Number system HM.

HUANG

Introduction

Natural number
The number 1,2,3,4,…usually used in counting are called natural numbers.

Integer
The natural numbers and their negatives, such as -1,-2,-3,-4,…together with the number 0 are called
integers.
An integer which is divisible by 2 is an even number. Otherwise, it is an odd number.
Any even integer can be written as where is an integer.
It follows that any odd integer can be written as where is an integer.

Rational number

A rational number is a number which can be expressed as where and are integers and .
Any rational number, when expressed in decimal form, is either a terminating decimal or a repeating
decimal.

Irrational number

An irrational number is a number which cannot be expressed as where and are integers and .

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Real number
A real number is any number that is either a rational number or an irrational number.

An imaginary number
An imaginary number is a number that can be written as a real number multiplied by the imaginary unit ,
where

Complex number
An imaginary number can be added to a real number to form a complex number of the form
where and are called, respectively, the real part and the imaginary part of the complex number.
(1). Addition:

(2). Subtraction:

(3). Multiplication:

(4). Division:

Surd
A surd is an irrational number in the form of roots of rational numbers.
Note: For and , then

1.

2.

3.

4.

Rationalization of surd expressions

When the denominator of an expression involves surds, the process of changing the surd of the
denominator to rational number without changing the value of the expression is called rationalization.
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分母唔想見到有 surd form , 所以要有理化, 方法及技巧參考筆記後部分的例子

Expressions like and which differ only in the sign connecting the two terms are

said to be conjugate surds. The product of two conjugate is always rational.

E.g.1
Convert recurring decimal into a fraction. 識晒以下類別就夠了

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) Let

見到單一個循環點就乘大 10 倍

(b) Let

見到頭尾兩個數的循環點就乘大 100 倍

(c) Let

見到頭尾三個數的循環點就乘大 1000 倍 , 如此類推

(d) Let

P.S.
如果頭尾有循環點就直接把數字除以同位數的最大值, 如有需要, 再化簡至最簡分數

例如 (a) 係一位數, 直接除以一位數的最大值, 即是 9, .

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例如 (c) 係三位數, 直接除以三位數的最大值, 即是 999,

如果循環點不在頭尾位, 就要倍大多於一次, 如 (d) 的例子就倍大了 2 次, 一次倍大 0 倍, 一次倍大 100
倍, 重點係要減走所有循環點的數, 倍大多少倍做多 D 題目就能好快掌握到秘訣

E.g.2
Prove that the product of two odd integer is odd.

Let and be the two odd integers where are integers.

is an integer so that is even. Therefore is odd.

the product of two odd integer is odd

E.g.3
Show that a positive integer of three digits is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.

Let be the positive integer with three digits , and

be the hundreds digit, be the tens digit and be the units digit

Given that the sum of its digits is divisible by 3,

where is an integer.
Then 例如

which shows that it is a multiple of 3 as is an integer.

E.g.4
Show that is always divisible by 4 when is an odd number.

Let where is an integer

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which shows that it is a multiple of 4 as is an integer.

E.g.5
Simplify the following expressions
(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

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(c)

E.g.6
Rationalize the following expressions

(a) (b)

(a)

乘以 conjugate surds

(b)

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E.g.7

Simplify

E.g.8

If , evaluate

E.g.9

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By evaluating , simplify

E.g.10

If , find and

and

E.g.11
Find the square roots of the complex number
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Let a square roots of be denoted by , where , are real numbers. Then

By comparing the real parts and imaginary parts on both sides,

---(1) ---(2)

From (2) ---(3)

Substitute (3) into (1) :

左右倍大

因式分解

Since is a real number, ,

When ,
When ,
Therefore, the square roots of are and