MANZIL

For JEE Aspirants

Lecture No. 1

Mole Concept
By- Paaras Thakur
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
1. Laws of Chemical combination

2. Concentration Terms

3. Mole concept

4. Lots of questions & PYQ

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1. Matter consists of tiny particles called atoms.

2. In any sample of a pure element, all the atoms are identical in
mass and other properties. The atoms of different elements differ
in mass and other properties.
3. When atoms of different elements combine to form compounds,
new and more complex particles form. However, in a given
compound the constituent atoms are always present in the same
xed numerical ratio.
4. Atoms are indestructible. In chemical reactions, the atoms
rearrange but they do not themselves break apart.
Precision and accuracy

Accuracy refers to how close a

measurement is to the true or
correct value.

Precision refers to how closely

repeated measurements of a
quantity come to each other and to
the average.
Q.
Rules for counting Significant Figures

Rule 1: All non-zero digits are significant.

Rule 2: All zeros between non-zero digits are significant.
Rule 3: All zeros at the end of a number that includes a decimal
point are significant.
Rule 4: All zeros before the first non-zero digit are not significant.
Rule 5: Some numbers are called exact numbers and have an
infinite number of significant figures.
Rules for counting Significant Figures

4.803 cm - Four significant figures: 4, 8, 0, 3

0.00661 g - Three significant figures: 6, 6, 1
55.220 K - Five significant figures: 5, 5, 2, 2, 0
34,200 m - Anywhere from three (3, 4, 2) to five (3, 4, 2, 0, 0) significant
figures
Rules for counting Significant Figures

● For addition and subtraction, the answer should have the same
number of decimal places as the quantity with the fewest number of
decimal places.

● For multiplication and division, the number of significant figures in

the answer should not be greater than the number of significant
figures in the least precise measurement.
Rules for counting Significant Figures

The answer 15.8484 should be reported as 15 because 0.12 has only

two significant figures.

● When a number is rounded off The number of significant figures is

reduced. The last digit retained is increased by 1 only if the following
digit is > 5 and is left as such if the following digit is ≤ 4.

12.696 can be written as 12.7

13.93 can be written as 13.9
Q.
Law of definite proportions
In a given chemical compound, the elements are always combined in the
same proportions by mass.
Law of multiple proportions
It states that whenever two elements form more than one compound, the
different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the
other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
Gay-Lussac’s law
It states that when measured at the same temperature and pressure, the
ratios of the volumes of reacting gases are small whole numbers.
The Avogadro’s law
It states that equal volumes of different gases at the same temperature
and pressure contain the same number of molecules.
 Atomic mass
The atomic mass is measured by comparing mass of an atom with the
mass of a particular atom chosen as standard. On the present atomic
mass scale, 12C is chosen as standard and is arbitrarily assigned the mass
of 12
atomic mass unit (amu).
Average Atomic Mass
Since, most of the elements have isotopes, the atomic mass of an element
is, infact, the average of masses of its all the naturally occurring isotopes.
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The percentage composition
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Equivalent Weight
Equivalent Weight
Equivalent Weight
 Mole Concept
A mole is the amount of a substance which contains as many entities as
there are atoms in 0.012 kg of 12C. It is the SI unit for the amount of
substance. The number of particles in a mole is known as Avogadro’s
constant.
Mole Concept
Mole Concept
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Percentage by wt & vol
Percentage by wt & vol
Mole Fraction
Molarity
Molality
Molality
Normality
Normality
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The limiting reagent
The limiting reagent
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Volume Strength of H2O2 solution
Volume Strength of H2O2 solution
Volume Strength of H2O2 solution
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Thank You !