GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
change.
LESSON 1 | PROPERTIES OF MATTER
What is Matter?
- everything around you
- everything that we can taste, smell, or
touch. does not include heat, sound, or light
- anything that has mass and takes up space
- can be big as an elephant or as tiny as a
grain of rice
- made from different atoms
Matter is anything that occupies space and has
mass and can be classified through its properties.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Physical Property is observed without changing the
composition of the substance.
On the other hand, chemical property involves
chemical reaction, which results in production of
new substances.
PHYSICAL PROPERTY
Physical Property
- A property that is observed without
changing the composition of a substance is
a physical property.
The boiling of water to produce steam is an
example of physical change. The water changes
state, liquid to gas, but it does not form into another
kind of matter.
When we dissolve salt in water, the salt disappears,
but we can say that it is still there because of the
saltiness of the water. The salt was broken down
into small pieces and mixed with water molecules
but the identity of the salt did not change. We can
now say that dissolving is an example of physical
change.
Physical Properties of Matter
- characteristics that can be determined
without changing the chemical identity of a
substance.
● Color – the visual appearance of an object
when it interacts with light.
● Mass – the amount of matter in an object.
● Elasticity – the ability of a material to return
to its original shape after being stretched or
compressed.
● Luster – the shine or reflective quality of a
material’s surface.
● Density – the mass of a substance per unit
volume.
Physical Property
We can easily identify if the change is physical if we
use our senses. Changes in size, color, shape,
mass and volume can be an example of physical
Change in color can also be an indicator of
chemical change but if it is more on the physical
appearance of a substance you can say that it is
physical change.
There are some times that you cannot use these to
see the difference between two substances, and by
that we have some other properties you can use –
Density, Thermal conductivity, Solubility, and
Magnetic properties.
Physical Property of Matter can also be classified
according to its dependence on the amount of
matter. These are called Extensive and Intensive
properties of matter.
Extensive Property is a property that depends on
the amount it has. So, it may change depending on
the amount of matter we deduct and add. (weight,
length, volume, entropy)
Intensive Property on the other hand, is a property
that is not affected by the amount of matter it has. It
does not depend on it. (boiling point, color,
temperature, luster, hardness)
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
A chemical property of matter describes the
substance’s ability to change into a new form with
different properties. It involves chemical reaction,
the conversion of matter to other types of matter.
● Reactivity – the ability of a substance to
undergo chemical reactions with other
substances. This can include combustion
(reacting with oxygen), acid-base reactions,
and more.
● Oxidation state – the tendency of an
element to gain or lose electrons in
chemical reactions, leading to changes in its
oxidation state or valence.
● Combustibility – ability of a substance to
burn in the presence of oxygen, producing
heat, light, and often new chemical
compounds.
● Flammability – describes how easily a
substance can catch fire and burn when
exposed to a flame or heat source
● Toxicity – degree to which a substance can
harm living organisms through chemical
interactions, ingestion, inhalation, or
absorption.
Chemical Property
If a chemical reaction occurs, the total mass of the
reactants and the total mass of products is the
same. This is the Law of Conservation of Mass.
Law of Conservation of Mass
- Mass is neither created nor destroyed in
ordinary chemical and physical changes
 - Must start and end with the same amount
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
When a substance undergoes a chemical change,
it transforms into another form of matter, and now
has different chemical properties.
LESSON 2| COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
Chemical Substances:
- matter that has a specific chemical
composition and distinct properties.
- they can be elements, compounds, or
mixtures
- can be solid, liquid, or gas
Chemical compound
- chemical substance composed of two or
more elements. they are held together by a
chemical bond
- there will be a fixed ratio determining the
composition of it.
Fixed ratio
- fixed ratio for a chemical compound refers
to the specific and unchanging ratio in which
different elements are combined to form that
compound
Common names
- chemical name or scientific name, and a
common name is present in almost every
chemical compound.
Scientists or chemists identify a particular chemical
compound from its scientific name. But in general,
they are known by their common names and many
of them are a part of our day-to-day life.
Chemical formula
- way of representing information about
chemical proportions of atoms which is
usually done by a subscript.
- this subscript is usually seen at the lower
right part of the symbol that indicates the
number of atoms of that element.
- we can also use numbers, and sometimes,
other symbols like parentheses, dashes,
brackets, commas, and plus and minus
signs
LESSON 3 | CONSUMER PRODUCTS
Consumer products are essential to our daily lives
for their convenience, health benefits, and
economic impact. These products, ranging from
cleaning supplies to medicines, enhance our quality
of life, promote safety, and stimulate economic
growth by providing jobs and driving innovation.
They also play a crucial role in environmental
preservation, food safety, and technological
advancements.
Furthermore, chemicals in consumer products offer
customization and personalization options, allowing
individuals to tailor their choices to their specific
needs and preferences.
These products not only improve our daily routines
but also contribute to entertainment and recreation,
making chemicals a fundamental part of modern
living.
However, responsible usage, informed choices,
and a commitment to sustainability are essential to
maximize the benefits of chemical consumer
products while minimizing their potential risks.
Food products
Here are ten common chemical substances
that are often found in the ingredients of
food products:
1. Water (H2O)
- essential component of many foods
and beverages
2. Sugar (sucrose, glucose, fructose)
- used as a sweetener in various
forms
3. Salt (sodium chloride)
- used for flavor and as a preservative
4. Starch
- found in foods like bread, pasta, and
potatoes, serving as a source of
carbohydrates
5. Fat (lipids)
- found in various forms such as oils
and butter, providing texture and
flavor
6. Proteins
- commonly found in meat, dairy, and
plant-based sources like beans and
legumes
7. Vitamins
- various vitamins are added to foods
as fortification, such as vitamin C,
vitamin D, and vitamin A
8. Minerals
- minerals like calcium, iron, and
magnesium are added to foods or
occur naturally
9. Food additives
- includes preservative, colorants,
stabilizers, and emulsifiers to
enhance taste and appearance
 10. Flavor enhancers
- examples includes monosodium
glutamate (MSG) and natural
flavors, which enhance the taste of
food products
Hygiene/cosmetics products
Here are ten common chemical substances often
found in the ingredients of hygiene products:
1. Water (H2O)
- a primary component in many
hygiene products, including
shampoos, soaps, and cleansers
2. Surfactants
- these are compounds that help
clean and emulsify substances.
Common surfactants include sodium
lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium
laureth sulfate (SLES)
3. Emollients
- these are substances that soften
and moisturize the skin. Examples
include glycerin, shea butter, and
various oils
4. Preservatives
- used to extend the shelf life of
products and prevent the growth of
harmful microorganisms. Common
preservatives include parabens,
phenoxyethanol, and benzyl alcohol
5. Fragrances
- various chemicals are used to
provide scents in hygiene products.
Fragrances can be a mix of natural
and synthetic compounds
6. Antiseptics and disinfectants
- substances like alcohol, hydrogen
peroxide, and benzalkonium chloride
are used in products like hand
sanitizers and disinfectant wipes.
- skin: antiseptics – surface:
disinfectant
7. Thickening ingredients
- these ingredients help give products
their desired consistency and
texture. Examples include xanthan
gum and carrageenan
8. Acids and bases
- ingredients like citric acid and
sodium hydroxide are used to adjust
the pH of products to make them
safe and effective
9. Colorants
- coloring agents, either natural or
synthetic, may be added to certain
hygiene products for aesthetic
reasons
10. Active ingredients
- in products like medicated
shampoos or acne treatments,
specific active ingredients such as
salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, or
fluoride are included for their
intended purpose
Medicinal products
Here are ten common chemical substances often
found in the ingredients of medicinal products:’
1. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
- the key compounds responsible for
the medication's therapeutic effect.
Examples include ibuprofen, aspirin,
and paracetamol (acetaminophen)
2. Excipients
- inactive substances used as fillers,
binders, or for other purposes to
formulate the medication into a
suitable dosage form (e.g., tablet,
capsule, liquid). Examples include
lactose, microcrystalline cellulose,
and starch
3. Solvents and carriers
- help dissolve or disperse the active
ingredient in liquid medications.
Common solvents include water,
ethanol, and propylene glycol.
4. Coatings
- can be applied to tablets and
capsules to control the release of the
active ingredient or protect it from
moisture and light. Examples include
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
(HPMC) and gelatin
5. Stabilizers
- used to prevent degradation of the
active ingredient over time. They can
include antioxidants, such as
ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and
chelating agents like EDTA
6. Lubricants
- added to prevent tablets and
capsules from sticking to
manufacturing equipment and
ensure smooth processing. Common
lubricants include magnesium
stearate and stearic acid.
7. Binders
- help hold the tablet ingredients
together. Examples include cellulose
derivatives like hydroxypropyl
cellulose (HPC) and povidone.
 of that atom
8. Fillers and diluents are
- used to increase the volume of a represented
tablet or capsule. Examples include by its atom
calcium phosphate and mannitol
Ability to cannot be can be easily
breakdown broken down separated into
9. Flavoring and sweetening agents
by chemical simpler
- used in oral liquid medications and reactions substances by
chewable tablets to improve taste. chemical
Common flavoring agents include reactions
artificial and natural flavors, and
sweeteners like sucrose or
saccharin

10. Coloring agents

- may be added to medications for
identification and aesthetic
purposes. They can be natural or
synthetic dyes

Difference Between Element and Compound

Differentiating Element Compound

Property

Definition pure substances

substances which are Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Mixtures
which are formed by two The composition is variable for both heterogeneous
composed of or more and homogeneous mixtures.
only one type different types
of atom of elements
Heterogeneous Mixture
that are united
chemically in - non-uniform
fixed
proportions Homogeneous Mixture
- uniform throughout, also called a solution
Total Numbers nearly 118 almost endless
elements (at
present) of
which nearly
94 occur
naturally on
Earth

Types classified as classified

either metals, according to
nonmetals, or their bonds
metalloids which can be
ionic,
molecular, or
metallic

Examples Iron, Copper, NaOH, NaCl,

Gold, etc etc

Representation by symbols by their

and numbers chemical
formula

Distinguished their atomic their fixed ratio

by number of different
elements;
arranged in a
defined manner

Composition only one type the same type

and Property of atom of molecules
makes up an makes up the
element, all compound
the properties