XIII Международная научно-техническая конференция АПЭП – 2016
Calculation of Power Losses in the Transformer
Substation
Vladimir I. Biryulin, Alexey N. Gorlov, Oleg M. Larin, Daria V. Kudelina
South-West State University, Kursk, Russia
Abstract – In the article the analysis of power losses in electric
networks, which are one of the most important indicators of
economic efficiency of their work is given. As the automated
measurement tools allowing to supervise current loads of electricity
networks elements, are installed in a limited number in power
systems, then the calculation of the electricity loss for a period of
time based on the calculation of losses for a limited period of time is
updated. The article presents the evaluation of the practical
formulas effectiveness for determining the number of the greatest
losses hours in the calculation of losses on real transformer
substation load graphics with a nominal capacity of 1000 KVA
transformer, received in the energy audit for a day.
Index Terms – electricity losses, transformer substation, power
supply system, the method of maximum load, measuring and
information system.
I. INTRODUCTION
E LECTRIC energy losses in networks are one of the most
important indicators of their work economic efficiency. Also
the value of the losses reflects the efficiency of the power supply
system, of the accounting system state and consumed electric
power, etc.
The appearance of electric energy losses is an inevitable
process, as in the power supply system a part of transmitted
electric energy is consumed during its transmission,
transformation and distribution. These losses are technological
by their nature and arise in the course of the technological
process of electric energy transmission.
Technological electric energy losses occurring in the course of
its transmission through electric networks are technical losses in
electrical equipment of electric networks and substations. They
are created during the flow of the physical processes occurring
during transmission of the electric energy on the various
elements of the power supply system according to the technical
condition and operating modes of the equipment.
II. PROBLEM DEFINITION
According to various estimates, including foreign sources, the
value of relative electric energy losses during its transmission
and distribution in electric networks of different countries can be
considered as satisfactory if it does not exceed 4–5% [1]. The
value of electricity losses which value is equal to 10%, can be
taken as the maximum permissible in terms of the physical
processes of electric power transmission.
At the same time, in Russia according to various sources the
relative electric energy losses is 2–2,5 times more than level of
losses in comparison to industrialized countries (in the European
Union their value is 4–10%, in the United States – 9%, in Japan
– 5–6%). Recently in electric power industry a number of
negative tendencies, increasing the value of electric energy
losses has been manifested:
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– outdated electrical equipment of electrical networks and
substations;
– high wear and low technical characteristics of electric
power metering equipment;
– imbalance between the installed equipment in power
supply systems and the value of the transmitted power.
III. THEORY
In market economy conditions and the happening rise in
electricity prices the accuracy of the energy losses calculation in
different elements of consumer power supply systems is
becoming increasingly important. The values of electric energy
losses are necessary for the use of their values in a variety of
technical and economic calculations, as well as for other
purposes, such as determination of the cost price of electric
energy transportation and distribution.
The problem of losses determining is easier if in power supply
system there is an installed measuring and information system. In
this case, in the considered network information about the loads
of all the elements and power flows is transmitted to a server. In
this case energy losses are determined by the method of
operational calculation by the following formula [2]:
n m
ΔW = 3 ⋅ ∑ Ri ⋅ ∑ I ij2 ⋅ Δt ij ⋅ 10 −3 , kWh,
i =1 j =1
where n – a number of considered network elements; ∆tij – a time
interval during which the measured current load Iij for the i-th
network element with a resistance Ri we accept constant; m – a
number of time intervals for which the current load is
determined.
The values of current loads of electrical network elements are
determined on the basis of data taken from dispatching
statements or obtained from the operative measurement
complexes and automated systems of electric energy accounting.
It should be noted that the automated measuring means
allowing to control the current load of electric networks elements
are installed in a limited number in power systems. Hence the
electric energy losses calculation for a period of time T on the
basis of losses calculation for a limited period of time is updated.
To do this, the found for the base period losses are multiplied on
a variety of additional factors to determine them on a longer time
interval.
Often, at calculation of these additional factors is accepted the
assumption of purely quadratic dependence of active power
losses ΔP in the electric networks element with the active
resistance of the load R, defined by the following formula [1]:
P2 + Q2
ΔP = R, (1)
U2
where P и Q – values of active and reactive power transmitted by
the element under consideration.
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2016 13th International Scientific-Technical Conference APEIE – 39281

This assumption adds some inaccuracy in the calculated results the nominal value of the short-circuit ∆РK losses. The losses
as the load changes in the network will inevitably change the values were determined by the known formulas [1,3].
voltage in the load connection point to the network. But, Calculate the losses by the maximum load method with
considering that the supply voltage varies within a small range in different values of τ, determined by the given formulas for τ6–τ9.
comparison to the change of the load, the voltage can be In addition, calculate the value of τ in two ways: for the full year
considered constant in the denominator of the formula (1). τMAX and only for the working time of the year τ ', then compare
Taking it into account integrating or additional factor for the the accuracy of calculations.
determination of electric energy losses is determined by formula
[1]: ΔW1 = P ⋅ 8760 + РК ⋅ k 2 ⋅ MAX
Δ Δ τ
n ,
M = ∑ Pi 2 ⋅ ΔTi / P 2 , ΔW2 = P ⋅ 8760 + РК ⋅ k З2 ⋅ '
Δ Δ τ
i =1 where τMAX – is calculated according to the formulas (2–5); τ'
where Рi – the value of the power at the i-th stage of the load = τMAX·(250/365); 8760 – the number of hours per year; ∆Р,
schedule; Р – the power on the graphics stage, for which the ∆РК – values of transformer no-load losses and short circuit
losses ΔР are calculated; n – the number of steps of the load losses, respectively.
schedule under consideration of duration ΔТ.
To identify the additional factors we use either the maximum
V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
load mode or medium load. Calculation formulas for these
methods are [2]: The calculated results are shown in Tab. I.
ΔWн = ΔPmax ⋅ T ⋅ τ ; TABLE I
CALCULATION OF TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION ELECTRICITY
ΔWн = ΔP1 ⋅ T ⋅ k 2 . LOSSES
where τ – the number of the largest losses hours; ΔP1 – the Formula Value of τ For τМАХ For τ'
average value of the losses value; k – shape coefficient of τМАХ τ' ∆Р, Error, % ∆Р, Error, %
schedule squared. kWh kWh
In practical calculations we use formulas, obtained by fitting 2 2415,1 1654,1 27030,5 6,56 25276,1 -0,353
3 2668,3 1827,6 27614,4 8,88 25675,9 1,22
the results of calculations τ and k2 for the load graphs of different 4 2136,1 1463,1 26387,4 4,029 24835,5 -2,089
configurations, or for the typical schedules [1]. The largest 5 2509,8 1719,1 27248,9 7,43 25425,6 0,237
application was received by the following formulas:

τ 6 = (0,124 + 0,876 k1 ) 2 , (2) VI. CONCLUSION

τ 7 = k1 (0,66 + 0,34k1 ) 2 ,
τ 8 = k1 (0,083 + 1,037 k1 − 0,12k12 ) ,
τ 9 = k11,6 ,
where k1 – load factor of the schedule.
(3) From the analysis of the results of the electricity losses
calculation with the use of formulas (2–5), it follows that taking
(4) into account the number of working days per year increases the
accuracy of electric energy losses values calculating compared to
(5)
finding the values of τ for the whole year without separation
working days from it.

REFERENCES
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
[1] Zhelezko Y.S. et al. The calculation, analysis and rationing of electric energy
Let us evaluate the effectiveness of these formulas for losses in electric networks. Guide for practical calculations. – M .:
determination of τ in calculation of losses by real load graphics Publishing House of the science center ENAS, 2004 – 280. (in Russian).
of transformer substation with a nominal capacity of installed [2] Instruction on the organization in the Ministry of Energetics of Russian
transformer 1000 KVA, resulting in energy audit for a day. The Federation work on calculation and justification of power losses standards
during its transmission through electric networks (approved. by the order of
load of this transformer was measured at short intervals by Minenergo of Russian Federation of December 30, 2008 N 326) (in
analyzer of electric energy quantity and quality AR-5 connected Russian).
to the transformer. The obtained measurement results for a [3] Energy losses in electric networks of power supply systems / Ed.
specified interval of time were recorded in the memory of the V.N.Kazantseva. – M .: Energoatomisdat 1983. (in Russian).
device, after which they were copied on a computer on which the Biryulin Vladimir Ivanovich
data processing was carried out. Ph.D. (technical Sciences), senior
Using the results of the measurements per day as a basis for researcher of the Software
further calculations, a determination of power losses was made Engineering Department of South-
West State University
by means of calculation, the value of losses for a year was E-mail: bir1956@mail.ru
25365,4 kWh. These losses consist of two components – the no-
load losses and load losses.
Electric energy no-load losses of power transformer ΔW are
determined by catalog value of the no-load power losses ∆Р and
time interval T. Load losses for power transformer ΔW1 are
determined taking into account the transformer load factor β and
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 XIII Международная научно-техническая конференция АПЭП – 2016
Gorlov Aleksey Nikolayevich
Ph.D. (technical Sciences), Associate
Professor of customs affairs and the
global economy Department, Deputy
Dean of the Faculty of Public
Administration and International
Relations of South-West State University
E-mail: alexjulia17@yandex.ru

Larin Oleg Mikhailovich

Ph.D. (technical Sciences), Associate
Professor of the electric power supply
Department of South-West State
University
E-mail: larin77@mail.ru

Kudelina Daria Vasilyevna

postgraduate student of computer
engineering Department, lecturer of
the electric power supply Department
of South-West State University
E-mail: mary_joy@mail.ru

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