Geometry and Topology

a. Differential Geometry:

● Introduction to differential geometry: study of curves and surfaces in higher

dimensions.
● Curvature and torsion: measures of bending and twisting of curves.
● Gaussian curvature and mean curvature of surfaces.
● Applications in physics: general relativity, mechanics.
● Differential geometry in computer graphics and visualization.

b. Fractal Geometry:

● Definition and properties of fractals: self-similarity, fractal dimension.

● Fractal generation techniques: Iterated Function Systems (IFS), escape-time
algorithms.
● Famous fractals: Mandelbrot set, Julia sets, Sierpinski triangle.
● Applications of fractals in nature: coastlines, clouds, fractal antennas.
● Fractal geometry in art and design: fractal-based patterns and textures.

c. Topological Data Analysis:

● Basics of topology: study of properties preserved under continuous deformations.

● Topological invariants: Euler characteristic, homology groups.
● Persistent homology: analyzing topological features across different scales.
● Applications in data analysis: identifying clusters, detecting outliers.
● Topological methods in machine learning and pattern recognition.

d. Geometric Modeling and Computer Graphics:

● Representation of geometric shapes: points, lines, polygons, splines.

● Constructive solid geometry (CSG) and boundary representation (B-rep)
methods.
● Surface modeling techniques: parametric surfaces, Bezier curves, NURBS.
● Rendering algorithms: rasterization, ray tracing.
● Applications in animation, virtual reality, and computer-aided design (CAD).

e. Computational Geometry:

● Algorithms for geometric problems: convex hull, Voronoi diagrams, closest pair.
● Geometric optimization: finding shortest paths, minimum spanning trees.
● Arrangements and duality in computational geometry.
● Applications in robotics: motion planning, sensor networks.
 ● Computational geometry in GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and spatial
analysis.

f. Non-Euclidean Geometry:

● Introduction to non-Euclidean geometries: hyperbolic and elliptic geometries.

● Hyperbolic geometry: models such as the Poincaré disk and upper half-plane.
● Spherical geometry: geometry on the surface of a sphere.
● Applications in cosmology and cartography.
● Visualization techniques for non-Euclidean spaces.