RESPIRATORY

Getting started
Look at the animals in the next 6 slides

Think of ways in which you could put them into

two groups with 3 animals in each group
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3

4 5 6
How did you get on?
One way of grouping them would be into:

animals which breathe with lungs elephant, frog, red kite (bird)
and

animals which do not breathe with lungs earthworm, wasp and

clown fish
(The sea anemone in the photo is an animal which does not use
lungs for breathing either!)
Respiration

•Breathing is generally called respiration. We use

respiration to distinguish breathing from cellular
respiration, which is the oxidation of glucose for energy
production.
•All higher organisms require O2.
Respiration
•Plants and the lower members of the animal
kingdom can obtain their O2 and eliminate
their CO2 by diffusion.
•They do not require lungs or gills.
•Higher animals, including humans, require a
breathing apparatus in order to exchange
these gases.
Breathing and Respiration...
...the same or different?
The Big Idea
Many people get confused between
breathing ..... and ..... respiration

THEY ARE NOT THE SAME THING!

For example:
In ‘Artificial Respiration’ (also known as ‘The Kiss of Life’) you can help save
someone’s life by helping them to breathe, but you can’t do their
respiration for them.
Also in a dusty or dangerous atmosphere/ underwater you
might use a respirator to help you to breathe more easily, but it
doesn’t do your respiration for you.
 So to find out what you understand about this topic already
here’s a Quick Question ... There are only 3 questions!

1. In which part(s) of your body does breathing take place?

2. In which part(s) of your body does respiration take place?
3. Which is a chemical process? Breathing? Respiration? or
both?
Answers:
Q1 Breathing happens in your lungs, and your muscles
in your chest help with this. Your lungs are part of the
respiratory system.
Q2 Respiration happens in every cell in your body (and
in fact every living cell in plants and animals!)
Q3 Respiration is a chemical process.
(Breathing is a physical process)
Unicellular Organisms
•In unicellular organisms,
gases exchange with the
surrounding medium by
diffusion across the moist
cell membrane of the cell.
•The membrane must be
moist. It is more difficult
for gases to diffuse across a
dry membrane.
Green Plants
•Gases enter and exit
the air spaces of leaves
via the stomates. The
openings of stomates
are controlled by guard
cells.
Green Plants
•Older stems are usually
impermeable to gases. Some
trees have lenticels that let air
into the cambium.
•In many large trees, there are
enough cracks in the bark so
that air is available for the
cambium and living phloem
cells.
Green Plants
•Roots can exchange
gases with the soil.
This is done via the
moist cell
membranes of the
cells in the lower
parts of the roots.
Cnidaria

•Hydra does not have any specialized breathing apparatus. It only

has two cell layers and therefore does not need one.
•Each cell layer is in contact directly with the exterior aqueous
environment.
•Gas exchange is across the moist cell membranes of the individual
cells.
Hydra
With only two
body layers, no
special breathing
equipment is
required.
Higher Marine Animals
Gills are used by
marine worms,
molluscs (clams),
and fishes. The gill
lamellae (layers)
have a large area
for exchange of
gases.
Diagram of Clam
Diagram of Fish
Diagram of Lobster
Diagram of Starfish
Gill Function
•The afferent vessel carries blood toward the gill
(afferent and approach both begin with "a"). This
blood is high in CO2 and low in O2.
•The blood in the gill exchanges gases with the water.
The CO2 leaves the gill and enters the water while
the O2 leaves the water and enters the gill.
•Then, the efferent vessel carries blood away from
the gill (efferent and exit both begin with "e"). This
blood is high in O2 and low in CO2.
Gill Function
Insects and
Spiders
• Each cell in the body of an insect or spider is in contact or
near a breathing tube known as a trachiole.
• A group of trachioles will be combined to form a larger
breathing tube called a trachea.
 Grasshopper

• These animals have numerous tracheas that exit through

holes on the side of the body called spiracles.
• These spiracles are used for gas exchange, the "spir" part is
also found in the word "respiration."
Frog
•In the frog and other amphibians,
about half of the gas exchange
takes place across the skin.
•The other half of the respiration is
done using lungs.
•Frogs do not have a diaphragm so
they must force air into the lungs.
This is called positive pressure
breathing.
•Humans have a diaphragm so their
breathing is by negative pressure.
Frog
Birds
•Birds have a complicated respiratory
system consisting of lungs and air
sacs in the bones. Air is cycled
through the air sacs in the hollow
spaces in the bones.
Birds
 Human
Respiration
•The human respiratory system
consists of the lungs, bronchi and
trachea.
•The lungs are located in the
thoracic (chest) cavity, the area in
the chest above the diaphragm. The
heart is also located in the chest
cavity.
Human Lungs
•In humans, the diaphragm
contracts and makes the
chest cavity larger.
•The air that enters the
lungs from the outside is
high in O2 and low in CO2.
•Inspiration is the term used for
inhaling air. When the diaphragm
relaxes, the pressure in the chest
increases and forces the air out. The
air that leaves the lungs is low in O2
and high in CO2.
•Expiration is the term used for
exhaling air.
Breathing
Control of Breathing
•Control of breathing is done by
the nervous system. When CO2
increases as a result of exercise, for
example, the breathing rate and
heart rate increase.
•When there is little CO2 in the
blood, the nervous system slows
the breathing rate.
Gas
Exchange
in the
Lungs
 Gas Exchange in the Lungs

•Gases are exchanged in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. Air makes its way
down to the air sacs where O2 passes through the capillary walls by
diffusion, and into the blood stream where it enters the red blood cells.
•Blood leaving the alveoli is high in O2 and low in CO2.
•Simultaneously, CO2 and
some water leave the blood
stream and enter the alveoli
of the lungs
•All air exchange in the lungs
is external respiration and
occurs through the moist
surfaces of the cell
membranes of the air sacs of
the lungs and the capillaries
of the blood stream.