WRITTEN REPORT

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES OF PHILIPPINE EDUCATION

Learning Objectives:

1. Define the characteristics of gases, including their molecular arrangement, lack of specific shape
or volume, and their fundamental states in relation to solids and liquids.

2. Explore the origin of the word "gas" from the Greek term "khaos" and understand its evolution
from 1779 to 1916 with various meanings.

3. Identify key gases like Oxygen, Nitrogen, Helium, Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Acetylene, Propane,
and Butane, and comprehend their diverse applications in industries and daily life.

4. Define gaseous fuels, focusing on natural gas and liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs), and
highlight their advantages and disadvantages.

5. Differentiate between natural gas and petroleum gas, understanding their uses in homes and the
hospitality industry.

6. Outline safety protocols for using LPG, including cylinder checks, equipment maintenance, and
steps to take in case of a gas leak.

7. Define water, explore its composition, and understand its importance in human health. Identify
various uses of water in the hospitality industry.

8. Comprehend the different water systems in buildings, the importance of water quality, and
factors affecting it, including corrosion, erosion, and temperature.

9. Explore various water heating options such as directly fired water heaters, indirectly fired water
heaters, and heat pump water heaters.

10. Recognize the necessity of water conservation in the hospitality industry, understand the trends
 in water reuse, and learn about strategic water management for guest satisfaction.

Content:
This content covers the characteristics of gases, their historical evolution, a list of common gases
and their uses, gaseous fuels, safety measures for LPG, the importance and uses of water in the
hospitality industry, water systems, quality concerns, water heating options, and the necessity of
water conservation. The focus is on practical applications, safety considerations, and the
significance of these elements in various industries.

What is Gas?

A gas is a state of matter characterized by the fact that its molecules or atoms are arranged without
structure, so that it is entirely liquid and does not have a specific shape or a specific volume.
Gases are one of the fundamental states of matter, along with solids and liquids.
The etymology of the word ''gas'' traces its origins back to the Greek word khaos, meaning ''empty
space.'' The modern and more closely scientific use of the word began from 1779 to 1916 with
various meanings:
● A combustible mix of vapors
● An anesthetic
● Intestinal vapors
● Poison gas
● A shortened name for gasoline

Here is a list of 10 gases and their uses:

● Oxygen (O2):
Oxygen is a colourless, odourless and insipid gas; it condensates in a light blue liquid.

Used for: Oxygen gas is used for oxy-acetylene welding and cutting of metals, Surgery patients
who are purposefully paralysed during medical operations require additional oxygen to maintain
their important organ functioning.

● Nitrogen (N2):
Nitrogen (N2) is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. It is nonflammable and it will not support
combustion. Nitrogen gas is used in many varying iindustries

·Food Packaging
·Light Bulb Production .
·Chemical Plants
·Tire Inflation
·Electronics
·Stainless Steel Manufacturing
·Pollution Control
·Pharmaceuticals
·Mining
 ● Helium (He):
Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen. It is a colorless and
odorless inert gas that has unique properties.

Helium gas is used in medicine, scientific research, for blimp inflation, party balloons as well as
having welding applications.

● Argon (Ar):
Argon is a chemical element in the eighteen group of the periodic table. It is a noble gas, and it is
the third most abundant gas in earth’s atmosphere.
● They are used in metal industries.
● It is used in the production of titanium.
● It is used in double dazzled windows to fill the space between the panels.

● Carbon dioxide (CO2):

Carbon dioxide is used as a refrigerant, in fire extinguishers, for inflating life rafts and life jackets,
blasting coal, foaming rubber and plastics, promoting the growth of plants in greenhouses,
immobilizing animals before slaughter, and in carbonated beverages

● Acetylene (C2H2):
It is a colourless flammable gas widely used as a fuel in oxyacetylene welding and the cutting of
metals and as raw material in the synthesis

Acetylene is used for welding and cutting

● Propane (C3H8):
is a gas normally compressed and stored as a liquid. It is nontoxic, colorless, and virtually
odorless; an identifying odor is added so it can be detected.

Its main uses include home and water heating, cooking and refrigerating food, clothes drying, and
powering farm and industrial equipment.

● Butane (C4H10):
Butane is a hydrocarbon and a highly flammable, colourless, odourless, easily liquefied gas.

It is typically used as fuel for cigarette lighters and portable stoves, a propellant in aerosols, a
heating fuel, a refrigerant, and in the manufacture of a wide range of products

What is gaseous fuel?

Gaseous fuels, such as natural gas and liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs), are easier to handle and
burn compared to liquid or solid fuels. They are used in the gaseous state to provide heat and are
commonly utilized in the domestic and commercial sectors. These fuels are derived from both
fossil fuels and man-made sources, with lower energy content than liquid fuels like petrol or
diesel. Gaseous fuels are considered more environmentally friendly as they produce fewer
greenhouse gases when burned, resulting in improved air quality compared to conventional
petroleum-based products.

Advantages of Gaseous Fuels

● Easy to handle
● Once installed, saves a lot of labour.
● Flow can be controlled through regulators.
● Very little pollution.
● Instantly available.
● In some city hotels, only this fuel is allowed.
● High calorific value.
● Clean fuel.
● No storage space required.

Disadvantages of Gaseous Fuels:

● Gases are difficult to control and can be dangerous if not handled properly.
● Storage tanks take up a lot of space.
● Gaseous fuels are that it is difficult to store because pressure must be limited, fire hazards
are more prevalent because of higher vapour concentrations, combustion can produce toxic
chemicals not found in traditional fuels, and nitrogen pollution is an issue.
● Gaseous fuel is expensive to set up and maintain, especially since it requires specialized
expertise to acquire the fuel and equipment necessary for the process.
● It can be more expensive than other forms of fuel. Additionally, it can be difficult to find a
place to refuel, and the infrastructure for delivering gaseous fuel is often not as developed
as it is for liquid fuels.
● Gaseous fuel can be dangerous if not handled properly. It can cause suffocation and
explosions if it leaks.

Types of gaseous fuel

● Natural gas
● Petroleum gas

What is natural gas

-Natural gas is an energy source derived from fossils and found deep underground.
- It is formed when animals and plants decompose and are buried over centuries.
- Natural gas is the cheapest and most efficient fuel when burned properly.
- However, it requires a large amount of air and specific burners for combustion.
- Natural gaseous fuels like propene and butene are found alongside petroleum and coal beneath
the earth's surface.

What is natural gas piping?

Gas piping is a piping system in your house used to carry natural gas from the supply directly to
your heating system. The system is made up of branch lines, which run to individual appliances
throughout your home. Branch lines lead to drop lines, which are vertical pipes that drop down to
an appliance.

What is Liquefied Petroleum Gas

● LPG composition is primarily propane, butane, isobutane, butylenes, propylene and
mixtures of these gases.
● A type of hydrocarbon gas obtained from refining crude oil or processing natural gas.
● Composed of propane and butane or a mixture of both.
● Commonly used in cooking, heating, manufacturing, cars, and powering cogeneration
plants.
● Easily transformed into a liquid using low pressure or refrigeration.

What is liquefied petroleum gas used for?

● To begin with, LPG is used on gas stoves, cooktops, ovens, as heaters, fireplaces, and gas
hot water systems are all popular in-home gas appliances.
● There are also clothes dryers that run on petrol. BBQs, patio heaters, rooftop fireplaces,
pizza ovens, and fire pits are all types of outdoor gas appliances.

SAFETY IN USE OF LPG

● Check that the cylinder has the company seal and safety cap intact.
● The equipment should be cleaned regularly, as the gas corrodes metal.
● Always keep the cylinder in upright position at ground level in a well ventilated place.
● The gas cylinder should not be titled to an inclined position while being used, in order to
completely utilize the gas.
● Inflammable material should not be kept very close to the gas tank
● The flexible metal hose connecting the gas valve and oven should be checked at regular
intervals, for crack or damage.
● The burner knobs and cylinder regulator must be switched off after work is done.
● Burner heads should be cleaned daily.
● Never keep kerosene or other stoves on the floor where an LPG cylinder is in use.
● Check the cylinder valve to ensure that the rubber ‘O’ ring is present inside.
● Retain the safety cap with a thread attached to the cylinder. Fix the cap on to the valve to
stop leaks, if any.
● Do not store inflammable material like rubber mats, coir etc., inside the kitchen or above
the stove.

STEPS IN CASE OF LPG LEAK

● Close the regulator and burner knobs.
● Do not operate electrical switches or appliances in the room.
● Switch off the main power supply.
● Open all doors and windows for ventilation.
● Put off all flames, lamps, incense sticks etc.
● Put the safety cap on the cylinder.
● Call your distributor or emergency service cell for help
What types of gas used at home?

Some of the people or places, the types of kinds of gas used in their homes don’t matter as long as
they are cooking easily.
Cooking gas contains either LPG or natural gas (methane)
Some places used Natural gas (methane) is the most common gas supplied by gas mains
In areas where natural gas is unavailable, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is used. LPG is
delivered in tanks or cylinders, with main gas valves for control. LPG gas cylinders contain
butane, propane, or a mixture of both.

GASES USE IN HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY?

The hospitality industry plays a crucial role in the global economy, but it also has a significant
environmental impact.

Many hotels use natural gas as an energy source since it is powerful, dependable, and economical.
They generally utilize it to heat water, cook food, and heat spaces. To keep guests comfortable,
these utilities must supply quickly, efficiently, and consistently. Hotels require constant service and
comfort for guests, and natural gas is an efficient and economical fuel for heating commercial
buildings, ensuring high-quality service and amenities.

What is steam?
Steam is generated by boiling water in a boiler, which is known as a converter. The steam
is then piped to the appliance, where it will be used. At the appliance, the steam meets a co
stainless steel tubing, which condenses the steam and transfers its heat to be used in the
application. As this transfer happens, the steam cools and becomes water and can be made into
steam again.

Steam is often used to heat large buildings, such as hotels, through a system of radiators or
convectors. This is an efficient way to heat a building, as steam can be easily distributed through a
network of pipes.

Steam is also used in the hotel and hospitality industry for cleaning and sanitation.

Steam plays a critical role in the hotel and hospitality industry, providing efficient heating,
cleaning, and sanitation. The use of steam helps ensure that hotels, restaurants and other
hospitality businesses are able to provide a comfortable and safe environment for their guests,
which is important for customer satisfaction and business success.

References:
https://www.slideshare.net/haseebmuhsin/gaseous-fuels?fbclid=IwAR3_zReIhSkhmmePbkIGBBbi
GvWVFRWr9aVzElN72X78whnxJYH8TbxN8SI
https://www.mbs.engineering/mbs-engineering-blog/benefits-of-natural-gas-for-hotels
https://www.homoq.com/type-of-gas-is-used-in-homes/
https://energy5.com/powering-hospitality-how-natural-gas-fuels-the-hotel-industry
https://www.energyknowledgebase.com/topics/manufactured-gas.asp
https://study.com/academy/lesson/gas-scientific-overview-examples.html
https://www.forbesmarshall.com/Industries/Hotels-Hospitality
INTRODUCTION
Electricity, steam, and water are commonly used in lodging facilities for bathing and
sanitation purposes in guest quarters and for drinking and cleaning activities in and around
the hotel. In addition, water is used for sanitation and cooking purposes in restaurants, for
washing in laundry activities, for recreational or landscaping purposes (such asin swimming
pools or decorative ponds), for fire protection systems, and as a cooling medium for
different pieces of equipment. The bulk of the used water is disposed of through the sewer
system of the property. Make-up water used in cooling towers and Swimming pools and the
water used on lawns and shrubs are exceptions to this.

WHAT IS WATER?
● Water, a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and
existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states.
● A tasteless and odorless liquid at room temperature, it has the important ability to
dissolve many other substances.
● Water also exists on other planets and moons both within and beyond the solar
system. In small quantities water appears colourless, but water actually has an
intrinsic blue colour caused by slight absorption of light at red wavelengths.
● In humans:
● It is an important nutrient, which is 60% of our body contains water.

Sources: Visible & Invisible water.

• Visible water that we can see are- plain water, fruit juices, tea, milk, coffee, etc
• Invisible water that is inside the foods & metabolic water.

− Water quenched our thirst and is the most refreshing & cooling of all liquids.
− It is a structural component of all cells.
− It is an essential component of all body fluid such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, bile,
digestive fluid, urine.
− It acts as a lubricant & helps us in swallowing food or to digest food.
− It acts as a solvent for the products of digestion & helps in transporting this product
in different parts of the body.
Dehydration - It is defined as an excessive loss of body water. It may occur because of
inadequate intake of, or abnormal loss of body water or a combination of both.
A minimum of +8 glasses of water is recommended daily.
Excess water causes oedema. (Swelling of the skin)

In Hospitality Industry:
● Steam and hot water use are an important subcategory of water use which costs the
property not just for the water but also for the energy used to heat the water.

● Power shortages also contribute to water rationing in other areas. Water treatment
costs are skyrocketing while water quality deteriorates dramatically even when
 water sources need to be used. treatment systems.

Necessity of Water
● In the hospitality industry water is used in a number of ways starting from supplying
bacteria free clean drinking water.
● Hot and cold water in bathrooms and toilets.
● In kitchens for cooking food.
● Water is also needed in the laundry.
● For cleaning floors and articles.
● For water sprinkler system.
● For swimming pools.
● Water in the hospitality industry is generally supplied by the Govt. Dept.

Water Usage in the Lodging Industry

The annual water consumption of the world's lodging industry is in hundreds of
billions of gallons and costs millions of dollars. Real use and cost levels of individual hotels
differ dramatically by type of hotel, venue, services, and water use management. These
statistics indicate that: Generally bigger properties use more water per room than smaller
properties do. If the level of utilities and facilities grows, the amount of water use increases.
Further review of water usage data shows that overall water consumption can be greatly
influenced by the existence of on-site washing, kitchens, extensive irrigation, and cooling
towers. Hotels with on-site laundry operations for which study data are available, for
example, show that laundry water consumption ranged from 5% to 29% of total water
consumption. For the percentage of total consumption expressed by kitchens and cooling
towers, there were identical ranges. For some properties, 20% or more of overall water use
was reflected by landscaping. The type of utilities, equipment (indoor and outdoor), and
facilities influence not only total consumption but also the distribution of consumption in
the categories of use. (Kasim et al., 2014)

Water Systems
● Several sources, including manmade or natural sources such as wells, rainwater
collection, reservoirs, rivers, seas, and the ocean, can provide water (via
desalination).
● The construction water and wastewater systems consist of several subsystems with
suitable isolation devices between the subsystems.
● In the construction of water systems, pipes made of galvanized iron, steel, copper, or
plastic (PVC or CPVC) contain water under pressure. The pressure is supplied by
the water utility, the property's pumps, or a combination thereof.
● The storm sewer system is active in rainwater disposal.
● Wastewater systems for buildings are typically designed to use a gravity flow
system. In addition, pumps are used only when necessary.
● The wastewater systems carrying grease will flow through a grease separator (also
known as a grease trap). Grease separators are mounted in the floor area or
sometimes attached to a piece of equipment.
 ● Building water systems are normally designed to vertically group rooms together,
particularly in high-rise designs.
● A small recirculation loop of hot water lines may be used by water supply systems
to keep the hot water circulating inside the building's pipes.

Traps are water-filled pipe parts that prevent the entry of sewer gases and odors into the
facility.
Insulated pipes can be used by both water and wastewater systems. Water system pipes are
insulated to stop heat loss from hot water piping and to avoid condensation on cold water
piping.
Sprinklers and fire standpipes provide water schemes for fire safety.

Water Quality
● Water quality requires a variety of elements that vary in value. Potability, that is,
suitability for drinking, is obviously the most significant concern.
● The consistency of the water supply should be periodically checked by any property
that depends on wells, reservoirs, streams, or water provided by small water
utilities.
● Fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides, gasoline and other hydrocarbons, and a number of
heavy metals have been the focus of more recent potability issues.
● The softening of water to minimize high levels of calcium, magnesium, and low
levels of manganese and iron in the water supply is a popular treatment process. In
boilers, water heaters, and heating elements, calcium and magnesium can generate
scale (a buildup of minerals).
● Hard water makes it difficult to produce a soapy lather, produces an irksome soap
scum, and leaves spots of minerals as it evaporates that can decrease the consistency
and life of the linen. Iron and manganese stain plumbing, fixtures, and linens.
Discharge/Sewage Water

● There was a time when hotels and restaurants did not pay much attention to the
amount or state of water, they discharged into the sewage system. It was only
necessary for managers to ensure that rainwater did not reach the system and that
grease traps worked.

Water Heating
● Hot water requirements are potentially the highest for guestrooms, laundry and
kitchen applications. Major users can also be employee locker rooms and fitness
club services.
● There are hot water standards for guestrooms at all hotels.
● Some hotels have resorted to raising hot water supply temperatures in order to meet
these focused needs. This is a potentially dangerous strategy because water
temperatures above 115°F or 46°C can scald users.

Water Heating Options

 1. Directly fired water heaters - In many residences, restaurants, and lodging
establishments, these are the standard water heaters. A source of fuel is burned, and
heat is transferred to the water.

2. Indirectly fired water heaters – These are more likely to be used in steam
installations. A coil or heat exchanger enters the steam, which transfers heat from
the steam to the water. indirectly fired units can be located in cellars without access
to outside air or in similar locations.

3. Heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) - collect heat from the air in a building, from
the air outside, or from a source of water. To remove heat from the air (or water) and
pass to the water being heated, a HPWH uses a refrigeration cycle.

Water System Maintenance Concerns

The preventive maintenance activities related to water systems cover tasks such as:
● treating water to make it suitable for its intended application;
● replacing sacrificial anodes (which minimize pipe corrosion) in water heaters,
● washing filters and strainers;
● lubricate pumps;
● checking how to configure the water temperature; and
● checking the pressure relief valves for proper operation of water heaters.
Corrosion is the degradation of a metal or alloy due to its atmosphere by chemical or
electrochemical reaction.
Erosion is the literal wearing of the inner surface of a pipe due to friction.

Many kinds of corrosion are possible; leading factors include:

● the water's pH level;
● the amount of oxygen that is present in the water;
● the chemical makeup of the water;
● the amount of galvanic corrosion inside (or in contact with) the piping device
through the use of dissimilar metals; and
● the temperature of the water.
To decide if the water supply is too acidic (or in extreme cases, too alkaline) and
needs therapy, facility managers may measure the water's pH level. Highly oxygenated
water also has a higher potential to cause corrosion (i.e., in recirculating fountains). The
chemical composition of water can be very important, with a variety of different chemicals
contributing to the corrosive potential of the water. Salt is corrosive; the corrosive potential
of the chlorinated water used in pools is known by administrators and those concerned with
maintaining swimming pools. When various metals come into contact with each other,
galvanic corrosion happens. Furthermore, as the temperature of the water rises, corrosion
can take place at a faster rate. On the exterior of the pipes, particularly those that are buried
underground, corrosion is also possible. In these situations, groundwater leakage into the
soil/fill around the pipe can occur (especially troublesome is the salt- laden runoff from
streets and parking areas that have been salted to clear them of snow and ice).
Water for Entertainment and Recreation
Water is more than just a utility; for some hotels, it is a key element of the
entertainment and recreational facilities of the property. Water is commonly used in exterior
landscaping treatments-ponds, flowing streams, fountains, and more. Sometimes, these
elements are brought indoors.
The water quality of these bodies of water is clearly very critical for those activities that
take advantage of natural water features such as oceans and lakes. Blue Flag is an
organization founded in Europe with the goal to protect and preserve the natural
characteristics of beaches, marines, and other marine ecosystems. It focuses on the
following fields:
1. Water quality
2. Environmental education and information
3. Environmental management
4. Safety and services

Swimming Pool Water Systems

● Effective maintenance of swimming pool water systems involves daily tasks such as
skimming, vacuuming, and sweeping to ensure a clean and enjoyable environment.
● Specialized pool equipment, including pumps and filters, requires minimal
maintenance but demands careful attention to prevent issues like draining the pool
or pump suction line during cleaning.
● Maintaining proper water temperature, pH balance, and regular testing are crucial
for preventing swimmer discomfort, metal corrosion, and plaster leaching,
highlighting the importance of consistent pool water quality management.

Water Conservation
1. Water Conservation Necessity:
- Increasing water prices, dwindling supply, and governmental restrictions make it
imperative for hospitality companies to minimize water use. The lodging industry has
already taken steps, such as installing low-flow showerheads.
2. Growing Trend in Water Reuse:
- While common measures are in place, like low-flow showerheads, the adoption of water
reuse measures, particularly gray water systems, is on the rise.

3. Strategic Water Management for Guest Satisfaction:

- Careful water management is crucial to avoid negative impacts on visitors, as illustrated
by instances where guest complaints led to the reinstallation of previous showerheads.

References:
https://hmhub.in/nutrition-water/
https://ihmhotelengineeringnotes.blogspot.com/2018/10/unit-6-water-systems.html?m=1&f
bclid=IwAR2BJm59p1LvN5N-2zPeRnv-0v_tliS5lja2AqpPsyeWV1ejuZ6pcaRn
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OgbvugIRWA&list=PPSV
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxbtlKW2-wU&list=PPSV
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DjvcDCo-MA&list=PPSV
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUqEPiAnKYA&list=PPSV
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsPkOnVn8rc&list=PPSV
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMdZr-TAga0&list=PPSV
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmITGlbmPns&list=PPSV
Cornell, D. V. &Lutap, J.R. (2021) Ergonomics and Facilities Planning for the Hospitality
Industry. Rex Book Store, Inc. C. M. Recto Manila, Philippines. Mendoza, L. O. (2021)
Ergonomics and Facilities Planning for the Hospitality Industry. Edric Publishing House.
Sta. Cruz, Manila Philippine