CHAPTER 56 DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE 239 Page 649

1. Differentiate with respect to x: (a) 3y5 (b) 2 cos 4θ (c) k

d dy
(a) ( 3 y 5 ) = 15 y 4
dx dx
d dθ
(b) ( 2 cos 4θ ) = −8sin 4θ
dx dx
d
(c) =
dx
k =( )
d  1  1 −1 dk
k2 
dx  2
=
k 2
1 dk
1
d x 2k 2 d x
=
1 dk
2 k dx

5 3 2 y+1
2. Differentiate with respect to x: (a) ln 3t (b) e (c) 2 tan 3y
2 4

d 5  5 1 dt 5 dt
(a)  ln 3t  =   =
dx2  2t dx 2t d x
d  3 2 y +1  3 dy 3 dy
 e  = (2 e )
(b) 2 y +1 = e 2 y +1
dx4  4 dx 2 dx
d dy dy
(c) ( 2 tan 3 y ) = (2) ( 3sec2 3 y ) = 6sec2 3 y
dx dx dx

2
3. Differentiate the following with respect to y: (a) 3 sin 2θ (b) 4 x3 (c)
et

d dθ
(a) ( 3sin 2θ ) = 6 cos 2θ
dy dy

(b)
d
=
dy
(
4 x3
d  3
= 
dx
4 )
x 2


4
 3 12  d x
 x 
2 dy
=6 x
dx
dy
d 2  d dt 2 dt
(c)  = ( 2 e− t ) = − 2 e− t =−
d y  et  dy dy et d y

2 2
4. Differentiate the following with respect to u: (a) (b) 3 sec 2θ (c)
(3 x + 1) y

970 © 2014, John Bird

 d  2  d dx 6 dx
 = [ 2(3 x + 1) ] =
[ −2(3x + 1)−2 (3)] = −
−1
(a) 
d u  3x + 1  d u du (3 x + 1) 2 d u
d dθ dθ
(b) ( 3sec 2θ ) = 3 ( 2sec 2θ tan 2θ ) = 6sec 2θ tan 2θ
du du du

d  2  d  −1   1 −3dy 1 dy 1 dy
(c)   = 2y 2  =
(2)  − y 2  =
− 3 =−
du  y  du    2  du y2 du y3 d u

971 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 240 Page 650

d
1. Determine (3 x 2 y 3 )
dx

d d d
( 3x 2 y 3 ) = 3x 2 ( y 3 ) + y 3 ( 3x 2 ) using the product rule
dx dx dx
 dy dy
= ( 3x 2 )  3 y 2  + ( y )( 6 x ) = 9 x y
3 2 2 + 6 xy 3
 dx dx

 dy 
= 3 xy 2  3 x + 2y
 dx 

d  2y 
2. Find  
d x  5x 

( 5 x )  2
dy  dy 
 − ( 2 y )( 5 ) 10 x
dy − y
− 10 y 10  x
d  2y   d x  dx  d x  = 2  x d y − y
  = = =  
d x  5x  (5x ) 5x2  d x 
2
25 x 2 25 x 2

d  3u 
3. Determine  
d u  4v 

( 4v )( 3) − ( 3u )  4
dv  dv
d  3u   12v − 12u 12  dv  3  dv 
=
du  du
 = = v −u  = 2 v −u 
d u  4v  ( 4v ) 16v  d u  4v  du 
2
16v 2 2

dz
4. Given z = 3 y cos 3x find
dx

dz
dx
=3 y
d
dx
d
( cos 3x ) + cos 3x 3 y
dx
( ) using the product rule

( ) ( −3sin 3x ) + ( cos 3x )  32 y dy

1
−
= 3 y 2

dx
3 dy
= −9 y sin 3 x + 1
cos 3 x
2y 2
dx

972 © 2014, John Bird

  cos 3 x  d y
= 3 − 9 y sin 3 x
 2 y  d x
 

dz
5. Determine given z = 2x3 ln y
dy

dz 1  2 dx
z = 2 x 3 ln y =
hence, ( 2 x3 )  + ( ln y )  6 x 
dy  y  dy
2 x3 dx x dx
= + 6 x 2 ln y or 2 x 2  + 3ln y 
y dy y dy

973 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 241 Page 652

dy
1. Find given: x2 + y2 + 4x – 3y + l = 0
dx

d 2 d d d d
( x ) + ( y 2 ) + ( 4 x ) − ( 3 y ) + (1) =
0
dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy
2x + 2 y + 4−3 +0=0
dx dx
dy dy dy
2x + 4 = 3 − 2y = (3 − 2 y )
dx dx dx
d y 2x + 4
Hence, =
d x 3− 2y

dy
2. Find given: 2y 3 – y + 3x – 2 = 0
dx

d d d d
( 2 y 3 ) − ( y ) + ( 3x ) − ( 2 ) =
0
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
6 y2 −1 +3−0 =0
dx dx
dy dy dy
3=1 − 6 y2 (1 − 6 y 2 )
=
dx dx dx
dy 3
Hence, =
d x 1− 6 y2

dy
3. Given x2 + y2 = 9 evaluate when x = 5 and y = 2
dx

d 2 d d
(x ) + ( y2 ) = (9)
dx dx dx
dy
i.e. 2x + 2y =0
dx
dy dy x
i.e. 2y = -2x and = −
dx dx y

dy 5
When x = 5 and y = 2, = −
dx 2

974 © 2014, John Bird

 dy
4. Find given: x2 + 2x sin 4y = 0
dx

d 2 d d
(x ) + (2 x sin 4 y ) = (0)
dx dx dx

 dy
i.e. 2x + (2 x)  4 cos 4 y  + (sin 4 y )(2) = 0
 dx

 dy
i.e. (2 x)  4 cos 4 y =− 2 x − (sin 4 y )(2)
 dx
d y −2( x + sin 4 y )
i.e. =
dx 8 x cos 4 y

d y − ( x + sin 4 y )
i.e. =
dx 4 x cos 4 y

dy
5. Find given: 3y2 + 2xy – 4x2 = 0
dx

dy   dy 
Given 3 y 2 + 2 xy − 4 x 2 =
0 then 6y + ( 2 x )  1  + ( y )( 2 )  − 8 x =
0
dx   dx 

dy   dy 
6y + ( 2 x )  1  + ( y )( 2 )  − 8 x =
0
dx   dx 

d y 8x − 2 y 4x − y
and = =
d x 6 y + 2x 3y + x

dy
6. Find given: 2x2y + 3x3 = sin y
dx

 2  dy  dy
Given 2x2y + 3x3 = sin y then ( 2 x ) 1 d x  + ( y )( 4 x )  + 9 x =cos y
2

    dx

dy
( 2 x 2 − cos y ) =
−4 xy − 9 x 2
dx

d y −4 xy − 9 x 2 − x(4 y + 9 x) x(4 x + 9 y )
and = = =
d x 2 x 2 − cos y 2 x 2 − cos y cos y − 2 x 2

975 © 2014, John Bird

 dy
7. Find given: 3y + 2x ln y = y4 + x
dx

dy  1 dy  dy
Given 3 y + 2 x ln y =
y 4 + x then 3 + ( 2 x )   + ( ln y )( 2 )  =
4 y3 +1
dx   y dx  d x
dy 2x 
i.e. 3+ − 4 y 3  =−
1 2 ln y
dx y 
dy 1 − 2 ln y
and =
d x 3 + 2 x − 4 y3
y

5 2 dy 1
8 If 3x2 + 2x 2 y 3 – y = 0 evaluate when x = and y = 1
4 dx 2

5 2   dy  5 dy
Given 3 x 2 + 2 x 2 y 3 − y =
0 then 6 x + ( 2 x 2 )  3 y 2  + ( y )( 4 x )  − y
3 =
0
4   dx  2 dx
5 dy
i.e. 6 x + 4 xy 3 =  y − 6 x 2 y 2 
2 dx
dy 6 x + 4 xy 3
and =
d x 5 y − 6 x2 y 2
2
1 1 3
6   + 4   (1)
3+ 2
=   =
1 dy 2 2 5
When x = and y = 1, = =5
2 dx 5 1
2
2.5 − 1.5 1
(1) − 6   (1)
2

2 2

9. Determine the gradients of the tangents drawn to the circle x2 + y2 = 16 at the point where x = 2.

Give the answer correct to 4 significant figures.

dy d 2 d d
Gradient = ( x ) + ( y2 ) = (16 )
dx dx dx dx
dy
2x + 2 y =
0
dx
dy
2y = −2 x
dx

976 © 2014, John Bird

 dy x
and = −
dx y
Since x2 + y2 = 16 then when x = 2, 2 2
2 + y = 16

and y = 16 − 22 =12

dy x 2
Hence, gradient at x = 2, =− =− = ± 0.5774
dx y 12

x2 y 2
10. Find the gradients of the tangents drawn to the ellipse + =
2 at the point where x = 2
4 9

x2 y 2 2x 2 y d y 2y d y 2x
Given + =
2 then + =
0 and = −
4 9 4 9 dx 9 dx 4
2x
dy 2x 9 9x
from which, − 4 =
= − ⋅ =
−
dx 2 y 4 2y 4y
9
x2 y 2 4 y2 y2
If + =
2 and x = 2, then + =
2 from which, =1
4 9 4 9 9
Hence, y2 = 9 and y=±3

dy 9x (9)(2) 3
Thus, =
− =
− =
± or ±1.5
dx 4y 4(±3) 2

11. Determine the gradient of the curve 3xy + y2 = –2 at the point (1, –2)

dy d d d
Gradient = ( 3xy ) + ( y 2 ) = ( −2 )
dx dx dx dx

 dy dy
i.e. (3 x) 1  + ( y )(3) + 2 y =
0
 dx dx

dy
i.e. (3 x + 2 y ) =
−3 y
dx

dy −3 y
and =
d x 3x + 2 y

dy −3 y −3(−2) 6
= =
Hence, gradient at x = 1, y = –2, = = –6
d x 3 x + 2 y 3(1) + 2(−2) −1

977 © 2014, John Bird