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Samy Tindel
Purdue University
4 Triple integrals
4 Triple integrals
Approximation procedure:
Area under a curve is approximated by sum of rectangle areas
Approximation:
Divide R into boxes centered at (xk∗ , yk∗ )
Area of each box: ∆Ak = ∆xk ∆yk
Then the volume is approximated as
n
f (xk∗ , yk∗ ) ∆Ak
X
V ≃
k=1
Basic recipe:
1 Integrate inside out
2 While integrating wrt one variable, keep the other one constant
3 Fubini: The order of integration does not matter
Function:
z = f (x , y ) = 6 − 2x − y
Region: Rectangle
R = [0, 1] × [0, 2]
Problem: Compute Z Z
f (x , y ) dA
R
Function:
3y 3
z = f (x , y ) = y 5 x 2 e x
Region: Rectangle
R = [0, 2] × [0, 1]
Problem: Compute Z Z
f (x , y ) dA
R
Definition 1.
Let
f function of 2 variables
R rectangle
Function:
z = f (x , y ) = 2 − x − y
Region: Rectangle
R = [0, 2] × [0, 2]
Problem:
Compute the average value of f on R
f¯ = 0
4 Triple integrals
Recipe:
Function:
z = f (x , y ) = xy 2
Problem: Compute Z Z
f (x , y ) dA
R
z = f (x , y )
Function:
z = f (x , y ) = sin x 2
Problem: Compute Z Z
f (x , y ) dA
R
4 Triple integrals
x = r cos(θ), y = r sin(θ).
Theorem 2.
Let
f (x , y ) continuous function
R polar region of the form
R = {(r , θ); a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β}
Then we have
Z Z Z βZ b
f (x , y ) dA = f (r cos(θ), r sin(θ)) r dr dθ
R α a
x2 + y2 = 9
Thus
81π
V =
2
Problem: Compute
√
Z 1 Z 1−y 2 3/2
I= x2 + y2 dx dy
−1 0
Remark:
The integral looks terrible in Cartesian coordinates!
Definition of C : Write
q
x2 + y2 = 2 − x2 + y2
r2 + r − 2 = 0
x2 + y2 = 1
Thus
5π
V =
6
4 Triple integrals
Approximation:
Divide D into boxes centered at (xk∗ , yk∗ , zk∗ )
Area of each box: ∆Vk = ∆xk ∆yk ∆zk
Then we obtain the integral as a limit
Z Z Z n
f (xk∗ , yk∗ , zk∗ ) ∆Vk
X
f (x , y , z) dV =
D k=1
Then we have
Z Z Z Z b Z h(x ) Z H(x ,y )
f (x , y , z) dV = f (x , y , z) dzdy dx
D a g(x ) G(x ,y )
Strategy of integration:
1 Upper surface: y = 4 − 2x
2 Base: y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 6
,→ We get a rectangle (easy surface)
dy dx dz
Thus we get
V = 24
Strategy of integration:
In xy -plane, surface delimited by x 2 + y 2 = 1 and y ≥ 0
,→ Easy domain D (half circle)
dz dy dx
Thus we get
2
V =
3
Problem:
Compute the volume
√
Above cone C1 : z = x 2 + y 2
√
Below cone C2 : z = 2 − x 2 + y 2
x2 + y2 = 1
Strategy of integration:
In xy -plane, surface delimited by x 2 + y 2 = 1
,→ Easy domain (circle)
dz dy dx
Remark:
Terrible integral in Cartesian coordinates!
Polar domain:
0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
Volume in polar coordinates:
Z 2π Z 1
V = (2 − 2r ) r dr dθ
0 0
1
= 2π ×
3
We get
2π
V =
3
4 Triple integrals
(r , θ, z)
x = r cos(θ), y = r sin(θ), z =z
Problem:
Answer:
2π
6, ,1
3
Cylindrical shell:
a≤r ≤b
Horizontal plane:
z =a
Cone:
z = ar
Domain: n o
D = (r , θ, z); r 2 ≤ z ≤ 4
Problem:
z = r2 ⇐⇒ z = x2 + y2
This is a paraboloid
z =4
Problem: Compute
Z 3 Z √9−x 2 Z 9−x 2 −y 2 q
I= x 2 + y 2 dzdy dx
−3 0 0
Preliminary remark:
Awful integral in Cartesian coordinates!
We get
162π
I=
5
f (r , θ, z) = 5 − z
Mass: We compute
Z Z Z
M = f (r , θ, z) dV
D
Z 2π Z 2 Z 4−r 2
= (5 − z) dz r dr dθ
0 0 0
1Z 2π Z 2
= 24r − 2r 3 − r 5 r dr dθ
2 0 0
Z 2π
44 88π
= dθ =
0 3 3
ρ2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , + trigonometry to find φ, θ
Problem:
Answer: √ √ !
1 3 3
, ,
4 4 2
Horizontal plane:
ρ = a sec(φ)
Cone:
φ = φ0
Domain: We consider
Problem: Compute
Z Z Z −3/2
I= x2 + y2 + z2 dV
D
Computation:
Z π/2 Z π/2 2
I = ln(ρ) sin(φ) dφ dθ
0 0 1
Z π/2 π/2
= ln(2) (− cos(φ)) dθ
0 0
ln(2) π
=
2
Domain: We consider
π
D = region between cone φ = 6
and sphere ρ = 4.
Problem: Compute
Z Z Z
V = Volume of D = dV
D
Computation:
Z 2π Z π/6 3 4
ρ
I = sin(φ) dφ dθ
0 0 3 0
64 Z 2π π/6
= (− cos(φ)) dθ
3 0 0
√ !
64 3
= 1− 2π
3 2
√
64π(2 − 3)
=
3
4 Triple integrals
m1 d 1 = m2 d 2
m1 (x1 − x̄ ) = m2 (x̄ − x2 )
m1 x 1 + m 2 x 2 Average(mass × distance)
x̄ = =
m1 + m 2 Average(mass)
Average(mass × distance)
Problem:
Thus
7π
m=
6
Thus
9a
z̄ = = 0.36a
25
Remark: For a uniform half sphere we would find
,→ z̄ = 0.375a