Earth and Space

01 02 03
Earthquakes Understanding Other members of
and Faults Typhoon the Solar System
• The Fault in our • Typhoon • Comet’s Tale
Crust Formation • Meteor
• Shake… Do not • Typhoons at Shower
Rattle! Asteroids
PAR •
Aplenty
 Objectives
As we go through this chapter, we will be able to:
● Explain how seismogram works
● Differentiate magnitude from intensity
● What causes an earthquake
● What are faults and why is it important to
know where faults are.
 01
Earthquakes
and Faults
 WORDSTORM
F A U L T S Y U E J

C W F F B N G Q P G

F A D S V S F F I D

D P H I L V O L C S

S D F C M E C W E I

B G L O A K U E N O

N I N T E N S I T Y

K M P I R F R Y E P

L I O P D G T U R A
THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST

On Aprill 22, 2019, a

6.1 magnitude
earthquake struck
the island of Luzon in
the Philippines.
 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST

Earthquake is the
sudden vibration, violent
movement of Earth’s
surface caused by a rapid
release of stored energy.
The other name for
earthquakes are tremor
and tremblor.
 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST

Focus is the source from

which the energy is
released radiating to all
directions.

Epicenter is the point

directly above the focus.
 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST

So, how does an

earthquake really
happen? To
understand this better,
you have to know what
faults are.
 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST

Faults are large fractures in

Earth’s crust, formed from
the violent movement of
Earth’s surface.
 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST
Faults can be classified as active
or inactive. Along the active
faults, earthquakes are most
likely to take place in the future.
If in the last 10,000 years, an
earthquake has occurred along
the faults, these faults are said to
be active. On the other hand,
inactive faults are the opposite;
that is, no seismic activity has
been observed for 5, 600 years
along inactive faults.
 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST

Marikina West Valley Fault Lubao Fault

 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST
These maps tell you that there
are numerous active faults in the
Philippines. This means that,
every now and then, earthquakes
occur in the Philippines. This
should not be a surprise because
the Philippines is located in the
Pacific Ring of Fire.
 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST
Faults can also be classified as
normal, reverse, and strike-slip.
Before defining each type of fault,
let’s differentiate first the foot wall
from hanging wall.

When rocks slip past each other in

faulting, the upper or overlying
block along the fault plane is called
the hanging wall; the block below is
called the footwall.

Imagine this, if you stand on the fault

plane, your feet will be on the foot
wall. On the other hand, you can
hand on the hanging wall.
 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST
Normal fault – the
hanging wall moves
downward, relative to
the footwall

Reverse fault – the

hanging wall slides over
the footwall

Strike-slip fault – the

motion of the blocks is
horizontal
 ACTIVITY #1 (QUARTER 3)
On April 22, 2019, a 6.1 magnitude earthquake struck the
island of Luzon in the Philippines.

In 5-10 sentences, share your experiences on that day.

What precautionary measures was taken during and after the
earthquake?
 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST
If an earthquake
happens underwater, a
tsunami will most likely
occur. On August 17,
1976, an earthquake
occurred near Mindanao
and Sulu, causing a
tsunami. The epicenter
was located at Celebes
Sea.
 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST
How does a tsunami develop
then? First, a huge amount of
water is shifted rapidly. This
happens when the seafloor
moves up and down quickly as
a result of an earthquake or a
volcanic eruption. Then a
series of big waves is
generated and spreads in
every direction across the body
of water.
 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST
What should you do to survive a
tsunami?
Before a Tsunami
1. Be aware of your surroundings or
location.
2. Do some research whether a
tsunami had stuck your place in the
past.
3. Prepare essential materials and place
them in a bag.
4. At home, encourage your family to
have an evacuation plan in case a
tsunami strikes.
5. Observe whether animals in your
area change their behavior.
 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST
What should you do to survive a
tsunami?
During a Tsunami
1. If you live in a coastal zone, be careful
after an earthquake.
2. A sudden rise-and-fall of sea water is
a cause for alarm.
3. Few local authorities. If they order
you to evacuate, do so immediately.
4. Leave your belongings at home or at
school.
5. Move to a higher ground, away from
the coast or any body of water.
6. In case you caught up in water,
observe keenly.
 THE FAULT IN OUR CRUST
What should you do to survive a
tsunami?
After a Tsunami
1. Be ready for aftershocks.
2. If possible, gather reliable
information regarding the latest
situation.
3. Listen to authorities.
 Earthquakes and Faults
01 1.2 How earthquake waves provide
information about the interior of
the Earth
 WORDSTORM
S E I S M O G R A M

A Q W E S D G H F A

M Z X I C N B D T G

S I R S C A L E E N

T S V M I S T I R I

S P H I V O L C S T

E P A C A N M O H U

F S T W N Z O N O D

G Y C A D E L U C E

H H R V A S N A K D

F O R E S H O C K S
 Shake… Do not Rattle!
Because earthquakes happen in the
Philippines every now and then,
agencies such as PHIVOLCS are very
helpful.

Seismology?
Scientist who studies earthquakes?
What do they use to record an
earthquake waves?
The records generated are called?
 Shake… Do not Rattle!
Because earthquakes happen in the
Philippines every now and then, agencies
such as PHIVOLCS are very helpful.

Seismology is the science dealing with

earthquake waves.
Seismologist – a scientist who studies
earthquakes.
Seismologists make use of seismographs to
record an earthquake waves. The records
generated are called seismograms.
Seismic waves – are waves of energy that
travel through different layers of earth.
 Shake… Do not Rattle!
Two types of seismic waves
1. Surface waves – are those that travel
through the outer layer of Earth.
2. Body waves – are those that travel
through the interior of Earth.
a. primary wave (P wave)
b. secondary wave (S wave)
P waves are also called push-pull waves
because they compress and expand
rocks in the direction of the wave.
S waves shake rocks perpendicular to
their direction.
 Shake… Do not Rattle!
P waves are also called push-pull waves because they compress
and expand rocks in the direction of the wave.
S waves shake rocks perpendicular to their direction.
 Magnitude vs Intensity
Magnitude measures the amount of
energy released at the source of an
earthquake. Seismographs are used to
determine the magnitude of an
earthquake.
Intensity measures how strong the
shaking generated by the earthquake is
at particular location.
 Intensity Scale
In 1902, Giuseppe Mercalli
developed an intensity scale to
describe the size of an
earthquake. In USA and Canada,
they used the said scale. In the
Philippines, PHIVOLCS uses the
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity
Scale (PEIS) and adapts the Rossi
Forel intensity Scale (RFIS).
PHIVOLCS Intensity Scale
Earthquake
Intensity Scale
(PEIS)
Modified Intensity Scale
Mercalli
Intensity Scale
In 1935, Intensity Scale
seismologists
Charles Richter
and Beno
Gutenberg of
California
Institute of
Technology
developed the
first magnitude
scale that is still
adapted
worldwide today.
 Magnitude Intensity Comparison

Another term related to earthquake is aftershock smaller

earthquakes that follow a large earthquake. If the aftershock is
stronger than the previous earthquake, it will be renamed as
foreshock.
 Assignment #1
Create a copy of your house evacuation plan. Explain into 5-10
sentences about your evacuation plan and why do you think it is
important.