��� � h⇠

�.� t(h⇠

t(h⇠X \ , \å
X 4.3.1 ‰mh⇠
(i) h⇠ H = 5 (G)–⌧ 5 (G) 2G 3, G 2 G + 2 , 2 G 3 + 1 Ò¸ ⇡t
G– \ ‰m›| L h⇠ H = 5 (G)| ‰mh⇠|‡ \‰.
(ii) 5 (G) |(, t(, º(X ‰m›| L ¯ ‰mh⇠| |(
h⇠, t(h⇠, º(h⇠|‡ \‰.
(iii) ¡⇠ƒ ‰m›t¿\ ¡⇠h⇠ 5 (G) = 2 ( 2î ¡⇠)ƒ ‰mh⇠
t‰.

Ù0 H = 3 , H = 2G + 3, H = G 2 G + 3@ ¡⇠h⇠, |(h⇠,
t(h⇠t‡ t‰@ ®P ‰mh⇠t‰.

X 4.3.2 h⇠X \◆✓¸ \ü✓

¥§ h⇠–⌧ XÌX ®‡ –å– \ h+✓ ⌘–⌧ • p ✓D
¯ h⇠X \◆✓t| X‡ • ë@ ✓D ¯ h⇠X \ü✓t| \‰.

t(h⇠X ¯ò⌅| t©XÏ t(h⇠X \◆✓¸ \ü✓D lt Ùê.

t(h⇠ H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2î
✓ ◆2
2 1 12 4 02
H = 0G + 1G + 2 = 0 G +
20 40

\ ¯ ⇠ à‰. 0|⌧ H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2X ¯ò⌅î H = 0G 2 X ¯ò⌅| G

1 2 4 02
2 0 Ã|, …âtŸ\ Ét‰.
1
ïX )•<\ HïX )•<\ 4 0 Ã|
‰L@ XÌt ‰⇠ ⌅¥x t(h⇠X \◆✓¸ \ü✓D ÙÏ ‰.

¨ 4.3.3 t(h⇠X \◆✓¸ \ü✓

XÌt ‰⇠ ⌅¥X —i| L t(h⇠ H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2X \◆✓¸
\ü✓@ ‰L¸ ⇡‰.

(i) 0 > 0| L

I \◆✓ : ∆L
1 2 4 02
I \ü✓ : G = 1
20 | L 40

(ii) 0 < 0| L
1 2 4 02
I \◆✓ : G = 1
20 | L 40
I \ü✓ : ∆L

⌧ 4.29 ‰L h⇠X \◆✓¸ \ü✓D lXÏ|.

(�) H = G 2 4G + 3 (�) H = 2 G 2 + 2 G 5
 �.� t(h⇠ ���

⌧ 4.30 G– \ t(h⇠ H = G 2 2 ?G ? 2 + 2 ? + 1X \ü✓D 5 (?)

| ` L 5 (?)X \◆✓D lXÏ|.

tà–î ⌧\⌧ î⌅–⌧ t(h⇠X \◆✓¸ \ü✓D ltÙê.

XÌt {G|  G  }x t(h⇠ H = 0G 2 +1G+2X \◆✓¸ \ü✓@

ïX ⌅X– 0| Ï|ƒ‰. ïX ) ›@ G = ? = 1
2 0 t¿\

I  ?  tt h+✓ 5 ( ), 5 ( ), 5 (?) ⌘–⌧ • p ✓t \◆✓

t‡ • ë@ ✓t \ü✓t‰.
I ?< ⇣î ? > tt h+✓ 5 ( ), 5 ( ) ⌘–⌧ p ✓t \◆✓t‡
ë@ ✓t \ü✓t‰.

⌧ 4.31 h⇠ H = G 2 + 4G 3 ( 1  G  3)X \◆✓¸ \ü✓D

lXÏ|.

Ät ¸¥ƒ ›D ¿ Xt

H = G 2 + 4G 3 = (G 2)2 + 1

t‰. tL -”⇣X å\î (2 , 1)t‡ -”⇣X Gå\î XÌ–

Ïh⌧‰. 0|⌧ \◆✓@ G = 2| L 1, \ü✓@ G = 1| L 8
t‰. †

⌧ 4.32 ‰L ¸¥ƒ î⌅–⌧ t(h⇠X \◆✓¸ \ü✓D lXÏ|.

(�) H = 2 G 2 3G + 3 ( 2  G  1)
1 2
(�) H = 2G + 2 G + 3 ( 2  G  2)

⌧ 4.33 1  G  :–⌧ h⇠ H = G 2 4G 2X \◆✓t 10| L, ¡⇠

:X ✓D lXÏ|.

⌧ 4.34 ‰L h⇠X \◆✓¸ \ü✓D lXÏ|.

(�) H = (G 2 + 4 G + 1)2 4(G 2 + 4 G + 1) 3 ( 1  G  1)
2 2 2
(�) H = (G 2 G + 3) 4(G 2 G + 1) 3 (0  G  3)
��� � h⇠

t(h⇠X ¯ò⌅@ ¡ X ⌅X ƒ

t(h⇠X ¯ò⌅@ ¡ X ⌅X ƒ– XÏ LDÙê. t(h⇠@

¡ X ) ›D

H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2 (�.�)
H = <G + = (�.�)

t|‡ ` L H| åpXÏ ¨XÏ ‰LD ªî‰.

0G 2 + (1 <)G + (2 =) = 0 (�.�)

t(h⇠ (�.�)X ¯ò⌅@ ¡ (�.�)X P⇣X Gå\î t() › (�.�)X

‰¸t‰.

0|⌧ t(h⇠ (�.�)X ¯ò⌅@ ¡ (�.�)X P⇣X ⌧⇠î t() ›

(�.�)X ‰¸X ⌧⇠@ ⇡‰. â t() › (�.�)X ⇣ƒ›D

⇡ = (1 <)2 4 0(2 =)

| ` L t(h⇠ H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2X ¯ò⌅@ ¡ H = <G + =X ⌅X

ƒî ‰L¸ ⇡t ¨` ⇠ à‰.

¨ 4.3.4
t(h⇠ H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2X ¯ò⌅@ ¡ H = <G + =D Ω\
⌧??•(??Ω)X Ï< ¸ ¡ X ⌅X ƒ 2
Ω) › 0G + 1G + 2 = <G + =X ⇣ƒ›D ⇡|‡ ` L
8‡
(i) ⇡ > 0 : ⌧\ ‰x P ⇣–⌧ Ãú‰.
(ii) ⇡ = 0 : \ ⇣–⌧ Ãú‰.
(iii) ⇡ < 0 : ⌧\ Ãò¿ Jî‰.

⌧ 4.35 t(h⇠ H = G 2 2 G + 3X ¯ò⌅@ ¡ H = <G 1X

⌅X ƒ ‰L¸ ⇡D L ‰⇠ <X î⌅ ⇣î ✓D lXÏ|.
(�) ⌧\ ‰x P ⇣–⌧ Ãú‰.
(�) ⌘\‰.
(�) Ãò¿ Jî‰.

Ät H = <G 1D H = G 2 2 G + 3– ÖXÏ H| åpXÏ ¨Xt

G2 (< + 2)G + 4 = 0

t‰. tL ⌅X t() ›X ⇣ƒ›D ⇡|‡ Xt

⇡ = (< + 2)2 4 · 1 · 4 = < 2 + 4< 12 = (< + 6)(< 2)

t‰.
 �.� t(h⇠ ���

(�) ⇡ = (< + 6)(< 2) > 0t¿\ < < 6 ⇣î < > 2

(�) ⇡ = (< + 6)(< 2) = 0t¿\ < = 6 ⇣î < = 2
(�) ⇡ = (< + 6)(< 2) < 0t¿\ 6 < < < 2 †

⌧ 4.36 t(h⇠ H = G 2 + :G 3X ¯ò⌅@ ¡ H=G 2X ⌅X

ƒ ‰L¸ ⇡D L ‰⇠ :X î⌅ ⇣î ✓D lXÏ|.
(�) ⌧\ ‰x P ⇣–⌧ Ãú‰.
(�) ⌘\‰.
(�) Ãò¿ Jî‰.

⌧ 4.37 P t(h⇠ H = G 2 + <G + 2, H = G 2 2 G + <X ¯ò⌅ ®P

Gï¸ Ã† L ‰⇠ <X \◆✓D lXÏ|.

⌧ 4.38 t(h⇠ H = G 2 + 4 0G + 4 0 2 + 3X ¯ò⌅ 0X ✓– ƒ∆t

¡ H = <G + =¸ ⌘` L ¡⇠ < , =X ✓D lXÏ|.

⌧ 4.39 ¡ H = 2<Gî t(h⇠ H = G 2 + 2G + 1X ¯ò⌅@ ⌧\ ‰x

P ⇣–⌧ Ãò‡ t(h⇠ H = G 2 2 G + 1X ¯ò⌅@î Ãò¿
Jî‰. tL ⇠ <X ✓D lXÏ|.

⌧ 4.40 P t(h⇠ H = G 2 , H = G 2 2 G 1X ¯ò⌅ Ÿ‹– ⌘Xî

¡ X ) ›D H = 0G + 1| ` L ¡⇠ 0 , 1X ✓D lXÏ|. (Ë
01 < 0t‰.)

t(h⇠@ t() ›, t(ÄÒ›X ƒ

t(h⇠@ t() ›X ƒ

t(h⇠ H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2X ¯ò⌅ Gï¸ Ãòî ⇣X Gå\î t(

) › 0G + 1G + 2 = 0X ‰¸¸ ⇡‰. â t(h⇠ H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2
2

X ¯ò⌅@ GïX P⇣X ⌧⇠î t() › 0G 2 + 1G + 2 = 0X ‰¸X

⌧⇠@ ⇡‰. 0|⌧ t() › 0G 2 + 1G + 2 = 0X ‰¸X ⌧⇠î ⇣ƒ›
⇡ = 12 4 02X Ä8– 0| ∞ ⇠¿\ t(h⇠ H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2X
¯ò⌅@ Gï¸X P⇣X ⌧⇠ƒ ⇣ƒ› ⇡X Ä8– 0| ∞ ⌧‰.
��� � h⇠

0<0 ⇡>0 ⇡=0 ⇡<0

0>0

0<0

tX ⌧⇠ ⌧\ ‰x P ‰¸ ⌘¸ ⌧\ ‰x P »¸

Ù0 t() › G 2 2 G + 3 = 0X ⇣ƒ›t ⇡ = ( 2)2 4 · 1 · 3 = 80

2
t¿\ h⇠ H = G 2 G + 3X ¯ò⌅î Gï¸ Ãò¿ Jî‰.

⌧ 4.41 ‰L t(h⇠X ¯ò⌅@ GïX ⌅X ƒ| p¨XÏ|.

(�) H = G 2 3G 1 (�) H = 2 G 2 + 5 G 3

⌧ 4.42 t(h⇠ H = G 2 :G :X ¯ò⌅ Gï¸ ⌧\ ‰x P ⇣–⌧

Ãòƒ] Xî ‰⇠ :X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.

⌧ 4.43 t(h⇠ H = G 2 2(0 + :)G + : 2 2: + 1 :X ✓– ƒ∆t

m¡ Gï– ⌘` L, 0 , 1X ✓D lXÏ|. (Ë 0, 1î ¡⇠t‰.)

t(h⇠@ t(ÄÒ›X ƒ

t(ÄÒ› 0G 2 + 1G + 2 > 0X tî t(h⇠ H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2X h

+✓t ë⇠ ⇠î GX ✓X —i, â H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2X ¯ò⌅–⌧ G
ïÙ‰ h+✓t ⌅Ω– àƒ] Xî G✓X î⌅t‰. », ¿\ t(Ä
Ò› 0G 2 + 1G + 2 < 0X tî t(h⇠ H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2X h+✓t
L⇠ ⇠î GX ✓X —i, â H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2X ¯ò⌅–⌧ GïÙ‰
h+✓t DòΩ– àƒ] Xî GX ✓X î⌅t‰.

0|⌧ 0 > 0| L t() › 0G 2 + 1G + 2 = 0X ⇣ƒ›D ⇡ = 1 2 4 02

|‡ Xt t(h⇠X ¯ò⌅@ t(ÄÒ›X t ¨t–î ‰L¸ ⇡@
ƒ à‰.

0>0 ⇡>0 ⇡=0 ⇡<0

0G 2 + 1G + 2 > 0 G< ⇣î G > G < x ®‡ ‰⇠ ®‡ ‰⇠

0G 2 + 1G + 2 < 0 <G< t ∆‰ t ∆‰
 �.� t(h⇠ ���

Ù0 t(h⇠ H = G 2 2G 3X ¯ò⌅î ⌃X ¯º¸ ⇡<¿\ H

(�) t(ÄÒ› G 2 2G 3 > 0X tî G < 1 ⇣î G > 3t‰.

(�) t(ÄÒ› G 2
2G 3 < 0X tî 1 < G < 3t‰. 1 O 3G

⌧ 4.44 t(h⇠X ¯ò⌅| t©XÏ ‰L t(ÄÒ›D Ä¥|.

(�) G 2 2G 3>0 (�) G 2 + 3 G 4 0
2 2
(�) G + 2 G + 8 < 0 (�) 2 G + 3 G + 5  0

⌧ 4.45 ®‡ ‰⇠ G– XÏ t(ÄÒ› G 2 2(: 1)G : + 3 > 0t

m¡ 1Ω` L ‰⇠ :X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.

Ät H = G 2 2(: 1)G : + 3<\ ì<t t h⇠X ¯ò⌅î m¡ Gï

⌅Ω– à¥| \‰. 0|⌧ t() › G 2 2(: 1)G :+3 = 0
X ⇣ƒ›D ⇡| Xt

⇡ = (: 1)2 + : 3 = :2 : 2 = (: + 1)(: 2) < 0

t¿\ 1 < : < 2t‰. †

⌧ 4.46 t(h⇠ H = G 2 + 2 G 2X ¯ò⌅ ¡ H = <G 3Ù‰ m¡

⌅Ω– à0 ⌅\ ‰⇠ <X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.

⌧ 4.47 2  G  2x ®‡ ‰⇠ G– XÏ ÄÒ› G 2 6G : m¡
1ΩX0 ⌅\ :X \◆✓D lXÏ|.

⌧ 4.48 P t(h⇠ 5 (G) = G 2 + 2 G 3, 6(G) = G 2 + 2 G + :| L

1  G  3x ®‡ ‰⇠ G– XÏ 5 (G)  6(G) 1ΩXƒ] Xî
‰⇠ :X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.

t(h⇠| \©\ ¸X Ѩ*

¨ 4.3.5 0– \ t() ›X ¸X Ѩ

‰ƒ⇠ t() › 0G 2 + 1G + 2 = 0X P ¸D , | ` L,

(i) P ¸t ®P ë () + > 0, > 0, ⇡ 0

(ii) P ¸t ®P L () + < 0, > 0, ⇡ 0
(iii) P ¸t ‰x Ä8 () <0

t‰.
��� � h⇠

Remark ¸¸ ƒ⇠X ƒ| ¨©Xt + , | ƒ⇠ 0 , 1 , 2\ ò¿º

⇠ à‰î L ⇠ à‰.

‰⇠ ?| 0 <\ Xî ¸X Ѩ 8⌧î 0D 0 <\ Xî ¸X Ѩ 8

⌧@î Ϩ t(h⇠X ¯ò⌅| \©Xt 8⌧| }å t∞` ⇠ à‰.

¨ 4.3.6 ‰⇠ ?– \ t() ›X ¸X Ѩ

(i) H = 0G 2 + 1G + 2X ¯ò⌅| pt– Xå ¯¨‡

(ii) Ωƒ–⌧X HX Ä8, ïX ⌅X, ⇣ƒ›(-”⇣X HÄ8)D `–
∆t 08 ¯‰.

⌧ 4.49 t() › G 2 2(< 4)G + 2< = 0X ¸t ‰L ptD

ÃqXƒ] ‰⇠ <X ✓X î⌅| XÏ|.
(�) P ¸t ®P 2Ù‰ l‰.
(�) P ¸t ®P 2Ù‰ ë‰.
(�) 2 P ¸ ¨t– à‰.

Ät
5 (G) = G 2 2(< 4)G + 2< (�.�)

(�) h⇠› (�.�)X ¯ò⌅ ´ ௠¯º¸ ⇡<¿\

5 (2) = 4 2(< 4) · 2 + 2 < > 0
ïX ⌅X : G = < 4>2
⇡/4 = (< 4)2 2< 0
) 8  < < 10
(�) h⇠› (�.�)X ¯ò⌅ P ௠¯º¸ ⇡<¿\
5 (2) = 4 2(< 4) · 2 + 2 < > 0
ïX ⌅X : G = < 4<2
2
⇡/4 = (< 4) 2< 0
)<2
(�) h⇠› (�.�)X ¯ò⌅ 8 ௠¯º¸ ⇡<¿\
5 (2) = 4 2(< 4) · 2 + 2 < < 0
) < > 10 †

⌧ 4.50 G– \ t() › G 2 :G + 4 = 0X P ¸t ®P 1Ù‰ t

L ‰⇠ :✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.
 �.� t(h⇠ ���

⌧ 4.51 t() › G 2 + 0G + 2 = 0X P ¸ ¨t– 1t t¨` L ‰⇠

0X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.

⌧ 4.52 t() › G 2 6G 3< + 2 = 0X P ¸t ®P 1¸ 5¨t–

àƒ] Xî ‰⇠ <X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.

⌧ 4.53 t() › G 2 + <G 1 = 0X P ‰¸ , 2< <1<

< 2| ÃqXƒ] Xî ‰⇠ <X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.
��� � h⇠

µ8⌧

�. h⇠ H = G 2 + 2 GX ¯ò⌅ ⌅X ⇣ ⌘–⌧ ¡ H = 2 G + 5– ttî p¨ \åx ⇣X å\| (0, 1)

| ` L 0 + 1X ✓D lXÏ|.

�. 2  G  1–⌧ h⇠ H = |G 2 1 | + GX \◆✓D lXÏ|.

�. ) › G 2 G + 1 = 0 X P ¸D , | ` L

5( ) = , 5( ) = , 5 (1) = 1

D Ãq‹§î t(› 5 (G)| lXÏ|.

�. ¨() › (G 2 G + :)(G 2 + G + : + 1) = 0X ‰¸t 2⌧ ⇠ƒ] Xî ‰⇠ :X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.

�. t(h⇠ 5 (G) ‰L P ptD Ãq‹®‰.

1
( ) 5 (0) = 4
(ò) ®‡ ‰⇠ G– XÏ 5 (G + 1) 5 (G) = Gt‰.

2  G  1–⌧ h⇠ 5 (G)î G = | L \◆✓D ‡ G = | L \ü✓D ƒ‰‡ ` L, , X ✓D

lXÏ|.

G2
�. h⇠ 5 (G) = 2 + : (G 0)X Ìh⇠| 6(G)| Xê. P h⇠ H = 5 (G)@ H = 6(G)X ¯ò⌅ ⌧\ ‰x
P ⇣–⌧ Æ L ‰⇠ :X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.

�. t(ÄÒ› G 2 + 2 0G + 0  0D Ãq‹§î ⇠G 1– | L ‰⇠ 0X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.

�. P t(h⇠ 5 (G) = G 2 G + : , 6(G) = G 2 3 G + 2 :– XÏ ‰L <L– ıXÏ|.

(a) ÑXX ‰⇠ G– XÏ 5 (G) > 6(G) 1ΩXƒ] Xî ‰⇠ :X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.
(b) ÑXX ‰⇠ G 1 , G 2 – XÏ 5 (G 1 ) > 6(G2 ) 1ΩXƒ] Xî ‰⇠ :X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.

�. P h⇠ 5 (G) = G 2 G 6@ 6(G) = G 2 0G + 4– XÏ, ®‡ ‰⇠ G– XÏ ( 5 6)(G) 0t ⇠î

‰⇠ 0X î⌅| lXÏ|.

2G 2
��. ‰⇠ G , H– XÏ H = X \◆✓D " , \ü✓D <t| ` L "<X ✓D lXÏ|.
G2 G + 1
 �.� ¨h⇠@ 4¨h⇠ ���

�.� ¨h⇠@ 4¨h⇠

¨h⇠
X 4.4.1 ¨h⇠
1 G 2 3 G+2
h⇠ H = 5 (G)–⌧ 5 (G) G 1 , 2G+1 , 2 Ò¸ ⇡t G– \ ¨›|
L h⇠ H = 5 (G)| ¨h⇠|‡ \‰.

Remark ‰m›@ ¨›X π⇠\ Ω∞t¿\ ‰mh⇠ƒ ¨h⇠

t‰.

X 4.4.2 Ñ⇠h⇠
¨h⇠ H = 5 (G)–⌧ 5 (G)| 0}Ñ⇠›<\ ‡‰D L Ñ® ¡⇠
D»t t h⇠| Ñ⇠h⇠|‡ \‰.

Remark (�) ‰mh⇠@ Ñ⇠h⇠î ®P ¨h⇠t‰.

(�) Ñ⇠h⇠–⌧ XÌt πƒà ¸¥8 à¿ JD L–î Ñ®| 0
<\ X¿ Jî ‰⇠ ⌅¥X —iD XÌ<\ \‰.

2 G+1
Ù0 ƒ‰x ∏ t ∆‰t, Ñ⇠h⇠ H = G 1 X XÌ@ {G|G < 1}
t‰.

⌧ 4.54 h⇠ H = 0G+1
2G+3 Ñ⇠h⇠ ⇠0 ⌅\ Dîpt@ 2 < 0 , 03
12 < 0ÑD ÙÏ|.

Ñ⇠h⇠ H = :
G (: < 0)X ¯ò⌅– XÏ LDÙê. h⇠ H = :
G (: < 0)
X ¯ò⌅î ¡⇠ :X ✓– 0| Dò ¯º¸ ⇡@ ®ëX · t ⌧‰.

G (: < 0)X X̸ XÌ@ 0D ⌧x\ ‰⇠

:
t ¯ò⌅\Ä0 h⇠ H =
G (: < 0)X
:
⌅¥X —it‡ h⇠ H = ¯ò⌅î –⇣– XÏ mx
��� � h⇠

· ÑD L ⇠ à‰.

h⇠ H = :
G (: < 0)X ¯ò⌅ ⌅X ⇣@ GX ◆✓t ‰»⇠] Gï–
\∆t Lÿ‡, GX ◆✓t ëD»⇠] Hï– \∆t LÉ.
t@ ⇡t · t \ ¡ – \∆t Lû L t ¡ D · X ⇣¸
t|‡ \‰. 0|⌧ Ñ⇠h⇠ H = :
G (: < 0)X ¯ò⌅X ⇣¸ @ Gï¸ H
ït‰.

¨ 4.4.3 h⇠ H = :
G (: < 0)X ¯ò⌅

h⇠ H = :
G ( : < 0)X ¯ò⌅î ‰L¸ ⇡@ 1»t à‰.

(i) X̸ XÌ@ X ‰ �D ⌧x\ ‰⇠ ⌅¥ —it‰.

(ii) : > 0tt ¯ò⌅î ⌧ �, �¨Ñt– à‰.
(iii) : < 0tt ¯ò⌅î ⌧ �, �¨Ñt– à‰.
(iv) –⇣– XÏ mx · t‰.
(v) ⇣¸ @ Gï¸ Hït‰.

⌧ 4.55 ‰L h⇠X ¯ò⌅| ¯$|.

3 3
(�) H = G (�) H = G

Ñ⇠h⇠ H = :
G ? + @ (: < 0)X ¯ò⌅– XÏ LDÙê.

H= :
G ? + @(: < 0)X ¯ò⌅î Ñ⇠h⇠ H = G: (: < 0)X ¯ò⌅| GïX
)•<\ ?Ã|, HïX )•<\ @Ã| …âtŸ\ Ét‰.

0|⌧ h⇠ H = :
G ? + @(: < 0)X ¯ò⌅î ‰L¸ ⇡@ 1»t à‰.

¨ 4.4.4 h⇠ H = :
G ? + @ ( : < 0)X ¯ò⌅

h⇠ H = :
G ? + @ ( : < 0)X ¯ò⌅î ‰L¸ ⇡@ 1»t à‰.

(i) XÌ@ {G|G < ? x ‰⇠}, XÌ@ {H|H < @ x ‰⇠}t‰.

(ii) ⇣ (?, @)– XÏ mx · t‰.
(iii) ⇣¸ @ P ¡ G = ? , H = @t‰.

⌧ 4.56 ‰L h⇠X ¯ò⌅| ¯¨‡ ⇣¸ X ) ›D lXÏ|.

2 2 G+3
(�) H = G 1 +2 (�) H = 3G 1

Ñ⇠h⇠ H = 0G+1
2G+3 (03 12 < 0 , 2 < 0)X ¯ò⌅î H = :
G ? + @ (: < 0)
X 4\ ¿ XÏ ¯¥ ⇠ à‰.

0G+2
⌧ 4.57 h⇠ H = G+1 X XÌt {G|G < 2}t‡ XÌ@ {H|H < 2}
| L ¡⇠ 0 , 1X ✓D lXÏ|.
 �.� ¨h⇠@ 4¨h⇠ ���

0G+2 0(G+1)+2 01
Ät H = G+1 = G+1 = 2G+1
01
+ 0t¿\ ⇣¸ @ G = 1, H = 0
t‰. 0|⌧ 0 = 2, 1 = 2. †

2 G+2< G+<
⌧ 4.58 ¨h⇠ H = G X ¯ò⌅| …âtŸ‹⌧ H= G+3 X ¯ò
⌅@ |XXƒ] Xî ⇠ <X ✓D lXÏ|.

⌧ 4.59 h⇠ 5 (G) = G
G 1– XÏ ‰L <L– ıXÏ|.
(�) i1h⇠ ( 5 5 )(G)| lXÏ|.
1
(�) Ìh⇠ 5 (G)| lXÏ|.

2 G+3
⌧ 4.60 2  G  4| L, h⇠ H = G 1 X \◆✓¸ \ü✓D lXÏ|.

0G 2 +1G+2 B
H = 3G+4 X ‹X ¯ò⌅î H = ?G + @ + G AX 4\ ¿ \ ƒ
H = ?G + @ , H = B
G AX iD Hå\\ ¿î ¯ò⌅| ¯¨t ⌧‰.

G 2 +G+1
⌧ 4.61 h⇠ H = G X ¯ò⌅| ¯$|.

G 2 +G+1
Ät H = G = G + 1 + G1 t¿\ H1 = G + 1, H2 = G1 \ ì<t H = H1 + H2
t‰. H1 , H2 X ¯ò⌅| ¯¨‡, H1 ¸ H2 X ✓X iD lXî î9<
\ ¯ò⌅| ¯¨t ⌃X ¯º¸ ⇡‰. ⇣¸ @ H = 0 , H = G + 1
t‰. †

G2 G 2
⌧ 4.62 h⇠ H = G 1 (G < 1)X XÌD lX‡ ¯ò⌅| ¯$|.

4¨h⇠
X 4.4.5
p p p
h⇠ H = 5 (G)–⌧ 5 (G) G 1, 2 G 2 , 2G 3 + 1@ ⇡t G–
\ 4¨›| L h⇠ H = 5 (G)| 4¨h⇠|‡ \‰.

Remark 4¨h⇠–⌧ XÌt πƒà ¸¥8 à¿ JD L–î ¸8

HX ›X ✓t 0 t¡t ⇠å Xî ‰⇠ GX ✓D XÌ<\ \‰.

p
Ù0 4¨h⇠ H = 1 G2X XÌ@ {G| 1  G  1}t‰.

⌧ 4.63 ‰L 4¨h⇠X XÌD lXÏ|.

p p
(�) H = 2 G 3 (�) H = 2G 1+3
 ��� � h⇠

p
4¨h⇠ H = GX ¯ò⌅– XÏ LDÙê.
p
H = Gî XÌt {G|G 0}t‡, ıÌt {H|H 0}x | | Qx
p
h⇠t¿\ Ìh⇠ t¨\‰. tL 4¨h⇠ H = GX Ìh⇠î

H = G 2 (G 0)

p
t‰. 0|⌧ 4¨h⇠ H = GX ¯ò⌅î ¯ Ìh⇠ H = G 2 (G 0)X
¯ò⌅| ¡ H = G– XÏ mtŸ\ Ét‰(¯º �.�).
p G2
p |⇠ <\ 4¨h⇠ H = 0G (0 < 0)î H = 0 (0 < 0 , G 0)X Ì
¯º �.�. 4¨h⇠ H = G@ ¯ Ìh⇠
h⇠t¿\ P h⇠X ¯ò⌅ H = G– XÏ mÑD t©XÏ ¡
p
¯ò⌅| ¯¥ ⇠ à‰. 0|⌧ H = 0G (0 < 0)X ¯ò⌅î 0X ✓X
Ä8– 0| ‰L¸ ⇡‰.

p p
4¨h⇠ H = 0G (0 < 0)X ¯ò⌅î 4¨h⇠ H = 0G (0 < 0)X
¯ò⌅| Gï– XÏ mtŸ\ · t‰.

⌧ 4.64 ‰L h⇠X ¯ò⌅| ¯$|.

p p
(�) H = 2 G (�) H = 2G
p p
(�) H = 2G (�) H = 2G

p
t⌧ 4¨h⇠ H = 0(G ?) + @ (0 < 0)X ¯ò⌅– XÏ LDÙê.
p p
H= 0(G ?) + @(0 < 0)X ¯ò⌅î h⇠ H = 0G (0 < 0)X ¯ò⌅|
GïX )•<\ ?Ã|, HïX )•<\ @Ã| …âtŸ\ Ét‰. 0|⌧
p
4¨h⇠ H = 0(G ?) + @(0 < 0)X XÌ@

I 0 > 0| L, {G|G ?}
I 0 < 0| L, {G|G  ?}
 �.� ¨h⇠@ 4¨h⇠ ���

t‡ XÌ@ {H|H @}t‰.

p p
0G + 1+2 (0 < 0)X ¯ò⌅î H = 0(G ?)+
q
|⇠ <\ 4¨h⇠ H =
p
@ (0 < 0)X 4\ ¿ XÏ ¯∞‰. 0G + 1 + 2 = 0(G + 10 ) + 2t¿\
p p
H = 0G + 1 + 2 (0 < 0)X ¯ò⌅î H = 0G (0 < 0)X ¯ò⌅| GïX
0 Ã|, HïX )•<\ 2Ã| …âtŸ\ Ét‰.
1
)•<\
p
4¨h⇠ H = 0(G ?) + @ (0 < 0)X ¯ò⌅î ‰L¸ ⇡@ 1»t
à‰.

p
¨ 4.4.6 4¨h⇠ H = 0(G ?) + @ (0 < 0)X ¯ò⌅
p
4¨h⇠ H = 0(G ?) + @ (0 < 0)X ¯ò⌅X 1»
p
(i) 4¨h⇠ H = 0(G ?) + @ (0 < 0)X ¯ò⌅î h⇠ H =
p
0G (0 < 0)X ¯ò⌅| Gï )•<\ ?Ã|, Hï )•<\ @
Ã| …âtŸ\ Ét‰.
(ii) 0 > 0| L XÌ@ {G | G ?}, XÌ@ {H | H @}t‰.
0 < 0| L XÌ@ {G | G  ?}, XÌ@ {H | H @}t‰.

p
⌧ 4.65 4¨h⇠ H = 2G + 2 1X ¯ò⌅| ¯$|.
p p p
Ät H = 2G + 2 1= 2(G + 1) 1X ¯ò⌅î H = 2 GX ¯ò
⌅| GïX )•<\ 1Ã|, HïX )•<\ 1Ã| …âtŸ\
Ét‰. 0|⌧ lXî h⇠X ¯ò⌅î ⌃X ¯º¸ ⇡‰. †

⌧ 4.66 ‰L h⇠X X̸ XÌD lX‡ ¯ò⌅| ¯$|.

p p
(�) H = G 2 + 1 (�) H = 2 G + 3 2
p p
(�) H = 2G 2 1 (�) H = 3G + 2 + 2

p
⌧ 4.67 4¨h⇠ H = 0G + 1 + 2X ¯ò⌅ ⌃X ¯º¸ ⇡D L
012X ✓D lXÏ|.

p
⌧ 4.68 h⇠ 5 (G) = G + 2X Ìh⇠| H = 6(G)| ` L P h⇠X
¯ò⌅X P⇣ PX å\| lXÏ|.

p
⌧ 4.69 2  G  0–⌧ h⇠ H = 3G 2 5X \ü✓t < , \◆✓t
2| L ¡⇠ 0 , <X ✓D lXÏ|.

p p
⌧ 4.70 h⇠ 5 (G) = G+ 4 GX \◆✓D lXÏ|.
��� � h⇠

p
⌧ 4.71 h⇠ H = 2 G@ ¡ H = G + 0X ⌅X ƒ ‰L¸ ⇡D L
¡⇠ 0X ✓ ⇣î î⌅| lXÏ|.
(�) ⌘\‰.
(�) ⌧\ ‰x P ⇣–⌧ Ãú‰.
p p
Ät h⇠ H = 2 G@ ¡ H = G + 0X P⇣X ⌧⇠î 2 G = G + 0X
‰¸X ⌧⇠t‰.
p
2 G = G + 0–⌧ ë¿D ⌧ÒXÏ ¨Xt

G 2 + 2(0 2)G + 0 2 = 0 (�.��)

t() › (�.��)X ⇣ƒ› ⇡| lXt

⇡
= (0 2)2 0 2 = 4 0 + 4 = 4(0 1)
4
p
I \ ⇣–⌧ Ãò$t ¡ H = G+0 h⇠ H = 2 GX ¯ò⌅–
⌘` Lt¿\ ⇡ = 0 () ⇡
4 = 4(0 1) = 0 ) 0 = 1
I ¡ H=G+0 ⇣ (0 , 0)D ¿† L 0 = 0

0|⌧ ⌧\ ‰x P ⇣–⌧ Ãò$t 0  0 < 1t‰. †

p
⌧ 4.72 · H= 2G 3¸ ¡ H = :G + 1t Ãòƒ] Xî ¡⇠ :X
✓X î⌅î 0  :  1t‰. tL ¡⇠ 0, 1X ✓D lXÏ|.
 �.� ¨h⇠@ 4¨h⇠ ���

µ8⌧
2G 6
�. h⇠ H = X ¯ò⌅@ ¡ H = :GX ¯ò⌅ Ãò¿ Jƒ] Xî ‰⇠ :X ✓X î⌅|
G 3
lXÏ|.

�. h⇠ 5 (G) = G 2 4 G(G 2) XÏ P h⇠ H = 5 (G), H = 5 1

(G)X ¯ò⌅X P⇣D (0, 1)|‡ ` L,
0 + 1X ✓D lXÏ|.

p
�. P ⇠ <, =– XÏ h⇠ H = G+2 1X ¯ò⌅| Gï )•<\ < , Hï )•<\ =Ã| …âtŸ
2G 3
‹® ¯ò⌅ h⇠ H = G 2 X ¯ò⌅@ Ãò¿ JD L < + =X \ü✓D lXÏ|.

2G 1
�. 2  G  3x ®‡ ‰⇠ G– XÏ 0G + 1  G 1  1G + 1t m¡ 1Ω` L, ‰⇠ 0X \◆✓¸ ‰⇠ 1
X \ü✓D lXÏ|.

1p
�. h⇠ 5 (G) = 4 G 2 + :, 6(G) = G :X ¯ò⌅ ⌧\ ‰x P ⇣–⌧ Ãò0 ⌅\ ‰⇠ :X ✓X î⌅|
2
lXÏ|. (Ë : > 0t‰.)

p
�. h⇠ H = 2G G 2 X ¯ò⌅@ ¡ H = <G + < 1t P⇣D 0 ⌅\ ‰⇠ <X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.

�. h⇠ 5 ê⇠ =– XÏ
p
5 (G) = G =+1+= 1 (= 1  G < =, = = 1 , 2 , 3 , · · · )

\ X⇠»D L, ) › 5 (G) 0G = 0t ⌧\ ‰x 9⌧X ‰¸D ƒ‰. ‰⇠ 0X ✓D lXÏ|.

4
�. · H= G (G > 0) ⌅| ¿¡tî ⇣ P–⌧ Gï, Hï – ¥∞ ⇠ X ⌧D Q , Rt| ` L ⇤OQPR
– \ $Ö ⌘ 3@ ÉD <Ù0>–⌧ ®P Ë||.

<Ù0>
( ) ◆tî 4t‰.
(ò) OPX 8t \å| L, ⇣ PX å\î (2, 2)t‰.
(‰) X X 8tX \ü✓@ 8t‰.

H
4
H=
G

P
R

O Q G
��� � h⇠

Öi8⌧
(2 0 1)G+1
�. h⇠ 5 (G) = G 0 – XÏ H = 5 (G)X ¯ò⌅| GïX )•<\ <Ã|, HïX )•<\ 5Ã|
1
…âtŸXt Ìh⇠ H = 5 (G)X ¯ò⌅@ |X\‰. tL 0@ <X ✓D lXÏ|.

�. h⇠ 5 (G) = 4 G 2 4 G + 1 (0  G  1)– XÏ, H = 5 (G)@ H = 5 ( 5 (G))X ¯ò⌅ ⌧ @ ‰L¸

⇡‰.
H H
1 1

O 1 1 G O 1 1 G
2 2

tL —i {G | 5 ( 5 ( 5 (G))) = G, 0  G  1}X –åX ⌧⇠| lXÏ|.

�. h⇠ 5 (G) ÑXX ‰⇠ 0, 1, 2, 3– XÏ
✓ ◆
0+1+2 5 (0) + 5 (1) + 5 (2)
5 
3 3

| Ãq‹¨ L ✓ ◆
0+1+2+3 5 (0) + 5 (1) + 5 (2) + 5 (3)
5 
4 4

t 1ΩhD ÙÏ|.

p
�. h⇠ 5 (G) = 1 {G (2 = 1)}2 (2= 2  G  2=, = = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .)– XÏ ) › 5 (G) 0G = 0t
⌧\ ‰x $ ⌧X ‰¸D 0 ⌅\ ‰⇠ 0X ✓X î⌅| lXÏ|.

�. ‰LD Ãq‹§î ‰mh⇠– \ <Ù0>X $Ö ⌘ 3@ ÉD ®P Ë||.

50 (G) = 1 , 51 (G) = G 5=+1 (G) = G 5= (G) + 5= 1 (G) (=@ ê⇠)

<Ù0>
( ) 52= 1 (0) = 0, 52= (0) = 1t‰.
(ò) 52= 1 (G)î 0h⇠t‡, 52= (G)î ∞h⇠t‰.
(‰) 52= 1 (G)@ 52= (G)X mX ⌧⇠î =⌧t‰.
 �.� ¨h⇠@ 4¨h⇠ ���

�. ‰L <L– ıXÏ|. (Ë, bGcî GÙ‰ l¿ J@ •p ⇠t‰.)

(a) h⇠ H = G bGc (0  G  3)X ¯ò⌅| ¯$|.

1
j1k
1
(b) ) › = G ( 100 < G < 1)X tX ⌧⇠| lXÏ|.
G G

�. ‰⇠–⌧ X⌧ h⇠ 5 ÑXX ‰⇠ G, H– XÏ

5 (G + H) = 5 (G) + 5 (H)

| Ãq‹¨ L ‰L <L– ıXÏ|.

(a) 5 (0)X ✓D lXÏ|.
(b) 5 ( G) = 5 (G)ÑD ÙÏ|.
(c) ÑXX ¨⇠ A , ‰⇠ G– XÏ 5 (AG) = A 5 (G)ÑD ÙÏ|.

�. ‰⇠–⌧ X⌧ h⇠ 5 ÑXX ‰⇠ G, H– XÏ

5 (G + H) 5 (G H)  { 5 (G)}2 { 5 (H)}2

| Ãq‹¨ L, ‰Lt 1ΩhD ÙÏ|.

(a) 5 ( G) = 5 (G)
(b) 5 (G + H) 5 (G H) = { 5 (G)}2 { 5 (H)}2