Mathematics in Technology and Engineering

a. Numerical Analysis:
● Basics of numerical methods: approximation, interpolation, integration.
● Root-finding algorithms: bisection method, Newton-Raphson method.
● Numerical differentiation and integration: finite difference methods, quadrature
rules.
● Solutions of linear and nonlinear equations: Gauss elimination, Newton's method.
● Error analysis and convergence criteria.

b. Finite Element Methods:

● Introduction to finite element analysis (FEA): discretization of continuous
systems.
● Finite element formulation: weak form, variational principle.
● Finite element discretization techniques: mesh generation, shape functions.
● Solution of finite element equations: direct and iterative solvers.
● Applications in structural mechanics, heat transfer, fluid dynamics.

c. Control Theory:
● Basics of control systems: open-loop vs. closed-loop systems.
● Transfer function representation: Laplace transform, frequency domain analysis.
● Feedback control: proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, loop shaping.
● State-space representation: state feedback, observer design.
● Applications in robotics, aerospace systems, industrial automation.

d. Signal Processing:
● Basics of signals and systems: continuous-time vs. discrete-time signals.
● Fourier analysis: Fourier series, Fourier transform, discrete Fourier transform
(DFT).
● Digital signal processing (DSP) techniques: filtering, convolution.
● Wavelet analysis and time-frequency analysis.
● Applications in telecommunications, audio processing, image processing.

e. Optimization Techniques:
● Basics of optimization: objective functions, constraints, optimality conditions.
● Linear programming: simplex method, duality theory.
● Nonlinear optimization: gradient-based methods, genetic algorithms.
● Convex optimization: convex sets, convex functions, convex optimization
algorithms.
● Applications in engineering design, resource allocation, machine learning.

f. Quantum Computing Algorithms:

● Basics of quantum mechanics: qubits, superposition, entanglement.
● Quantum gates and circuits: quantum logic gates, quantum circuits.
 ● Quantum algorithms: Deutsch-Josza algorithm, Grover's algorithm, Shor's
algorithm.
● Quantum error correction: quantum error correcting codes.
● Applications in cryptography, optimization, simulation of quantum systems.

g. Emerging Technologies:
● Introduction to emerging technologies: artificial intelligence, Internet of Things
(IoT), blockchain.
● Cross-disciplinary applications: AI-driven engineering design, IoT-enabled smart
infrastructure, blockchain-based supply chain management.
● Ethical and societal considerations in the development and deployment of
technology.
● Future trends and challenges in technology and engineering.