Translated from Arabic to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.

com

1. Introduction:

Electrical circuits in general can be connected in series or parallel, and each connection has a specific system.

When resistors are connected in a series circuit, the end of each resistance will be connected to the beginning

of the second resistance. Whereas in parallel circuits, the resistance is parallel to the next resistance until its

two ends are connected to the voltage source.

There is a difference between the two connections of resistors in series or in parallel. When resistors are connected in

series, the current passing through them is in one direction. Therefore, the current passing through the circuit is

equal to the current passing through each resistance, while the potential difference between the ends of each resistor

is different from the potential difference across the circuit. The last two ends of the resistance, unless the resistors are

of different values.

When resistors are connected in parallel, the potential difference between the two ends of each resistance is equal to the

voltage difference between the two ends of the resistance that is parallel to it, while the current passing through them differs

unless the resistors are of equal value, and therefore the current passing through one of them is equal to the current passing

through each resistance.

2. The purpose of the experiment:

Learn how to connect electrical resistors in series and parallel within the laboratory and learn the

difference between the two connections and the characteristics of each.

3. The theory used:

- First, connecting in a row:
Series connection means that the components of a closed electrical circuit are connected in

succession, such that the end of each component of the circuit is connected to one end of the next

component. It provides only one path for the electrons in this circuit, and series conduction has

the advantage of delivering electrical current to all parts of the electrical circuit with the same

intensity.

The following figure shows a simple circuit for a group of resistors connected in series:

To find the equivalent resistance of a group of resistors connected in series, the group is combined
In an electrical circuit that includes a battery, ammeter, rheostat, and switch, all connected in series, as in Figure (2). By closing

the electrical circuit and adjusting the resistance of the rheostat, it is possible to pass an electrical current of suitable duration.I

Amber and then the difference between the two sides of the resistance is compared1RAnd so be it1VThe potential difference

between the two ends of the resistance2RAnd so be it2VThe potential difference between the two ends of the resistance3RAnd

so be it3VThe total potential difference between the two terminals of the group is compared to V. By comparing these voltage

differences, it can be realized that:

3 V-2V-1V-
(1)
3 IR-3V,2IR-2V,1IR-1V,IR-

V V V

A A
By substituting in (1) yent 3 that: R 2 R 1 R
A
3 IR-2IR-1IR-IR
Figure No. (2)
Such as:

3 R-2R-1R-R

That is, the equivalent resistance of a group of resistors connected in series is equal to the sum of

these resistors.

When the resistors that make up the group connected in series are equal, each of value r

and number N, then: =

From the above, we see that if we want to obtain a large resistance from a group, and from small

resistances, connect this group together in series.

- Secondly, parallel connection:

Parallel connection means that one or more components of an electrical circuit are connected between the two

ends of an electrical voltage source. This means that the electrical potential difference applied to the ends of

the components connected in parallel is constant. That is, all components connected in parallel share a single

electrical potential difference, and this voltage causes an electrical current in each component, which varies

according to the resistance of this component.

In the parallel connection method, the electric current flows in one direction, even if there is more than

one path for the electric current to pass through, as the current begins to flow from the point directed

to the battery, all the way to the flowing current.

In order to find the equivalent resistance of a group of resistors connected in parallel, the group is used in an

electrical circuit that includes a battery, an ammeter, and a rheostat connected together as shown in Figure (3).

R
I
R I
R I I

By stopping the electrical circuit and adjusting the resistance of the circuit, a suitable current can be applied in this

main circuit, which can be measured with an ammeter.Iamp. Then determine the total voltage difference between the

two ends of the resistor groupShat (3to)In parallel using a voltmeter, let it be
allaRdid notGet upP.S

VVolt. The current through the resistance is then compared1RSo be it1IThis is the current passing through the

resistance2RAnd so be it2IThis is the current passing through the resistance3RAnd so be it3.I

By comparing the total current I with the total 3 I-2I-1IIt can be realized that:

3 I-2I-1I-I
(1)

V V V V
-3I, -2I, -1I, -I
3R 2R 1R R

By substituting in (1), it follows that:

3R
---
V V V V2R 1R R
Such as:
 1 1 1 1
- - -
3R 2R 1R R

That is, the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance of a group of resistors connected in parallel is equal to the

sum of the reciprocals of these resistors.

When the resistors that make up the group connected in parallel are equal, their value is r

and their number is N

r N 1
-R- -
N r R

Therefore, if we want to obtain a small resistance from a group of large resistances,

we connect this group of resistors in parallel.

4. Devices used:
- Resistors of different values.
- Voltage source.
- Ameter.
- Voltemeter.
- connecting wires.
5. Experiment steps:
- First, direct delivery:
1- Connect the circuit shown in Figure Rem (4).

2- Enter an appropriate current from the battery by changing the value of the rheostat. 3- Record

the value of both the current and the potential difference in a table.

4-Draw a graph betweenOn the vertical axis V, on the horizontal axis I

We get a straight line whose slope determines the value of the resistors in series.

3R 2 R 1 R
A

Figure No. (4)

 - Secondly, connecting in parallel:

1- Connect the circuit shown in Figure Rem (3).

2- Enter an appropriate current from the battery by changing the value of the rheostat. 3- Record

the value of both the current and the potential difference in a table.

4- Draw a graph between I on the horizontal axis and V on the vertical axis.

We get a straight line whose slope determines the value of the resistors in series.

6. Readings and results:

- During consecutive delivery:
When conducting the experiment, it was observed that the value of the current is constant, and this value represents the total current passing through it

The circuit, while the potential difference on both ends of each resistance varies depending on the value of this

resistance.

When taking the first reading, the total current value is 2A=2TWhile the potential difference on both

ends of the resistor I1=2V equals RR1: The following table shows the readings taken inside the

laboratory, V

Quantity Measured values or Calculated values

the operation

(A)TI 1.97 2
(V)R1V 1.94 2
(V)R2V 3.92 4
(V)R3V 5.98 6
(V)TV 11.84 12
Rim Table 1

It is noted from the previous table that the practically measured values are very close to the theoretical values, with a slight

difference due to the suitability of the devices and the measurement conditions.

It is also noted that the potential difference between the two ends of each resistance is directly proportional to the value of

this resistance, as the greater the value of the resistance, the greater the potential difference between its two ends. It is also

noted that the value of the total current is constant in all readings.

- During parallel connection:

When conducting the experiment, it was noted that the value of the potential difference on both ends of each resistance is

equal, and this value represents the source voltage = 12 vSWhile the value of the current passing through each resistance

varies depending on the value of this resistance, V

It is noted from Figure 6 when taking the first reading that the value of the current passing through the

resistance is1=11.99A equals RR1The following table shows the readings taken inside the laboratory: I

Quantity Measured values or Calculated values

the operation

(A)R1I 11.89 11.99

(A)R2I 5.92 6
(A)R3I 3.95 3.99
(A)TI 21.76 21.98

It is noted from the previous table that the practically measured values are very close to the theoretical values, with a slight

difference due to the suitability of the devices and the measurement conditions.

It is also noted that the current passing through each resistance varies depending on the value of this

resistance and is inversely proportional to the value of this resistance, as the greater the value of the

resistance, the greater the current passing through it. It is also possible to find the total current passing

through the circuit.T=21.76 A) by finding the algebraic sum of the currents passing through each resistance,

which in this case is equal to IT.(I

It is also noted that the potential difference between the two ends of each resistance is approximately equal,

and its value is equal to the value of the source voltageSWhich indicates that the potential difference on the

ends of the resistors connected in parallel is equal to V

7. Causes of error:

1 - Misreading, of all kinds, such as slanted reading, inaccurate reading.

2 - The devices used in the experiment. The connection wire may be non-conductive
 Well, or the resistance of the material made of the wire.

3- Difficulty in adjusting the constant voltage source device.

4- External influences, such as temperature (temperature has a direct relationship with...

Resistance, humidity.

8. Conclusion:
- Series connection is used to obtain a large total resistance, while...
Parallel connection is used to obtain a small total resistance.
- In the case of a series connection, the current path is the same and equal throughout Resistors, while

the potential difference is divided into the value of the resistance, as the voltage on both ends of any

resistance increases with the value of this resistance.

- In the case of connection in parallel, the potential difference is on both ends of any resistance It is

equal and is the same as the source voltage if there is no resistance connected in series in the

circuit, while the current is divided by the number of paths or resistors connected in parallel

and the current passing through any resistance is inversely proportional to the value of this

resistance.

- When connecting a voltmeter or ammeter to the circuit, connect the end of the wire The connection

coming from the terminal directed to the source to the terminal directed to the meter device, as well

as connecting the end of the wire coming from the terminal leading to the source to the terminal

leading to the meter device. If this connection is reversed, the meter device will not give any view,

and the evidence for this is the drop of the indicator to just below zero..