Chapter 2

Solutions Chemistry

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 Matter Flowchart

MATTER
yes Can it be physically
no
separated?

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no

uniform? decomposed?

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture Compound Element
(solution)
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Colloids Suspensions
 Pure Substances
• A pure substance has a
definite composition.
• Pure substances can
be

elements or compounds

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 Mixtures
• Combination of 2 or more pure
substances.

Heterogeneous
Not uniform throughout Homogeneous
Uniform throughout
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 Solutions
Solutions, in chemistry, are homogeneous
mixtures of two or more substances.

The substance present in largest quantity

usually is called the solvent. The solvent
can be either a liquid or a solid.

The substance that is present in smallest

quantity is said to be dissolved and is
called the solute. The solute can be either
a gas, a liquid, or a solid.

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 Concept Check
Coke lists as its ingredients as:
“carbonated water, high fructose corn
syrup and/or sucrose, caramel color,
phosphoric acid, natural flavors,
caffeine”.

What is the solvent?

What are the solutes?
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 Types of Solutions

Gaseous solutions – air

Liquid solutions – drinks
Solid solutions – steel or other alloys

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• Miscible liquids can easily dissolve in
one another.

• Immiscible liquids are not soluble in

each other.

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Miscible and Immiscible Liquids

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 CONCENTRATION OF
SOLUTION
• PARTS PER MILLION
• ppm=volume of component x 106 ppm
total volume of solution
• If the solution is given in grams or mass
unit, you can simply change the volume
unit to mass units.

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 Percent by Mass
• The percent by mass (also called percent
by weight or weight percent) is the ratio of
the mass of a solute to the mass of the
solution, multiplied by 100 percent:

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 Example
1. If 100 L of a gas mixture over a
metropolitan area contains 0.0060 L of
CO, what is the concentration in ppm of
CO present?
2. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g
of glucose in 100g water. What is the
percentage by mass of glucose in the
solution?

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 Mole Fraction (X)
• The mole fraction of a component of a
solution is defined as:

Or
XA= nA___ or XB= __nB___
nA +nB nA + nB

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• A solution is prepared by
dissolving 32.0 g of methanol
(CH3OH) in 72 g of water.
Calculate the mole fraction of
methanol in the solution.

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 Molarity (M)

• molarity is defined as the number of moles

of solute in 1 L of solution;

• Thus, the units of molarity are mol/L.

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• What is the molarity of a solution
containing 14.8 g of KOH in 750
mL aqueous solution?

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 Molality (m)
• Molality is the number of moles of solute
dissolved in 1 kg (1000 g) of solvent

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• What is the molality of a glucose
solution containing 9.5 g of
glucose (C6H12O6) in 185 g of
water.

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 Sample
A solution is prepared by dissolving 4.00 g
of NaOH in 100.00 g of water. The volume
of the resulting solution is 102.00 mL.
Calculate the following:
a. Mole fraction of NaOH
b. Molarity of the solution
c. Molality of the solution
d. Mass percent of NaOH
 PRACTICE
• 1. A sample of 0.892 g of potassium
chloride (KCl) is dissolved in 54.6 g of
water. What is the percent by mass of KCl
in the solution?

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• 2. A sulfuric acid solution containing 572.0
g of H2SO4 per liter of solution has a
density of 1.33 g/mL. Calculate the
following:
a. Mole fraction of H2SO4
b. Molarity of the solution
c. Molality of the solution
d. Mass percent
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1.

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