VIBRATION

• Motion that repeats after intervals

Examples:-excited tuning fork
Plucked string of musical instruments
Shock : disturbance produced by a sudden applied
force

CAUSES:
1. External excitation
2. Unbalanced Forces
 Classification of vibration
According to actuating force
1.Free or Natural vibration
2.Forced Vibration
3.Damped Vibration
According stress in supporting medium
1.Longitudinal vibration
2. Transverse vibration
3.Torsional vibration
 .
Free or Natural vibrations:-
- not actuated by external force
- continue for ever
Eg :- oscillation of simple pendulum in frictionless medium
Forced vibration:-
- caused or maintained by periodic disturbing forces
Eg :- ringing of bell

Damped vibration: -
- Initial energy imparted to body get dissipated in
overcoming frictional resistance and vibrations eventually die
out
eg:- simple pendulum, tuning fork
 Longitudinal Vibration

Mass attached with

spindle moves up and
down parallel to spindle
axis
 Transverse vibration

particles of body or shaft

moves perpendicular to
axis
 Torsional vibration

spindle gets alternately

twisted and un twisted
 Degree of Freedom
• Minimum number of independent coordinates
required to specify motion of system or
number of independent displacements
possible

- Finite degree of freedom

- Infinite degree of freedom

 Single degree of freedom

- Only one independent

coordinate (x1) to specify
configuration
 Two degrees of freedom

• There are two

independent
coordinates (x1, x2) to
specify configuration
 Three degrees of freedom

• There are three

independent
coordinates (x1, x2,x3)
to specify configuration
 Vibration control
• Removing,controlling or balancing disturbing
forces
• changing natural frequency (√k/m) so that it
is removed from operating frequency
• Causes which are not possible to be corrected
are isolated
 Vibration isolation
• Isolating materials are selected based on

1. Static deflection
2. Damping characteristic of material
Isolating materials:
spring,rubber,felt,glassfibre,fabric,plastic…
 Vibration absorbers
• Metallic • Organic
Springs – helical,leaf -rubber,cork,felt
- Longer life -high damping factor
- Security against water
or oil reaction
- Heavy loads
Modal Analysis
 Modal Analysis
• Deals with
determination of
natural frequencies,
damping ratios and
mode shapes through
vibration testing
 Magnification Factor
• Ratio of dynamic to static amplitude of motion
• X : max amplitude of harmonic motion
• δst: : static deflection

Magnification factor is X/ δst