
- Inferior oblique
- Splenius cervicis
- Levator scapulae
- Scalenus medius
- Variation in number of vertebra
- Fusion of vertebrae
- Judicial hanging
- Palpation of carotid artery against carotid tubercle (anterior tubercle of C6 vertebrae)
- Cervical rib
- Occipitalization of atlas
- Carotid tubercle
- Seventh cervical spine
- Tip of transverse process of atlas
Identify the bones/skeletal shadow in AP and lateral radiograph of spine cervical region:
- Body of C1 to C7 vertebrae
- Anterior arch of atlas
- Posterior arch of atlas
- Odontoid process
- Superior and inferior articular process
- Pedicles
- Spinous process
- Intervertebral disc spaces
58
NORMA BASALIS (C13-21)
Must Know
• Identify the bone: Norma basalis

• Skull is viewed from inferior aspect
• Identify the boundaries:
- Anteriorly: incisor teeth of maxillae
- Posteriorly: superior nuchal line of occipital bone
- Laterally: alveolar arch, zygomatic arch, mastoid process
• Bones forming the norma basalis
- Frontal bone
- Ethmoid bone
- Sphenoid bone
- Parietal bone
- Temporal bone
- Occipital bone
• Understand the division of norma basalis:
- Anterior part: formed by bony palate and alveolar arches
- Middle part: between anterior part and a transverse line drawn across anterior
margin of foramen magnum
- Posterior part: behind the transverse line
• Identify the bones and features of the three divisions of norma basalis:
• Identify the important features of the Anterior Part:
Bones viewed are
- Bony palate: made up of palatine process of maxillae
- Horizontal plates of palatine bones
- Inter-maxillary suture
- Inter-palatine suture
59
- Palate-maxillary suture
Features:
- Icissive fossa
- Lateral and median incisive foramina
- Greater and lesser palatine foramina
- Palatine crest
- Posterior nasal spine
- Alveolar arch
Identify the important features of the Middle Part:
Bones viewed are:
- Vomer
- Sphenoid
- Occipital
- Temporal
Featuress:
- Posterior nasal apertures
- Basilar part of occipital bone
- Pharyngeal tubercles
- Medial and lateral pterygoid plates
- Pterygoid fossa
- Scaphoid fossa
- Pterygoid hamulus
- Foramen ovale
- Foramen spinosum
- Spine of sphenoid
- Foramen lacerum
- Carotid canal
- Squamotympanic fissure
- Mandibular fossa
- Articular tubercle
- Pterygoid canal
60
Identify the important features of the Posterior part:
Bones viewed:
- Occipital
- Temporal
Features:
- Foramen magnum
- Occipital condyles
- Hypoglossal canal
- Condylar fossa
- Jugular process
- Jugular foramen
- Stylod process
- Stylomastoid foramen
- Mastoid process
- Mastoid notch
- External occipital crest
- Inferior and superior nuchal line
• Identify the parts of sphenoid bone:
- Body
- Pterygoid plates
- Greater wing
• Articulation:
- Temporomandibular joint
- Atlanto - occipital joint
• Styloid apparatus
- Fractures of the skull bones
- Ossification
- Structures passing through the foramina
61
MANDIBLE (C32-36)
Must Know
• Identify the bone: Mandible

• Hold the Mandible in anatomical position
- Body
- Rami
• Identify the features of the Mandible
• Body of mandible: • Ramus of mandible

Surfaces: external, internal External 2 Surfaces:
surface: Lateral surface:
- Symphysis menti Medial surface:
- Mental protuberance - Mandibular foramen
- Mental tubercle - Lingula
- Mental foramen - Mandibular canal
- Oblique line - Mylohyoid groove
- Incisive fossa 4 border:
Internal surface - Anterior
- Mylohyoid line or ridge - Posterior
- Sublingual fossa - Upper : mandibular notch, coronoid
- Submandibular fossa process, condylar process
- Mylohyoid groove - Lower
- Superior & inferior genial tubercles 2 process:
Borders: upper, lower Condylar process:
62
- Upper or Alveolar border - Head of mandible
- Lower border or Base: Digastric fossa - Neck of mandible
- Coronoid process
- Angle of mandible
ligament attachment to the surfaces and - Pterygomandibular raphe
borders of Mandible: - Sphenomandibular ligament
- Masseter
- Platysma
- Buccinator
- Anterior belly of Digastric
- Medial Pterygoid
- Mylohyoid
- Attachment of deep cervical fascia
- Ligaments: Lateral ligament,
sphenomandibular ligament,
Stylomandibular ligament
Understand the:
- Relation of nerves
- Relation of arteries
- Relation of salivary glands
- Sex determination of mandible
- Age changes of mandible
- Dislocation of Temporomandibular joint
- Fracture of mandible
- Trismus
- Impacted tooth
- Ossification
63
- Temporomandibular joint
- Angle of mandible
- Base of mandible
- Symphysis menti
• Identify the bony markings on the lateral/PA view of cervical spine/skull radiograph
- Ramus
- Body
- Angle
- Symphysis menti
- Coronoid process
- Alveolar arches
64
INTERIOR OF SKULL (C21-28)
Must Know
• Identify the bone: Interior of skull

• Hold the skull in anatomical position
• Identify the subdivisions and boundaries of the interior of skull:
- Anterior cranial fossa
- Middle cranial fossa
- Posterior cranial fossa
• Identify the features of the interior of skull:
*locate and understand the structures passing through each foramina
Anterior cranial fossa: Middle cranila fossa: Posterior cranial fossa:
- Orbital plates - Optic canal - Foramen magnum
- Crista galli - Sella turcica - Jugular foramen
- Anterior and posterior - Tuberculum selllae - Hypoglossal canal
ethmoidal foramina - Hypophyseal fossa - Internal auditory
- Foramen caecum - Dorsum sellae meatus
- Frontal sinus - Posterior clinoid - Sigmoid sulcus
- Lesser wing of processes - Mastoid foramen
sphenoid - Superior orbital fissure - Internal occipital
- Jugum sphenoidale - Foramen rotundum protuberance
- Sphenoidal air sinuses - Foramen ovale - Internal occipital crest
- Anterior clinoid - Foramen spinosum - Groove for transverse
process - Foramen lacerum sinus
- Arcuate eminence - Condylar canal
- Clivus
- Crista galli, lesser and greater wing of sphenoid, Pterygoid plates, Petrous part of the
temporal bone
65
FETAL SKULL (C30-31)
Must Know to
• Identify the bone: Foetal skull

• Hold the foetal skull in anatomical position
• Identify the bones:
- Facial bones and cranial bones
• Identify the features of the foetal skull:
• Dimensions
• Structure of bones
• Bony prominences
• Ossification of bones
• Paranasal air sinuses
• Orbits
• Temporal bone
• Mandible
**Fontanelle
- Anterior
- Posterior
- Anterolateral
- Poster lateral
- Difference between the adult skull and foetal skull
- Fontanelle: time of closure and clinical importance
- Age changes in mandible
66

Dissection Osteology

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Dissection Osteology

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DISSECTION MANUAL

Sl. No. TOPIC PAGES Sl. No. TOPIC PAGES

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Levator scapulae • Superficial branch of

• Dorsal scapular nerve

• Clean and define boundaries of the lower

MUST IDENTIFY AND SHOULD IDENTIFY COULD IDENTIFY IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND

MUST IDENTIFY SHOULD IDENTIFY COULD IDENTIFY IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND

MUST IDENTIFY SHOULD IDENTIFY COULD IDENTIFY IDENTIFY UNDERSTAND

• Push the superficial muscles aside to expose

• Dorsal digital • Dorsal interossei

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Review the surface anatomy and the • Intercostal muscles • Arrangement of

• On the internal surface of the anterior

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Make a longitudinal incision over the • Pericardium – it’s • Formation of sinuses of

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Divide the rectus abdominis muscle transversely at • Superior and inferior

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Ductus deferens • Genital branch of • Artery to the ductus

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Epididymis – head, • Hydroocele

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Identify the abdominal organs in-situ APPLIED ASPECTS

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Clean and define branches of common • Right gastric artery

• Identify the coeliac ganglia on either side of • Coeliac ganglion

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Strip off peritoneum along lesser curvature • Anterior and posterior

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Cut open the duodenum along its • Minor

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Broad ligament and its • Ligament of the ovary

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Read the surface anatomy of • Inguinal ligament • Attachments of inguinal

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Detach pectineus from its • Obturator externus

• Detach adductor brevis

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Study the surface anatomy of • Gluteus maximus • Attachments and actions of

• Detach the gluteus maximus • Sacrotuberous ligament

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Detach hamstrings from • Adductor hiatus

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Cut the ilio-psoas near its APPLIED ASPECTS

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE STUDENTS SUMMARY

• Cut both heads of the • Popliteus

• Identify the structures passing