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Proof : (a) lim ( x n ) = x for every 0 there exist a natural number K ( ) such that
(c) lim ( x n ) = x for every 0 there exist a natural number K ( ) such that
(1) Consider the sequence ( x ) = ( (−1) ) . Then we see that the sequence ( x ) = ( 1 )
n
n
n
(10)
(3) Consider the sequence ( x ) = (Cos (−1) ) = ( − 1 ,
n
n
−1 , −1 , −1, ... ) . Then
we see that the sequence ( xn ) = ( 1 ) is convergent and the sequence ( x ) is also n
convergent.
(−1) n
(4) Consider the sequence ( ) n
=
xn . Then we see that the sequence
( xn ) = 1n
is convergent and the sequence ( x n ) is also convergent .
divergent .
(11)
n2
(4) The sequence ( x n ) = ( −1)n is divergent.
n −1
n2
Proof : Consider its absolute value sequence ( xn ) = . Since it is an unbounded
n −1
n2 n2
sequence as = n , for all n2
n −1 n
Tails of Sequences
Definition : If ( x n ) = ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , . . . ) is a sequence of real numbers and if ‘ m ’ is a
given
natural number, then the m - tail of the sequence denoted by ( x m + n ) is the sequence given by
( xm + n ) : = ( xm + n : n ) = ( xm +1 , xm + 2 , xm + 3 , xm + 4 , . . . )
sequence ( x 3 + n ) = ( x 4 , x 5 , x 6 , . . . ) = ( 8 , 10 , 12 , . . . , 2 n + 6 , . . . )
Let ( x n ) be a sequence of real numbers and let m . Then the m - tail ( x m + n ) of the
1 1
Example : (1) Show that lim − =0
n n +1
1 1
Solution : Since the sequence is the 1-Tail of the sequence , therefore
n +1 n
1 1 1
lim exists and lim = lim = 0 . Hence the result.
n + 1
n n + 1
(12)
1
(2) Consider the inductive sequence x1 = 2 , xn + 1 = xn + 2 , for n 1 , find out its limit ?
2
Solution : Let lim ( x n ) = L , since the 1- Tail sequence ( x n + 1 ) converges to same limit ‘L’
1
Therefore applying n → we get L = L + 2 L = 4.
2
Exercises
(1) Write the first five terms in each of the following sequences with nth term x n :
( −1)
n
x n : = 1 + ( −1) xn :=
n
(i) (ii)
n
1 1
(iii) xn := (iv) xn :=
n ( n + 1) n +1
2
(2) The first few terms of a sequence ( x n ) are given below. Write the nth term x n :
1 −1 1 − 1
(i) 5, 7, 9, 11, . . . (ii) , , , ,...
2 4 8 16
1 2 3 4
(iii) , , , ,... (iv) 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , . . .
2 3 4 5
(3) Write the first five terms in each of the following inductively defined sequences :
1 2
(i) x1 : = 1 , x n + 1 : = 3 x n + 1 (ii) y1 : = 2 , y n + 1 : = y n +
2 y n
zn +1 + zn
(iii) z 1 : = 1 , z 2 : = 2 , z n + 2 : = (iv) s1 : = 3 , s 2 : = 5 , s n + 2 : = s n + 1 + s n
zn +1 − zn
(13)
(4) Use the definition of the limit of a sequence to establish the following limits.
n2 − 1 1
(i) lim =
2n + 3 2
2
(ii) lim ( n2 + 1 − n )=0
( −1) n n 1
(iii) lim 2 = 0 (iv) lim
=3
n +1 n + 7
1− n n2 + 7
(i) ( x n ) = (ii) ( y n ) =
8n + 3
n
3n − 5n
(iii) ( z n ) = n (iv) ( wn ) = (e )n
4
(6) Show that the following sequences converges and find their limits
Sin ( n ) Sin ( n )
(i) ( xn ) = (ii) ( yn ) =
1+ e n
n
Cos ( n ) (−1)n n
(iii) ( zn ) = (iv) ( wn ) = 2
n n −1
2