‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺎت اﻻﺟﻴﺎل اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ دون‬

‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺎت اﻻﺟﻴﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﻴﻦ‬

‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻷﺑﻌﺎد اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﻦ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺟﻴﺎت اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻣﻊ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺤﻖ اﻷﺟﻴﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‪ [3][2][1].‬وﻳﻮاﺟﻪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺧﻄﻮرة اﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮر اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة واﻟﻌﺪل‬
‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻇﺮوف اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻓﺮاد دون زﻳﺎدة اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ﻗﺪرة ﻛﻮﻛﺐ اﻷرض ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ‪،‬‬
‫و ُﺗﺠﺮى اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت رﺋﻴﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي وﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫إن ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﻬﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻫﻲ اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺒﺎع‬
‫أﻧﻤﺎط إﻧﺘﺎج واﺳﺘﻬﻼك ﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺔ‪ ،‬دون اﻹﻓﺮاط ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫أﻫﺪاﻓﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﻌﺮاض أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻷﻫﻢ أﻫﺪاف اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻨﻮد اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس‪:‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬

‫ﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺿﻤﺎن إﻣﺪاد‬

‫ﻛﺎف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ورﻓﻊ ﻛﻔﺎءة اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻓﻲ‬
‫ٍ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ‬
‫واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮة‪ .‬وﺗﻬﺪف‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺿﻤﺎن اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ وﻣﻮارد اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬
‫اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ وأﻧﻈﻤﺘﻬﺎ اﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻐﺬاء‬

‫ﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ إﻟﻰ رﻓﻊ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ واﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻷﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ‬
‫اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ واﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮي‪ .‬وﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ وأرﺑﺎح اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة وﺿﻤﺎن‬
‫اﻷﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ‪ .‬وﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎن اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷراﺿﻲ‬
‫واﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت واﻟﻤﻴﺎه واﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ واﻷﺳﻤﺎك وﻣﻮارد‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة‬

‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫وﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ واﻷﻣﺎن ﻓﻲ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﺮض ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻬﻮاء‬

‫واﻟﻤﻴﺎه واﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ وﺿﻤﺎن‬
‫اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮة‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺿﻤﺎن اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬
 ‫اﻟﺪاﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺄوى واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬

‫ﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺿﻤﺎن اﻹﻣﺪاد‬

‫اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ واﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻜﻒء ﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﻨﺎء وﻧﻈﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻼت‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﺎن اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺴﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﺮف‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﻲ واﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻼت ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮة‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺿﻤﺎن اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام أو اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻸراﺿﻲ واﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬
 ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﻟﺮاس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻻﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻋﺎده ﻋﻠﻲ اﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺛﺮﻫﺎ اﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ‪[4].‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻼﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪» :‬ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬
‫اﻻﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺳﻠﻊ وﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎر‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻪ ﺗﻠﺒﻲ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ وﺗﺠﻠﺐ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻻﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬
‫وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻃﻮال دوره اﻟﺤﻴﺎة إﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ«]‪[5‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﺸﻰ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻗﺪره اﻷرض ﻋﻠﻲ‬

‫واﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎر اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﻪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم‬

‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻻﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ وان ﻛﺎن اﻗﻞ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫اﻵن‪ .‬اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ]‪ [5‬ﺗﺼﻒ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬وﺣﻴﺚ اﻧﻪ‬
 ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاض ﺑﺎن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﻪ )وﺑﺼﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءات اﻟﻨﺎدرة‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﺮس اﻷﺷﺠﺎر( ﻓﺎن ﻫﺬا ﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻶﺛﺎر اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬
‫اﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﻪ )ﻣﺜﻞ إﻋﻄﺎء اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪ ،‬أو ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮص اﻟﻌﻤﻞ(‪،‬‬
‫أو اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﻮادث اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬وﻣﻀﺎﻳﻘﻪ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫واﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎت ﺣﻘﻮق اﻹﻧﺴﺎن(‪ .‬وﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻨﻮع اﻷﺛﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺗﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺎول اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ادﻧﻲ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ )أي اﻟﺤﻮادث‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﻪ( أو ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮات اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﻪ )أي اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﺎت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﻪ( ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫وﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻻﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻐﻼل راس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺮﺑﺤﺔ‬
 ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ان ]دﻳﻠﻴﻚ[ و ]ﻫﻮﻛﺘﺰ[ ]‪[6‬أﺷﺮت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻧﻔﺮاد ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻛﺎف ان ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﻪ‪ .‬وﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻻﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬واﻻﻧﺼﺎف‬
‫اﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ أرﺑﻌﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﻮﻓﺎء ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫إذا أرﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ [7].‬ﻛﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮرك »اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ CSR .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻷرﺑﺎح اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻷرﺑﺎح‪ .‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ان اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻫﻲ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﻟﻴﺲ ﺟﺰءا ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪/‬اﻻداره‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ .‬اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻵﺛﺎر ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬
‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ان ﺗﻘﺎس داﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻞ أداره ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ CASI«.‬اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬
 ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬

‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﻨﻤﻮ وﻓﺮص اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ دﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة وﺧﻠﻖ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ‪ .‬وﺗﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺿﻤﺎن‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﺨﺎص وﺗﻬﺪف أﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻔﺮدي ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺮﻓﺎه‬
‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻸوروﺑﺎﻧﻴﻪ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة واﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻧﻬﺞ ﻣﺴﺘﺪام ﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻟﺬي‬
 ‫ﻳﻘﺪر وﻳﻄﻮر اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺬﻛﻲ واﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ‪[9][8].‬ﻫﺬا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ واﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎرﺿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻘﺎرات اﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ واﻣﺘﺪاد اﻟﻀﻮاﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ وآﺛﺎر ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‪ [10].‬ﻛﻼ‬
‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ ﺑﺪأ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎت‪ .‬وﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻤﺠﺎل اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫وﻟﺨﻠﺼﺖ دراﺳﺔ إﻟﻰ ان اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺛﻢ ﻣﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﻮ إﻋﻼم ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪[11].‬ا وﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻃﺎرا ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎ ﺑﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻛﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎس‪ .‬وﻳﺘﺎﻟﻒ اﻹﻃﺎر‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت أﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ واﻹﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬

‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫‪ .4‬اﻟﻘﻴﺎس واﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬
‫‪ .5‬أداره اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫وﻗﺪ ﺣﺪد ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﻤﺪن ﻓﻲ إﻃﺎر‬

‫اﻻﺗﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول‬
‫واﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪ .‬وﻳُ ﻌﺮف اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت‬
‫واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺻﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬
‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ وﺗﺄوﻳﻠﻬﺎ وإﺿﻔﺎء اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
 ‫وﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻳﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺮأي اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄن‬
‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬
‫ً‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻻﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫أن ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ‬
‫]‪[12‬‬ ‫أدرﺟﺖ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ واﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤﺔ‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ واﻟﻨﻘﺪ‬
‫‪ .4‬اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ واﻟﺘﻔﺎوض‬
‫‪ .5‬اﻷﻣﻦ واﻟﻮﻓﺎق‬
‫‪ .‬اﻟﺤﻮار واﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬
‫‪ .7‬اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎت واﻟﻤﺴﺎءﻟﺔ‬

‫وﻫﺬا ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻟﺠﻨﻪ ﺑﺮوﻧﺪﺗﻼﻧﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺮﺷﺪ ﺑﻤﺒﺎدئ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎ‬

‫‪ Framing of sustainable development progress according to the Circles of Sustainability, used by the‬اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎق اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪم إﻃﺎر اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ً‬

‫وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺪواﺋﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬أﺷﺎر ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت إﻟﻰ‬
‫أﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑُﻌﺪ راﺑﻊ إﻟﻰ أﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ إن اﻷﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎد واﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺒﺪو ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﻴﺎق‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺼﺪر‬
‫ﺟﺪول أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻘﺮن ‪ 21‬ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬي‬
 ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪن اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة واﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (UCLG‬إﻋﺪاد‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎن اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ »اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺮﻛﻦ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ«‪ ،‬اﻟﺼﺎدر ﻓﻲ ‪ 17‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪ ،2010‬ﻓﻲ إﻃﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻗﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدة اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻦ واﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﻴﻦ ‪ -‬اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟـ ‪ ، UCLG‬اﻟﺬي ﻋﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺴﻴﻜﻮ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺘﺘﺢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ ًرا ﺟﺪﻳﺪً ا وﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫ﻧﻬﺞ ﻣﺰدوج‪ :‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺪﻋﻮة‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﻧﻬﺞ‬
‫دواﺋﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪[15][14][13].‬‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ دﻋﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت أﺧﺮى ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫»اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺘﻨﻮع«‬
‫]‪[16‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﻣﺞ اﻟﻘﺪرات‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت وﺗﻔﺴﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع‬
‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻛﻌﻨﺼﺮ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺖ اﻹﺷﺎرة‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻛﻦ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬي ﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ ‪ IMI‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫]‪[17‬‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ ﻓﻴﺘﻮ دي ﺑﺎري‬
‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﻦ واﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ »اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ«‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﻮﺣﻰ اﺳﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻌﺎم ‪» 1987‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك«‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺮف ﻧﻬﺞ دواﺋﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﺘﺮوﺑﻮﻟﻴﺲ‬

‫)راﺑﻌﺎ( اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت‪ ،‬وﺧﻄﺎﺑﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺎﺑﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺎدﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮارﻳﺔ وﻋﺪم‬
‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪[18].‬‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮارﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬
 ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻃﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬

‫وﻓﻲ اﻻوﻧﻪ اﻻﺧﻴﺮه‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺤﻮر ﺣﻮل‬

‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن واﻟﺘﻌﺎون اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃﺮ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺸﺔ‬
‫و]‪[22][21][20][19‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻃﺮ ﺣﻮارا ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪[22][21][20][19] .‬وﺧﺎﺻﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺸﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎن اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺮارات اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ وﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﻢ‪ [19] .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎوﻧﻮن‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‪ .‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وﻓﻬﻤﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ [19] .‬وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺮي اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪[21][19]] .‬ﺗﺘﺨﺬ اﻟﻘﺮارات واﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬
 ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫]‪[22][21][20][19‬‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﻮ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬

‫وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ وﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪[18] .‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن ﻗﺎدرون ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر وأﻓﻜﺎر ﺟﺪﻳﺪه‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻟﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪه ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎت واﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات‪.‬‬
‫]‪[18‬وﻳﻘﺎل ان زﻳﺎدة ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﻪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ اﺷﻤﻞ ﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرك‪[18] .‬اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
‫اﻻﺛﻨﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻷﻧﺜﺮوﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪[18] .‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
 ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ان ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻣﻨﻐﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫]‪[18‬‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ دوره اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬

‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﻮاﻏﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ دوره اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ أو اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج‬
‫اﻻوﻟﻲ‪ [19][21][23].‬وﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﻊ‬
‫دورات دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ واﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ واﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‪ [24].‬اﻟﻘﺮار ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻣﺮﺟﺢ ﺑﺸﺪه ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻃﻮل اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‪ .‬وﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬
‫ادراك اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ اﻻﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[23‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪم‬

‫ﻛﺎن ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف‬

‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ رﻳﻮ ‪ ،2012‬اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻷﻫﺪاف اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ .‬وﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ أﻫﺪاف اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام‬
‫واﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ أوﺟﻪ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻧﺤﺎء‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ان ﻋﺪدا ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول ﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﻮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺼﻨﺪوق اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ وﺿﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ‪ [25].2006‬ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ان ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄﻮرا ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺪول ﺗﺘﻄﻮر ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻻن ﻛﻞ دوﻟﻪ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺢ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ‬
‫اداﻣﻪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎوﺗﺎت واﻟﺘﻔﺎوﺗﺎت وﻋﺪم اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ‪[26].‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻮق واﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎت‬
 ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2007‬ذﻛﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﻣﻴﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪» :‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ان اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎت واﻟﺠﻬﻮد‬
‫ﻗﺪ ذﻫﺒﺖ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺆﺷﺮات اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎن أﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻈﻤﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﻋﻤﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺎ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ أﺣﺴﻦ اﻹﻣﻜﺎن‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ان ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮا ﻟﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺊ أو ان أﻧﺸﻄﺘﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺖ اﻧﺘﺒﺎﻫﻨﺎ إﻟﻰ وﺟﻮد ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ واﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻴﻘﻮل‬
‫ﻟﻨﺎ أﺻﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻴﻘﻮل ﻟﻨﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻬﺎ‪ [27]«.‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻔﺘﺮض ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ ان‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﺟﻴﺪا واﻟﻤﻨﺴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة ﻟﺠﻌﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﻪ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات وﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ )اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ واﻟﺨﻄﺎ(‪ [28].‬وﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎدات اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
 ‫وﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ واﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻮارد‬
‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‪[29].‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺎن اﻟﻨﻘﺪ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ أداره اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ إذا ﻟﻢ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫رﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺮوع ﻓﺮدى ؟ ]‪ [31][30‬ﺗﻘﺘﺮح اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻤﺜﻤﺮة اﻟﻜﻮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﺳﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﻳﻨﻮ ﻧﻬﺠﺎ ﺑﺪﻳﻼ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ واﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺟﻞ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ أداة ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ورﺻﺪ اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮوع أو ﻧﺸﺎط أو ﻣﺸﺮوع‪ [33][32].‬وﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺎ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬وﻳﻬﺪف ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم إﻟﻰ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺒﺪأ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﺒﺪأ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ وزﻳﺎدة ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮارد‪.‬‬

‫رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻓﺘﺮاض ﻣﻔﺎده‬
‫أن اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ إدارة ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ رأس‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎل )اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ( ]‪ [6‬ﺧﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي إﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺑﺎرز وﻧﻈﺮي اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺮﻣﺎن داﻟﻲ ]‪ [34‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ أن‬
‫رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة أن ﻳﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻪ‬
‫رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن‬
‫ﻧﺠﺪ ﺳﺒﻼ ﻹﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ أن ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻹﻃﻼق ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻷوزون‪ ،‬أو وﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻣﺎزون‪ .‬واﻟﻮاﻗﻊ أن رأس‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ورأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ورأس اﻟﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻛﺜﻴﺮا ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ أوﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺋﻖ آﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺤﻮل دون إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‪،‬‬
‫وﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‪.‬‬
 ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎدة‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ادﺧﺎل اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺪاﺧﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮاء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﻪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﻮ ﻣﻜﺴﻴﻜﻮ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺎت زاﺋﺪه ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫وإذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮر راس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺜﻮر اﻟﺴﺆال ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺪم اﺗﺨﺎذ إﺟﺮاءات أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫]ﻛﻮﻫﻦ[ و ]وﻳﻦ[ ]‪[35‬أﺷﺮت إﻟﻰ أرﺑﻌﻪ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮق‬
‫إﺧﻔﺎق ﺑﻤﺎ ان ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺷﺮوح‪ :‬أوﻻ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ان ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎد راس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ أو اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺨﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺎده‪ ،‬ﻓﺎن اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﻪ‬
‫)أي اﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﺑﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺎم(‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺪر اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ راس اﻟﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺪرك ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎد‬
‫راس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬وﻳﻌﺪ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪-‬ﻓﻐﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺠﺐ اﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫واﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺎت اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‬
‫ان ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺧﻴﺎرات ﻣﺴﺘﻨﻴﺮة‪] .‬ﻛﻮﻫﻦ[ و ]وﻳﻦ[ ﻳﻐﻠﻖ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻹدراك ان ﻋﻜﺲ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﻪ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﻮا ﻣﺤﺴﻨﺎت ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬وﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ان اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻷﻧﻬﺎ واﻗﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫»اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد«‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء‬

‫اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻔﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮاء‪ .‬وﻳﺠﺐ إن‬
‫ﺗﺎﺧﺬ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫اﻻﺑﻌﺎد اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
 ‫ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪» :‬اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻤﻜﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج‬
‫إﻟﻰ ان ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻪ وﻣﻮاﺻﻠﻪ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪،‬‬
‫وﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ واﻹﺑﺪاع واﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﻌﺎ وﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻼم ووﺋﺎم‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫اﻷﻣﻢ ان ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻃﻮال ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ إن اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﻬﺎدﺋﺔ ﺑﺪات ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ وﻣﻔﺘﺎﺣﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫أﻓﻀﻞ«‪[37][36].‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻮﻫﺮي ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬

‫وﻗﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ إﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎت‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ »إدارة اﻟﺤﻔﻆ« إﻟﻰ »اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ«‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻬﻮم‬
‫]‪54–48:[38‬‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‬
 ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎت‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ أدرك اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ أن اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺧﻄﻂ وﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وأن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ أن‬
‫ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺗﻮاﻓﺮ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‬
‫واﻟﻤﻴﺎه‪ .‬وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬه إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻹدارة اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ‬
‫أن اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺗﺤﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻻوﺳﻊ‬
‫ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ(وﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ )‪ .‬وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬه إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺪرﺟﻪ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪[39].‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺰدﺣﻤﺔ اﻟﺪﻋﺎة‬
‫ﺣﻔﻆ واﺳﺘﺒﺪاﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻮرﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ إﻟﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻪ اﺛﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮس ﻫﻮ ﺗﻤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬
 ‫اﻻﺻﻠﻴﻪ ﻷداره اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة ﻓﻘﻂ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاﺟﺔ(‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻵن أﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﺴﺎب اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة‬
‫)ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن( "]‪ [40‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‪ .‬وﻫﻜﺬا‪ ،‬ﺟﺎدل اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻛﻴﺮي ﺗﻴﺮﻧﺮ‬
‫اﻧﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺷﻲء ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ "اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ " ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻻ ﻳﺰال ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﻤﺨﺰون اﻟﻤﺤﺪود ﻟﻸرض ﻣﻦ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎد‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪" :‬ﻻ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة )ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﻬﻮد‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻷﻋﺎده اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﺮ وﺧﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام(‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺆدي أي ﻣﻌﺪل إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻐﻼل ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫"]‪[40‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎف إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎد اﻟﻤﺨﺰون اﻟﻤﺤﺪود‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ان اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ﺟﺎدل أﺣﺪ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎن ﻟﺠﻨﻪ ﺑﺮوﻧﺪﺗﻼﻧﺪ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺮوج‬
‫ﻟﺸﻲء ﺳﻮي اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﺎده ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻤﺒﻬﻢ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮي ل »اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ« اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻖ ﻛﺸﻌﺎر ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫]‪ <99–94:[41‬اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺸﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك ﻛﺎن إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺎوﻣﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﻪ ﺷﻤﻠﺖ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛﻠﻬﺎ وﺿﻌﺖ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻧﺪاء ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻟﻠﻘﺒﻮل اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﺪود‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺮب‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم »اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ« ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺮب ﻟﻴﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﻲ إﺳﻘﺎط اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬
‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎت‪ ،‬اﺗﺴﻌﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻜﺮة إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‪ ،‬واﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻻﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ‪ ،‬وأﺧﻴﺮا اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻻﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ‪ .‬وﻛﺎن ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪه اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮ وﺗﻠﺒﻴﻪ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪﻳﻦ‪-‬ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد‪ .‬وﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺰﻳﺪا ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺴﺘﻮرد ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮة ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺨﺮوج‪-‬ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪود اﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﻮة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﻔﺎءه اﻟﻤﻮارد‪ ،‬أو ﻣﺎ ﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫»ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮا ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻪ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ«‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻠﺪان ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺮب ﺷﻬﺪت ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻔﺎءه‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻣﻨﺬ أواﺋﻞ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد؛ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻗﻮﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻻن اﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد أﺻﺒﺢ اﻵن اﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ أي وﻗﺖ ﻣﻀﻲ‪-‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻇﻠﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﺪاﺋﻢ ﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬
‫اﻷرض ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬وﻣﻨﺬ ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎر‬
 ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎر اﻟﻐﺎﻣﺾ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮي »اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ«‬
‫]‪<99–94:[41‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬

‫دور ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺪد ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﺪرات‬
‫ً‬
‫دورا‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت أن ﺗﻠﻌﺐ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ ،‬إذ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻼ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ إﺣﻼل ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫وﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ واﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬

‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة وﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬واﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻵﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ أداء اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫ﻣﺪﺧﻼت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ اﺳﺘﺤﺪاث أﻧﻤﺎط ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺪن وﺣﺎﺿﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻘﺪرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫واﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪف ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ أﻫﺪاف اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ أن ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻘﺪرات ﻫﻮ اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ وزﻳﺎدة اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫وﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة وﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬وﺿﻊ اﻟﺨﻄﻂ واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ‪ ..‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫إدﻣﺎج اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﻂ‬
‫واﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ أﻫﺪاف‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻷﻫﺪاف اﻹﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬إﻋﺪاد ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت وﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺑﺘﻜﺎر واﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪.‬‬

‫دور اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫ً‬
‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻟﻨﺠﺎح‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎرف واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬
‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ واﻷﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ وﺳﺒﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻳﻒ‪ ..‬ﻏﻴﺮ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻫﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎرف واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻟﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻳﻜﻮن ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻹذاﻋﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻴﻦ وﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ‬
 ‫ورﺟﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﻤﺮﺷﺪﻳﻦ وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وﺑﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻧﻈﺮ أﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬
‫‪" .1‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫‪psh.techlib.cz" (https://web.archive.org/w‬‬
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‫‪ (H974‬ﻓﻲ ‪.20-12-2019‬‬
 ‫ "ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬.2
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