Lecture Presentation

Chapter 4

Reactions in
Aqueous Solution

James F. Kirby
Quinnipiac University
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hamden, CT
 Solutions
• Solutions are defined as
___________ mixtures of
two or more pure
substances.
• The solvent is present in
________________.
• All other substances are
_____________.
• When water is the solvent,
the solution is called an
aqueous solution. Aqueous
Reactions

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 Aqueous Solutions
• Substances can dissolve in water by different ways:
– Ionic compounds dissolve by __________, where water surrounds
the separated ions.
– Molecular compounds interact with water, but most do NOT
_____________.
– Some molecular substances react with water when they dissolve.
• All substances dissolve by __________, surrounding of the solute by
solvent.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

• An ___________ is a substance that dissociates

into ions when dissolved in water.
• A nonelectrolyte may dissolve in water, but it
does not __________ into ions when it does so.
Aqueous
Reactions

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 Electrolytes

• A strong electrolyte dissociates ___________ when

dissolved in water.
• A weak electrolyte only dissociates ________ when
dissolved in water.
• A nonelectrolyte does NOT dissociate in water. Aqueous
Reactions

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Strong vs. Weak Electrolytes—Equilibrium

• A strong electrolyte dissociates completely

when dissolved in water. Its equations for the
reaction of its dissociation look familiar:
– HCl (aq)
• A weak electrolyte only dissociates partially
when dissolved in water. Its equations
indicate a chemical equilibrium, where a
reaction goes both forward and backward:
– CH3COOH (aq)

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Solubility of Ionic Compounds
• Not all ionic compounds dissolve in water.
• A list of solubility rules is used to decide
what ____________________will dissolve.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Precipitation Reactions
• Precipitation reactions occur when two solutions
containing _____________are mixed and an
insoluble salt is produced. The solid is called a
_____________.

Aqueous
Reactions

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How to Predict Whether a Precipitate Forms
When Strong Electrolytes are Mixed

1) Note the ions present in the reactants.

2) Consider the possible __________ combinations.
3) Use Table 4.1 to determine if any of the
combinations is insoluble.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Metathesis (Exchange) Reactions

• Metathesis comes from a Greek word that

means “to transpose.”
• It appears as though the ions in the reactant
compounds _______, or transpose, ions, as
seen in the given equation.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Completing and Balancing
Metathesis Equations
• Steps to follow:
1) Use the chemical formulas of the reactants to
determine which ions are present.
2) Write formulas for the products: _______ from
one reactant, _______ from the other. Use
charges to write proper subscripts.
3) Check your solubility rules. If either product is
insoluble, a precipitate forms.
4) __________ the equation.
Aqueous
Reactions

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 Ways to Write Equations for
Metathesis Reactions
1) Molecular equation
2) ________________________
3) Net ionic equation

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Molecular Equation

• The molecular equation lists the reactants

and products without indicating the ______
nature of the compounds. The only
indication of the _______________is the
states of matter given.

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 KCl (aq) PbCl2 (s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Complete Ionic Equation

• In the complete ionic equation all strong -

____________ (strong acids, strong bases,
and soluble ionic salts) are dissociated into
their ions.
• This more accurately reflects the species
that are found in the reaction mixture.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Net Ionic Equation
• To form the net ionic equation, cross out anything
that does not change from the left side of the
equation to the right.
• The ions crossed out are called ___________, K+
and NO3−, in this example.
• The remaining ions are the reactants that form the
product—an _________in a precipitation reaction,
as in this example.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 How to Write a Net Ionic Equation

1) Write a _______________________for
the reaction.
2) Rewrite the equation to show the ions
that form in solution when each soluble
_____________ dissociates into its ions.
Only strong electrolytes dissolved in
_______ solution are written in ionic form.
3) Identify and cancel _________ ions.
Aqueous
Reactions

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 Acids

• Acids as substances that ______ in aqueous

solution to form H+
• Because H+ consists of ONLY a proton, acids
are often called ______________.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Bases

• Bases are substances that react with, or ______,

H+ ions; they increase the concentration of _____
when dissolved in water.
• Substances do NOT have to contain OH– to be
a base.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Strong or Weak?

• Strong acids _______ dissociate in water; weak

acids only _________ dissociate.
• Strong bases dissociate to metal cations and
hydroxide anions in water; weak bases only
_________ react to produce hydroxide anions.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Strong or Weak Electrolyte?
1) Is the substance ionic or molecular? If it is ______, it is a
strong electrolyte. (Solubility?)
2) Molecular: is it an acid or a base?
3) If it starts with H or ends in COOH, it is an ____. If it is NOT
on the list of strong acids, it is a weak acid. (Strong acid =
strong electrolyte; weak acid = weak electrolyte.)
4) Strong bases (Table 4.2) are strong electrolytes; ____ is a
weak base (weak electrolyte).

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Neutralization Reactions
• Reactions between an _______________are called
neutralization reactions.
• When the base is a ______________, water and a salt (an
ionic compound) are produced.
• These equations can be written as molecular, complete
ionic, or ________________.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Neutralization Reactions with
Gas Formation
• Some _________reactions do not give the
product expected.
• When a carbonate or ____________ reacts
with an acid, the products are a ___, carbon
dioxide, and _______.

CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

NaHCO3(aq) + HBr(aq) NaBr(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Neutralization Reactions with
Gas Formation

This reaction gives the predicted product, but

you had better carry it out in the hood—the
gas produced has the odor of ___________!

Na2S(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2S(g)

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Application of Neutralization Reactions:
Antacids

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

• _____ of electrons is oxidation.

• Gain of _________ is reduction.
• One cannot occur without the other.
• The reactions are often called _____ reactions. Aqueous
Reactions

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 Oxidation Numbers

• To determine if an oxidation-reduction
reaction has occurred, we assign an
________ number to each element in a
neutral compound or charged entity.
• This is a “bookkeeping” method—it
does NOT imply that the atoms have
these charges!

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Rules to Assign Oxidation Numbers

1) Atoms in their elemental form have an

oxidation number of ______.
2) The oxidation number of a _________
ion is the same as its charge.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Rules to Assign Oxidation Numbers

3) ____________ usually have negative oxidation

numbers, although they sometimes can be
positive:
– Oxygen: usually −2, except in the peroxide ion, where
it is −1.
– Hydrogen: usually +1 when bonded to a nonmetal and
−1 when bonded to a _______.
– Fluorine: –1. Other halogens: usually –1, unless
combined with oxygen (oxyanions), where they will be
positive.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Rules to Assign Oxidation Numbers

4) The sum of the oxidation numbers in a

neutral compound is _____; the sum of
the oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion
is the charge on the ion. (Remember to
count _______ atom, no matter how large
the subscript, when assigning oxidation
numbers!)

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Displacement Reactions
• In displacement reactions, ions _______ an
element. (H+ oxidizes Mg below.)
• The ion is displaced (___________) in solution.
(Mg replaces H+ below.)

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Activity Series and Hydrogen

• The elements
above hydrogen
will react with
acids to produce
_________ gas.
Elements below
will NOT react!
• A reactive metal
is oxidized to a
cation.
Aqueous
Reactions

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 Metal/Acid Displacement Reactions

• Elements higher on the activity series are _____

reactive.
• They will exist as ions.
• The element below will exist as the element. Reactions
Aqueous

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 Molarity
• The ________ of solute in a solution can matter
to a chemist.
• We call the amount dissolved its ____________.
• Molarity is one way to measure the
concentration of a solution:

_______ of solute
Molarity (M) =
volume of solution in liters

• Molarity can be used as a conversion factor

between _______________.
Aqueous
Reactions

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 Mixing a Solution
• To create a solution of a known ______, weigh
out a known mass (and, therefore, number of
moles) of the solute.
• Then add solute to a volumetric flask, and add
______ to the line on the neck of the flask.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Dilution
A solution can be diluted by adding ONLY
______. The concentration is LOWER, but the
_______ don’t change.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Dilution

The ______ of the new solution can be

determined from the equation

Mc × Vc = Md × Vd,

where Mc and Md are the molarity of the

concentrated and dilute solutions, respectively,
and Vc and Vd are the volumes of the two
solutions.

[Remember: M × V (in L) = moles!]

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Stoichiometry Applied to Solutions

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Titration
A titration is an _______ technique in which one
can calculate the concentration of a solute in a
solution.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Titration

• A solution of known concentration, called a

_________ solution, is used to determine the
unknown concentration of another solution.
• The reaction is complete at the __________
point, which is based on the seen end point Aqueous
(color change). Reactions

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