Newcomb's Systematic Model:

Newcomb's Systematic Model, proposed by Theodore Newcomb, focuses on the process of

communication within interpersonal relationships. It emphasizes the importance of social systems
and the role they play in shaping individual behavior and attitudes. The model consists of several
key components:

1. Input: This refers to the information or stimuli that enter the communication process.
2. Filtering: Once the input is received, it is filtered through various factors such as personal
beliefs, values, and social norms.
3. Perception: Individuals perceive and interpret the filtered information based on their own
cognitive processes and experiences.
4. Output: After processing the information, individuals respond or react to it in some way.
5. Feedback Loop: Feedback is an essential component of the model, as it allows for the
evaluation and adjustment of the communication process based on the response received.

Newcomb's Systematic Model is particularly useful for understanding how communication shapes
and is shaped by social systems, including family dynamics, organizational structures, and cultural
norms.
 Westley-McLean Mass Communication Model:

The Westley-McLean Mass Communication Model, developed by Bruce Westley and Malcolm
McLean, focuses on the process of mass communication, particularly within the context of
journalism and media. It consists of several interconnected elements:

1. Source: The originator of the message, which could be an individual, organization, or media
outlet.
2. Message: The content being conveyed, which may include news stories, advertisements, or
entertainment.
3. Channel: The medium through which the message is transmitted, such as newspapers,
television, radio, or the internet.
4. Receiver: The audience or individuals who receive and interpret the message.
5. Feedback Loop: Similar to Newcomb's model, the Westley-McLean model includes a
feedback loop that allows for audience response and interaction, which can influence
subsequent messages.

This model highlights the dynamic nature of mass communication and the complex interplay
between the various elements involved in the process. It also emphasizes the role of feedback in
shaping media content and audience perceptions.
 Shannon Weaver Mathematical Model Of Communication:

The Shannon-Weaver model was developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1949,
primarily within the context of telecommunication systems. It is based on the concept of
information theory and provides a mathematical framework for understanding the process of
communication. The model focuses on the transmission of messages from a sender to a receiver
through a communication channel, considering various factors that affect the efficiency and
accuracy of communication.

Key Components:

1. Sender:
 The sender is the individual or entity who initiates the communication process by
encoding a message and transmitting it through a communication channel.
 The sender's role is to formulate the message and choose an appropriate
communication channel for transmission.
2. Encoder:
 The encoder is responsible for converting the sender's message into a format
suitable for transmission through the chosen communication channel.
 This may involve converting the message into electrical signals, digital data, or other
forms depending on the nature of the communication system.
3. Message:
 The message is the information or content being communicated from the sender to
the receiver.
 It can take various forms, including spoken words, written text, images, or data.
4. Channel:
 The channel refers to the medium through which the message is transmitted from
the sender to the receiver.
 Communication channels can be physical (such as airwaves for radio transmission) or
digital (such as the internet for online communication).
5. Decoder:
 The decoder is responsible for interpreting the transmitted message and converting
it back into a format understandable to the receiver.
 It reverses the encoding process performed by the encoder to reconstruct the
original message.
6. Receiver:
 The receiver is the individual or entity for whom the message is intended.
 The receiver's role is to decode the transmitted message and extract meaning from it.
7. Noise:
 Noise refers to any interference or distortion that affects the clarity or fidelity of the
transmitted message.
 Noise can occur at any stage of the communication process and can be caused by
various factors, including technical limitations, environmental conditions, or semantic
barriers.

Information Theory: The Shannon-Weaver model is based on information theory, which

quantifies the amount of information contained in a message and the efficiency of its transmission.
Shannon introduced the concept of entropy to measure the uncertainty or randomness of
information, while Weaver emphasized the importance of redundancy in reducing the impact of
noise on communication.

Applications: The Shannon-Weaver model has been widely applied in various fields, including
telecommunications, computer science, and cognitive psychology.
 Schramm Osgood Interactive Model:

The Interactive Model of Communication, developed by Wilbur Schramm and his colleague Charles
E. Osgood, is a prominent theoretical framework that emphasizes the dynamic and reciprocal
nature of communication. Here are detailed notes on this model:

Overview: The Interactive Model of Communication, also known as the Schramm-Osgood Model,
was proposed as an improvement upon earlier linear models of communication. Unlike linear
models, which depict communication as a one-way process from sender to receiver, the interactive
model recognizes that communication is a two-way exchange involving active participation and
feedback from both parties.

Key Components:

1. Sender:
 The sender is the individual or entity who initiates the communication process by
encoding a message and transmitting it to the receiver.
 The sender's role is to formulate the message and select appropriate channels and
strategies for communication.
2. Message:
 The message is the information or content being communicated from the sender to
the receiver.
 It can take various forms, including verbal communication, nonverbal cues, gestures,
or written text.
3. Channel:
 The channel refers to the medium through which the message is transmitted from
the sender to the receiver.
 Communication channels can be verbal (such as face-to-face conversation),
nonverbal (such as body language), or mediated (such as television, radio, or the
internet).
4. Receiver:
 The receiver is the individual or entity for whom the message is intended.
 The receiver's role is to decode the transmitted message, interpret its meaning, and
provide feedback to the sender.
5. Feedback:
 Feedback refers to the response or reaction provided by the receiver to the sender's
message.
 Feedback can take various forms, including verbal responses, nonverbal cues, or
behavioral changes.
6. Context:
 Context encompasses the situational factors that influence the communication
process, including the physical environment, social norms, cultural values, and
historical background.
 Context shapes the interpretation of messages and affects the effectiveness of
communication.
 7. Noise:
 Noise refers to any interference or distortion that disrupts the clarity or fidelity of the
communication process.
 Noise can occur at any stage of communication and can be caused by external
factors (such as environmental distractions) or internal factors (such as psychological
barriers).

Interactive Nature: The Interactive Model of Communication emphasizes the reciprocal nature of
communication, highlighting the active participation of both sender and receiver in the exchange
of messages. Unlike linear models, which depict communication as a one-way process, the
interactive model recognizes that communication is a dynamic interaction characterized by
feedback loops and mutual influence.

Applications: The Interactive Model of Communication has been widely applied in various fields,
including interpersonal communication, organizational communication, and mass media studies.

BASIC CONCEPT OF SEMIOLOGY : SIGN ,CODE AND TEXT

DEFINATION

Semiology, also known as semiotics, is the study of signs and symbols and their
interpretation or meaning in human communication. Here are the basic concepts:

1. Sign: A sign is anything that stands for something else. It can be a word, an
image, a gesture, a sound, or any other sensory experience that represents an
idea, object, or concept. Signs consist of two parts:
 Signifier: This is the physical form of the sign, such as a word or an image.
 Signified: This is the concept or idea that the signifier represents.
2. Code: A code is a set of rules or conventions that govern the use of signs within a
particular culture or context. Codes provide a framework for interpreting signs
and understanding their meanings. For example, language is a code with rules for
 combining sounds or symbols to convey meaning. Other codes include fashion,
etiquette, and body language.
3. Text: In semiotics, a text refers to any coherent system of signs that conveys
meaning. Texts can be verbal, such as written or spoken language, or non-verbal,
such as images, gestures, or music. A text can be anything from a book or a
movie to a painting or a social media post. The analysis of texts involves
examining how signs are organized and combined to create meaning within a
specific cultural or social context.