Sardar Patel Institute of Technology

Electronics and Telecommunication

Fundamentals of Antenna Lab (ETL 53)

Experiment No 2
Fundamental Parameters of an Antenna
Class: TE EXTC

Batch: A3

Satyam Tiwari 2021200119

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Transmitting and Receiver antennas
operating at A GHz with gains (over
isotropic) of 30dB and 60dB respectively,
are separated by a distance of A km.
Find the maximum power delivered to the
load when the input power is 50W.
Assume that the:
a) Antennas are polarization matched.
b) Transmitting antenna is circularly
polarized (either right or left hand) and the
receiver antenna is linearly polarized.
Where A is the last digit of UCID.
AIM: To find the maximum power delivered to
the load for when the antennas are polarization
matched and polarization unmatched.
OBJECTIVE: To compute the power
delivered to the load and review the
theoretical result and practical result.
INPUT SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Input power = 50 W
2. Frequency = 9 GHz (UID)
3. Gain of transmitting antenna = 30 dB
4. Gain of receiving antenna = 60 dB
5. Distance = 9 km
APPARATUS:
Matlab Software
THEORY:
Polarization: An antenna is a transducer
that converts radio frequency electric current
to electromagnetic waves that are then
radiated into space. The electric field or “E”
plane determines the polarization or
orientation of the radio wave. In general,
most antennas radiate either linear or
circular polarization.
Linearly polarized antenna: A linear
polarized antenna radiates wholly in one
plane containing the direction of
propagation. In a circular polarized antenna,
the plane of polarization rotates in a circle
making one complete revolution during one
period of the wave. If the rotation is
clockwise looking in the direction of
propagation, the sense is called
right-hand-circular (RHC). If the rotation is
counterclockwise, the sense is called
left-hand-circular (LHC).

PROBLEM DEFINITION:
1. To calculate the power delivered to
the load when the antennas are
polarization matched (linear to
linear)
2. To calculate the power delivered to
the load when the antennas aren’t
polarization matched (linear to
circular)
Figure 1: Linearly polarized antenna
Circularly polarized antenna: A circular
polarized wave radiates energy in both the
horizontal and vertical planes and all planes
in between. The difference, if any, between
the maximum and the minimum peaks as the
antenna is rotated through all angles, is
called the axial ratio or ellipticity and is
usually specified in decibels (dB). If the
axial ratio is near 0 dB, the antenna is said to
be circular polarized. If the axial ratio is
greater than 1-2 dB, the polarization is often
referred to as elliptical.
% Convert distance to meters
B = B * 1000; % km to meters
% Input power
P_input = 50; % Input power in watts
% Antenna gains (over isotropic)
Gt_dB = 30; % Transmitting antenna
gain in dB
Gr_dB = 60; % Receiver antenna gain
in dB

% Convert gains to linear scale

Gt = 10^(Gt_dB/10);
Gr = 10^(Gr_dB/10);

% Polarization factor
if strcmpi(polarization_matched,
'yes')
% If antennas are polarization
matched
pol_factor = 1;
Figure 2: Circularly polarized antenna. else
% If antennas are not
polarization matched
pol_factor = 0.5;
CODE: end

% Prompting the user to input values

A = input('Enter the operating % Friis transmission formula for
frequency of antennas (in GHz) : '); power
B = input('Enter the distance between Pr = (Gt * Gr * pol_factor *
antennas (in km) : '); (lambda/(4*pi*B))^2) * P_input;
polarization_matched = input('Are the
antennas polarization matched?
(yes/no): ', 's'); % Display the result
% Speed of light in meters per second disp(['Maximum power delivered to the
c = 3e8; % m/s load: ', num2str(Pr), ' watts']);
% Converting frequency to Hz
f = A * 1e9; % GHz to Hz
% Wavelength calculation
lambda = c / f; % Wavelength in
meters
OUTPUT:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Parameter Theoretical Observed

Fig3: Output on Console
Power 4.34 mW 0.0043433 W
received
(matched)
CALCULATION: Power 2.17 mW 0.0021717 W
received
(unmatched)

OBSERVATIONS:

When the polarizations match, the power

received is about 0.0043433 W. But when
they don’t match, the power received drops
to about half, which is 0.0021717 W. This is
what we expect because mismatched
polarizations theoretically reduce the power
by 50%.

CONCLUSION:

The results show that if the polarizations

don’t match, the power that reaches the load
is much less. So, to make sure the antenna
systems work at their best, we need to keep
the polarizations matched.