Gravitation 10.

Gravitation

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. 2
2Gm #
F net = 2 cos 45c
a 2
d n
2
7.

2 2 2
By symmetry the direction of resultant force is as Gm Gm Gm
Net force = 2 + 2 + 2 + .....
shown in diagram. 1 2 4
4
= 3 G
2. Gravitational force doesn’t change.
3. Resultant = 5G 8. Net force is
GMm = 4GMm
F' = 2 2
ca 3 m
3a
2
9.
4. Net force on any masses
2
Gm
F net = 2 2 cos 30c
a
F net Gm 3
acceleration = m = 2
a
5. For equilibrium forces must be equal. 2
Gm1
Finitial =
GMx m GM y m ^a 2 h
2
=
rx2 ry2
2
Gm1 2Gm1 m2
Ffinal = cos 45c
^a 2 h
Mx r 2 2 +
e xo
2
= a
My ry

= 34 πr3 ρ
6.
3m 10. m

2
= Gm 2
]2rg
F

INTEXT EXERCISE: 2

Gb 3 M l
1. a h = 6400 km = Radius of earth, 1
gsurface =
GM = gs = 9.8 m/s b 1 Rl
2 2

]2Rg
` gh = 2 4 4 3
= 2.45 m/s 2
= GM ]3 g ignoring the spin.
R2
2. On Z - 34,
3. Clearly (b)
10.2 Physics

gd = 1600 = gs b1 - 6400 l
4. From principle of superposition, Net field at P (as 1600
well as at any point inside the cavity.

= 34 Gπρ ]- OP g = gs b1 - 14 l = gs b 34 l

OP = vector from center

gs b 25 l
Where 16
gh = 1600
of sphere to center of Then gd == 1600 = = 16 # 34 = 64
gs b 4 l
cavity. 3 25 75

Force = 3 Gπd b 2 l M
4 R 8. Only the mass contained within a sphere of radius
` In this case,
'x' centred at the center of earth will b able to exert
= 2Gm3πdR a force on the mass m .

G b 3 πx3 ρ l m
4
90 b 640 l
5. 100 gs = gs 1 - 6400 .....(1)
` force =
M
& ρ= 4 3
x2
95 b d l 3 πR
100 gs = gs 1 - 6400 .....(2)
4 3 M
G f 3 ≠ x 4 ≠ R3 p m
1 90 = 6400
- 640 3
2
& 95 6400 - d ` force = 2 = GMmx
3
x R
& 95 ]6400g - 90 ]6400g
9. For the solid sphere case,
= 95 ]640g - 90d
G b 3 πR3 ρ l m
4
& 90d = 60800 - 32000 πGρRm
]2Rg2
F1 = = 3
` d = 320m
G b 3 πR3 ρ l m G b 34 π b R l ρ lm
3
4
6. According to the question. 2
]2Rg2
F2 = -
b 3R l
2

g poles b1 - 2Rh l = gequator without spin of earth - ω 2 R 2

πGρRm 3
But gequator without spin of earth = g poles , ignoring shape = 3 - G $ 34 π R8 $ ρ m $ 4 2
9R
of earth πGρRm 2
= 3 - πGρRm $ 27
2gh 2
` g- R = g-ω R 7πGρRm
= 27
ω2 R2 7
` h = 2g Now F2: F1 = 9

gh = 1600 = gs b1 + 6400 l
7. 1600 -2
10. Outer shell will not exert a force on this particle &
inner shell will act as a point mass placed at its non
= gs b1 + 14 l
-2
center.
Gm1 m 4Gm1 m
r1 + r2 2 ^r1 + r2 h2
` F = =
= gs b 54 l = gs $ 16
-2

25 c m
2

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3

1. Wext = ∆ ^Energy Totalh - GMm

= U f - Ui = > b R H - : GMm
- D
R+ 4 l
3. ∆U R
- 3 = b 12 # 1 # 2 2 + 1 # V l - ]0 + 0g
- 4GMm GMm
= 5R + R
` -3 = 2 + V
= GMm GM MR
5R = R 2 5
V =- 5 J/kg
mgR
2. a Potential inside a hollow sphere is a constant. = 5
 Gravitation 10.3

Required work = b GMm l - b - GMm l

4. Conserving momentum, -
v 3r 2r
if speed of m = v , then speed of 2m = 2
= GMm
6r =W
3
KE = 2 mv 2 + 2 ]2mgb 2v l
1 1 2
`
8. Energy at P = Energy at O for the particle
2
= 12 mv 2 + mv 3mv 2
4 = 4 GMm = 12 mv 2 - GMm
0-
^3 + R 2h2
1 R
5. Energy at height R = Energy at Earth’s surface
- GMm 1 GMm GM = v
2

& 2 m ]0 g2 - 2R = 2 mv - R
2
1 GMm 1 2 GMm = mv - R &
2R 2 2R 2
1 GMm GM = GM GM
2
` 2 mv = 2R & v = $R `v= R
R R2
9. Ui = U12 + U13 + U14 + U23 + U24 + U34
= gr

6. Vescape = 2gR ` KE needed to - GM 2 GM 2

= a - 2a
escape
2 2 2
- GM GM GM
= 12 m $ 2gR = mgR a - a - 2a
2
Given, initial - GM
a
mgR
KE = 2 - 4GM 2 2 GM
2
` Ui = a - a
Then energy at surface = Energy at height h
Let ‘4’ be taken to 3 .
mgR GMm GMm
2 - R = 0- Then U f = U12 + U13 + U23
R b1 + hr l
- 2GM 2 2 GM 2
mgR - mgR = a - 2a
& 2 - mgR = b
1+ Rl
h 2
2GM 2 2 GM
` ∆U = U f - Ui = a + 2a = Wext
h
& ` 1+ R = 2 & h = R
Using M = 1, a = 1, Wext = 2G + G
7. Given Wext = W = ∆U 2
2 2 +1
= b GMm
- l - b - GMm l =e oG
2r r 2
GMm 10. Can not be defined because no position with a
` W = 2r
specific potential has been specified.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4

1.
Vescape, earth 2ge Re ge Re = GMm GMm - 3GMm
4R - R = 4R
Vescape, moon = 2gm Rm
= gm $ Rm
= 6 # 10 3. Energy at surface = Energy at 3

2 m.9 ^2gRh - R = 2 mv3 + 0

= 7.75 1 GMm 1 2
&
2. PE at highest point = total energy at surface 9GMm - GMm
& R R = 12 mv32
( a KE at highest point = 0 )
16GM = 2 2
1 v
2
GMm & R v3 & v3 = 16gR
` PE = 2 m 4e - R
= 8 # 2gR
2gR
= 12 m. 4 - GMm
R 2
& v3 = 8v e2
= 12 m $ 2 $ GM R GMm
$ - R & v3 = 2 2 ve
R2 4
10.4 Physics
4. Energy at center = Energy at 3 (minimum) 2 # 6.67 # 10 11 # 6 # 10 24 =
-
` 16 R
9 # 10
1 2 4GM
2 mv - a m = 0 + 0 4 # 6.67 # -3
d n &R= 3 10 m
2
c 4 # 2.22 mm c 8.88 mm = 9 mm
v 2 4 2 GM 8 2 GM
` 2 = a `v= a - GMm
8. At height h = Re , energy of the body is
2Re
5. For the object to escape when initially at a height R
above the surface of earth, ` Minimum amount of energy to be given so that it
+ GMm + mgRe
1 2 GMm escape is =
2 mV - 2R =0 2Re 2
9. Energy at height h b = 2 l = Energy at surface
GM GM R
& V2 = R `v= R
GMm 1 2 GMm
6. V1 = 2gR 0 - 3R = 2 mv - R
b l
2
1 2 GMm 2GM = 2
2 mV 2 - 3R = 0 & V2 = 3R 3 gR GMm 1
& 3R = 2 mv 2
Then
2GM = 2gR V
V1 2gR `v= 3R = e
= 3 & V1 = 3 V2 3 3
V2 = 2gR
e o 10. Ve =
2GM =
50 km/s
3 R

7. Vescape = 2gR =
2GM = 3 # 108 m/s. 2G ]4M g 2GM =
R V e' = R =2 R 100 km/s

INTEXT EXERCISE: 5

GM ]a - bg ]a + bg]a - bg 2
1. T2 ? R3 & ab = 12 2 vA
2 3
b
T1 R1 20 # 20 = r3
` 2 = 3 & 2bGM
a ]a + bg
T2 R2 T22
4 # 4 # 4r3 & vA =
` T2 = 20 # 8 = 160 days
2bGM
a ]a + bg
` angular momentum = m a
` ]d g
=m 2GMab
2. a+b
3. Time between A & B along the marked route is
needed.

If v A & vB are the speeds of planet at A & B , then:

Equal areas in
m v A a = m vB b
& v A a = vB b .....(1) equal times

Also, total energy will be conserved. π ab in a time = T .

- GMm 1
+ 2 mv A2 = GMm + 12 mvB2 πab 1
-
` a b Reqd. area = 2 - 2 # 2b # ae

GM : b - a D = 2 _vB - v A i
1 2
Reqd. time = ≠ab # ab : ≠ D
1 1 2 T
` 2 -e
2
= 12 d 2 v A - v A n
a 2
= T: 2 - π D
2 1 e
b
 Gravitation 10.5
L dA
4. 2m = dt b -1l
GM 1 3
` va = 3R b
a+ 3l
L 1
or ∆A = 2m ∆t

= 12 # 4.4 # 1015 # ]365 # 24 # 3600g = GM # 2 # 3 = GM

3R 3 4 6R
= 6.94 # 10 22 m 2 7. Using the condition of ‘Equal areas in equal times’,
5. Area travelled at A = Area travelled at B in since area SCD is double that of area SAB, hence
time ∆t time taken from C to D should be double that of A to
B.
1 # 1
2 OA # v A ∆t = 2 # OB # vB ∆t ` t1 = 2t2
vB OA
v A = OB = x 8. Conserving angular momentum about the center of
6. Here the sun,
m rmin v1 = m rmax v2
v1 rmax
` v2 = rmin
9. Since speed is maximum at P4 , KE is also max. at
P4 .
10. Angular momentum of satellite about the center of
Clearly 20 = 6 R earth.
JKits speed NO JKits distanceNO
And 2ae = 2R KK O K O
mass of KKalong the OOO KKKfrom the OOO
e =3
1 =e o # KK O#K O
KK tangentialOOO KKKcenter of OOO
` satellite
KK OO KK OO
Speed is min. at Aphelion Ldirection P Learth P
. . .
GM b 1 - e l
va a 1 + e here a = 3R m orbital speed R+h
& has mass of
INTEXT EXERCISE: 6
earth in its
GM 1 T = 24 hrs
expression
1. Orbital speed = r ? r
r = 36000 + 6400
v1 r2 16R 4
` v2 ? r = 9R = 3 = 42400 km
1

2. Since T 2 ? r 2 or T ? r3/2 , if r is changed by a For the spy satellite, if TS & rS are the time period
factor of 4, T changes by a factor of ]4g3/2 = 8 & radius of orbit, then:
3. Since the satellite is moving in a circular path, it
24 # 24 = 42400 # 42400 # 42400
is accelerating (in this case, towards the center of 6800 # 6800 # 6800
TS2
earth).
Using height = 400 km
1
4. KE = 2 mv 2
24 # 24
]6.24g3
2πr ` TS2 =
v = T & r3 ? T 2 ` r ? T 2/3
2
-1
1
& TS = 1.54 hrs
v ? T3 & v ?T
-3
`
2
KE ? T
-3
`
Height
200 400 600 800 1000
5. 2
T ?r 3
(km)
For geostationary satellite, Time 1.48 1.54 1.61 1.68
10.6 Physics
6. Net force on particle A 8. Energy needed = Total energy - Total energy
towards the center in larger orbit in smaller orbit

=c
- GMm m c - GMm m GMm
= Gm2 cos 45c ]due to Bg 2 ]3Rg 2 ]2Rg
2 - = 12R
γ AB
9. From the formula for 'ω' derived in the chapter,
+ Gm2 cos 45c ]due to Dg
2

γ AB G ^m1 + m2 h G ]m + 2mg 3Gm

ω= = =
2
r3 d3 d3
+ Gm2 (due to C )
γ AC 10. T 2 ? r3
Gm 2 1 # + Gm 2 = mv 2 ` Using TA = 1, TB = 8, rA = 104 km
` $ 2 r
4r 2
2
2r 2
3
1#1 = 1043
Gm e 4 + 2 o 8#8 rB
& v = r 4 2
` rB = 104 # 4 km = 416 km
LA mv A rA
7. LB = mvB rB 2≠ ]104g 2≠ ]416g
VA = 1 , VB = 8
GM ]2Rg
2R $ ` VB w.r.t. A = 52 # 2π when A & B are closest.
= 2 = 1
2
GM ]4Rg 2
4R 52 # 2≠ = ≠
` ω B w.r.t. A = ]
416 - 104g 3
rad/s

EXERCISE - 1

G ]1g]1g 6.67 # 10 -11 5. Gravitation field may increaseor decrease based on

]2g2
1. F1 = F2 = = 0.04 = 1.67 # 10 -9 variation of density.

2 M i + 4Uj i = 6S
6. F = mg = 2 _3S i + 8Uj

F12
g = Gm
7. a2
M
g 1 = Gm 2
^a 2h
1 M F13 3

F net = F1 ^S
i h + F2 _Uj i = F _S
i + Uj i
= 1.67 # 10 -9 _S
i + Uj i
Net field = g 1 + 2 g cos 45c

8. Field in the cavity

Gm2
2. T sin i = ; T cos i = mg
= 34 πGρ b R l
gl2
2
; i = tan -1 d 2 n
Gm Gm
tan i =
gl2 gl
M
Use ρ= 4 3
GM G81M
3. At P ; g = 2 -
x ]D - xg2
=0 3 πR
P GM
& D–x = 9x; 10x = D M 81M 9. g = 2 &
x D–x r
D 9D R is reduced to R/2 and the mass fo the mars
x = 10 from the Moon and 10 from the earth.
becomes 10 times
4. If we take complete spherical shell than gravitational
field intensity at P will be zero hence for the hemi 4 4
gmars = 10 gearth and Wmars = 10 = 80N
spherical shell shown the intensity at P will be
along c .
 Gravitation 10.7

10. g' = g b1 - R l; g = R
2h Dg 2h 0 3
k
20. # dV =- # Ig .dx: # dV = # x3
dx
v r

1 = 2 R = 2 ; g' = g b1 - R l
h 1 d
0 - v = ;- E v =+ k 2 & V = k 2
3
1
2x2 r 2r 2x
D g' d h
g = R & R g decreases by 0.5% 21. Equilibrium position of the neutral point from mass
4 'm' is
GM gρ 3 πR3 4
11. g = 2 = &g= 3GρπR
m
R R2 =e od
g R m+ M
& g \ R & g' = 3R & g' = 3g
- G m1 - G m2
GM g mg 10 V1 = r1 ; V2 r2
]R + hg2 49
12. g' = = ; w' = 49 = 49 = 0.20 N
- Gm ^
Apparent weight of the rotating satellite is zero V1 = M + m h;
md
because satellite is in free fall state.
M ^ M + mh
- GM
V2 =
13. g' = g - ~2 r cos 60 60°
mw 2r
Md
60°
2 2
g' = g - ~ R cos 60
V = d ^ M + mh
-G 2
2 2
g' = 0, g = ~ cos 60 r = R cos 60°

- 3GM
22. Vcentre = 2R
4g 2r R R
R = ~ , t = ~ = 2r 4g = r g
23. ∆V =- Eg .dr
14. There will be no buoyant force on the moon.
Because field is uniform
(Eventually balloon bursts)
` 2 =- Eg .20 & E = 10 ; ∆V =+ 10 54? = 5
2 GMm 1 1 2
15. mrω = 2
r
& GM = r3 ω 2 work done in taking a 5 kg body to height 4m

r3 ω 2 = m (change in gravitational potential)

g =
R2
= 5 b 52 l & 2 J
]4nRg3 ω 2
= 64 nRω 2
]nRg2
` g' =
24.
Gm 1m
16. g= 2
R 2m
4
M = 3 ωR 2 ρ 4m
8m
3g
So ρ = 4πRG
v = v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 + .....
2
17. 3/5mg = mg - mR~
=- Gm Gm Gm Gm Gm Gm
1 - 2 - 4 - 8 - 16 - 32 - .....
3 2 g
~2 = g - 5 g & ~ = 5 R =- Gm b1 + 12 + 14 + 18 + ..... l " G.P. of infinite
GM p GMe 4 4
18. g p = ge; = ; ≠R d = ≠R d series.
R P2 3 p p 3 e e
2
R P
dp 1 1
or 2Re d P = Re de & d = 2
e =- m f 1 - 1 p
2
GM GM
v =- gm ]2g
19. Ig = , V =- R
R2
V = Ig R = 6 # 8 # 106 = 4.8 # 107 =- 2gm
10.8 Physics
25. Let the possible direction of gravitational field R h
GMm ]2Rg = 2 GMm ] + g
at point B be shown by 1, 2, 3 and 4 (Figure 1). R R R h
Rotate the figure upside down. It will be as shown in R2 = 3 R h
figure 2.
R
h = 3

Figure 1 1 B
29. By applying conservation of energy
2 4
3 KEi + PEi = KE f + PE f

1 2 GMe m GMe m
2 mv - R = 0 - 2R
= B Figure 3
GMe m 1
1 2
: D
2 mv = R - 2 + 1
3
2 4
1 2 GMe m GMe
Figure 2 1 B 2 mv = 2R & u = R
30. Ui + Ki = U f + K f

Now on placing upper half of figure 1 on the lower - GMm 1 2 GMm

R + 2 mvi =- r + 0
half of figure 2 we get complete sphere. Gravitational
field at point B must be zero, which is only possible 1 2 = GM b Rl b Rl
if the gravitational field is along direction 3. Hence 2 vi R 1 - r = gR 1 - r
gravitational field at all points on circular base of
hemisphere is normal to plane of circular base. R vi2 R
` 1 - r = 2gR &r =
` Circular base of hemisphere is an equipotential vi2
1 - 2gR
surface.
31. Let the mass fo the particle be m
Wexternal force + ^Wa " b hravitational force = ∆K
PE at a distance of R' = ]GMmg /R'
26.

- 10 + ^Wa " b hgravitational force = 4 PE at a distance of Re =- ]GMmg /Re

^Wa " b hgravitational force = 14 J Decrease in PE = Increase in KE

m ^VA - VB h = 14 & VA - VB = 2 = 7 Jkg 1

14 - GMm GMm 1 2
& - R' + R = 2 mv
e

VB - VA =- 7 Jkg 1
-

v 2 = 2GM ; R - R' E & v = R ;1 - e E

1 1 2 2GM R
27. According to the problem, as the potential at 3 e e R'
increases by + 10 J kg 1 , hence potential will
-

& v = R c1 - e m
2 2GM R
increase by the same amount everywhere (potential e R'
gradient will remain constant). Hence potential at
2GMRe
c1 - e m
point P = 10 - 5 =+ 5 J kg 1
-
R
&v= 2
Re R'
28. Work done in lifting a bod by a
2gRe c1 - m
height x Re
`v=
R'
=- ∆U
32. W = :- GMm D : GMm D
3R - 3R
= GMm GMm
R - R+x
= GMm GMm
3R - 5R
= GMm c R ]R + xg m
x

R : 3 - 5 D = 15 R
= GMm 1 1 2 GMm
Given that
 Gravitation 10.9
33. When they are r distance apart MS Tm 2 re 3 1 2

Me = d
Te
n d
rm
n = f 13 p ]392g3
1

39. From the conservation of angular momentum,

Conservation of linear momentum mv1 r1 sin 90c = mv2 r2 sin 90c
m1 v1 = m2 v2
Conservation of energy
1 1 Gm1 m2
0 = 2 m1 v12 + 2 m2 v 22 - r
Relative velocity = v1 + v2
V1 r2
34. By conservation of energy V2 = r1
r
& v2 = d r1 n v1 = d
1.5 # 10 7 n ^
- GMm 1 2 1 2 5 # 103h
R + 2 mv = 2 mv' + 0 2 0.5 # 10 7
or v2 = 1.5 # 10 4 ms
-1
use v = 20 km/s
1 C
R = 6400km 40. F ? ;F= m
rm r
2GM 2G2M = 2GM This force will provide the required centripetal force
35. ve = R ; v' e = R/2 2 R
ve = 2 ]11.2 km/ secg = 22.4 km/ sec Therefore

C 2= C
36. To escape from the earth total energy of the body mω 2 r = ;ω
rm mr
m+1
should be zero KE + PE = 0
2π ]m + 1g/2
T = ω &T \ r
1 2 GMm mgRe
2 mv - 5R = 0 & KEmin = 5 1 GM1 M2
2
41. K.E. =+ 2 r
GMm = mv V
m
37. r
r2 r
r = 2r for the first and r = 8R for the II nd
M
GM K.E1
v= b 1 8R l
r2 K.E2 = 2R 1 = 4: 1
3 3
2πr 2πt 2 = 2πr 2 GM1 M2 P.E1
T= v = Similarly P.E. is &- , P.E = 4: 1
GM 4 R
Gρ # 3 πr3 2

K.E
T?
1 Put the ratio of P.E. = 2
ρ
42. Relative angular velocity when the particle are
38. The time period Te of the earth around the sun of moving in same direction is
mass Ms is given by
ω1 + ω 2 & ^ω1 + ω 2 h t = 2π
T = GM ]reg3 , where re is the radius of the earth’s
2 4r2
e
S 2π π
orbit. ` ω 2 = 24 rad/ sec; ω1 = 6

Similarly, time period Tm of the moon around the When the particles are moving in the same direction
earth is given by then angular velocity becomes.

4π 2 ^ω1 - ω 2 h & ^ω1 - ω 2 h t = 2π

T m2 = GM r m3
e
By substituting ω1 and ω 2 in equation we get
T e2 Me re 2
` 2 = d M nd r n
Tm S m & 24 hrs.
10.10 Physics

43. Net force towards the centre & m~2 ]9Rg =

GMm 1
]9Rg2
T\ ω
GM 2r R T ω 1
& ~2 = & T = ~ & 27 # 2r g & T2 = ω1 = 2
729R3 1 2
44. By conservation of angular momentum
GM GM
2 2
48. VA = rA and VB = rB
mr min ω = mr max ω'

45. m Given rB = 3rA

2
Fg 30º Fg mv M GM GMm
L Now FA = r A = r r = 2
rA
2Fg cos30º L
A A A

GMm
m FB =
r B2
m

FB R A2 1
MV 2 FA = r B2 = 9
2 Fg cos 30 = R 49. Total energy,
2
2d
GM n 3 MV 2

2 = L 1 GmM
L2 E = 2 mv 2 - 3r
3
GM = GmM GMm
- 3r =- G mM
V= L 2 ]3r g 6r
46. Net force on the package is zero hence it will revolve GMm - GMm
Required work = ∆U =- 6R - R
around the earth and never reach to earth surface.
5GMm
47. Angular speed of earth = angular speed of =
geostationary satellite 6R

EXERCISE - 2

1. In horizontal direction Force due to this strip on 'm'

Net force =
G 3 mm
cos 30c -
Gm 2
cos 60c = dF = Gm dm
12 d 2
4d 2 x2
+ 2
= Gm a 2bx dx
2 2
= Gm2 - Gm2 = 0 x
8d 8d
α+,
in vertical direction a + bx 2
Total force F = # dF = # Gm
x
2 dx
G 3 m2 G 3 m2 α
= 2 cos 60 c + 2 α+,
12d 3d
c 2 + b m dx
a
= Gm # x
Gm 2 α
+ cos 30c
4d 2
= Gm & α - α + , + b, 0
a a
3 Gm 2 3 Gm 2 3 Gm 2
= Gm ' a b α - α + , l + b, 1
= 2 + 2 + 1 1
24d 3d 8d 2
3 Gm 2 1 + 8 + 3
= : D 3. Net force on M due to M and M, 2M and 2M , 4m,
d2 24
4M , 5M, 5M and 7M and 7M is zero. The force
3 Gm 2
= along SQ due to 3M is-
2d 2
2. Let’s take strip of length 'dx' at length x , from M3M
F =G
^0, 0h d2
2

Its mass = dm = ρdx = ^a + bx 2h dx = 3GM2 along X-axis

d
 Gravitation 10.11
4. G ^ M1 + M2 h
So, FA = 2 m
p

For point 'B' :

GM There will be no force by shell B
x ] L + xg
Field due to the left rod at a distance x is
GM1 m
Force on the small element dx So, FB = 2
q
For point 'C' :
dF = dm c x ]L + xg m
GM
There will be no gravitational field.
Total force = # dF So, FC = 0

2L 8.
# M c GM m
= L x ]L + xg dx
L
GM2 4
ln 3 =
L2
5. When r < r1 , gravitational intensity is equal to 0
M2
GMm GMm # 3 = 3 GMm
F= cos θ =
^ 2R 2 h ^ 2R 2 h
M1
r1 2 8R
2

r2

9. At point P , Eg - Eg = Eg
1 2

when r > r1 , gravitational intensity is equal to

GM1
r2
When r > r2 , gravitational intensity is equal to
G ]M1 + M2g
r2
6. dEnet = 2dE sin θ

= 2 Gdm sin θ
r2 4 3
m1 = 3 πR ρ0
= 2G. λrd2 θ sin θ
m2 = 3 π b 2 l ρ0
r 4 R 3
2 G λ
= r sin θdθ
= 34 πr3 ρ0 18
Enet = # dE net
Gm
4
G πR3 ρ0
Eg1 = 2 1 = 3 2
π /2 x x
2gλ
= # r 4 1
G 3 πR3 ρ0 8
Gm2
0
Eg2 = 2 =
m , bx - R l bx - R l
λ = , and r = π 2 2
1 - 1
Eg = g 3 πR3 ρ0 > x 2 R 2H
4
Enet = 2Gm 2
π
8b x - 2 l
,
Along +y axis
10. The gravitational field intensity at a point inside the
7. For point 'A' spherical shell is zero.
For any point outside, the shells acts as point situated Note: There is NO gravitational field inside a
at centre. spherical shell.
10.12 Physics
11. Flux through the surface as Radius of the moon is one forth so g on moon is
also one fourth.
= # g .ds Time period of a second pendulum on the earth
= g # ds
,
T = 2π gearth
= g # 4≠R 2
= GM # 4≠R 2 ,
at moon T = 2π gmoon
R2
g
, = , gmoon = , b 4 l
= 4≠Gm dividing 1 1
earth
12. Gravitation field in side the cavity is uniform 1 99.2
, = 4 = 24.8 cm
4
g = 3 πGP GC 2 (vector joining the centres)
17. On the equator, ge = g - R~2
2
13. For r < R1 g=0 When ge = 0, g - Rω = 0

For R1 # r < R2 R
& ~ = g
2r R
g is only due to mass of shaded T = g
portion R
& T = 2r g
3 3
r - R1
g = 3 πGP e o
4 R
= 2r g
r2
GM 6400 # 103 # 1
For r $ R2 g = 2 = 2π
r 10 3600 h
14. 4r
OR T = 9

18. gh = g b1 - R l
2h

dwh dgh
w = mg & dh = m dh
dwh d c 2gh
m
2g 2mg
dh = m dh g - R = m R = R
, , `
Net torque = F2 . 2 - F1 . 2

= ] F2 - F1g 2
, dwh 2mg 0
& dh = R h

F2 = mgH2 = mg '1 - 1
2H2 dw
R & dhh \ h 0

F1 = mgH1 = mg '1 - 1 1
2H
19. At height h above the surface fo the earth, therefore.
R
mg H1 - H2 h,
^
x = ^ F2 - F1 h 2 = g' = g b1 - R l
, 2h 2h
R & Dg1 = R g
15. we = 50 # 10 = 500 N At depth d below the surface of the earth
w p = 50 # 5 = 250 N
g' = g b1 - R l
d d
& Dg2 = R g
Gravitational field become zero at one point during
journey.. Dg1 = Dg2 & d = 2h

Hence option (a) is correct 20. dV =- gdr

G ^ρhb 3 πR3 l 4
4 K
dV =+ r dr
GM
16. g = 2 = = 3 GπρR
R R2
Integrating, V = V0 + K log c r m
r
g\R 0
 Gravitation 10.13
21. Both field and the potential inside the shell is non 1 2 R
2

zero 2 mv0 - mgR =- mg R + h

3GMm R
22. P.E. of the system is equal to Ui =- h =
2R 1 - k2
work done 30. Here, radius is not constant,. We assume that density
of the sphere is t
= DU = 6U f - Ui@ = Ui =-
3GMm
2R
M
Gm1 ` t=
4
r1 rR 3
23. Gm = 34 3
2
r2 Consider the intermediate
situation.
m1 m2
4≠r1
2 =
4≠r2
2
dM = ^4πX 2 dxh ρ
m1 + m2 = m 4
M = ρ. 3 πX3
m = m1
4≠R 2 4≠r12 Gm
dW = x dM
Gm 5
or = Gm1 = 3
x bρ. 3 πx l_ 4πx dx $ ρ i
=G 4 3 2
R# r
1
2
24. Applying energy conservation from P to O = 163π gρ 2 x 4 dx
16 2 2 R
Ki + Ui = K f + U f W = 3 π Gρ $
0
# 4
x dx

O + ^ M0 hd
= GM
n
5
2 R
= 16 2
R + ]2Rg2
2 3 π G ρ $ 5

= 12 m0 V 2 + ^m0 hb - GM l 2
JK M NO2
R 16r G R5 KK O
W = . . KK 4 3 OOO
3 5 K rR O
V=
2GM d1 - 1 n L3 P
R 5 3 GM 2
= 5$ R
r =- G : R + r D
25. V = R + b - Gm
GM l M m
3 GM 2
` Uself =- 5 $ R

r =- G : R + x D
26. V =- R + b - Gm
GM l M m
31. Gravitational potential at a point on the surface of
GM
27. F =- c dx i + dy tj m =- ait - bjt
dU dU earth is - R
If the earth is assumed to be a solid sphere, then the
28. Using conservation of energy
gravitational potential at the centre of the earth is
1 2 GMm - GMm - 3GM
2 mv0 - R = R + h 2R
1 2 - mgR 2 Decrease in gravitational potential is
2 mv0 - mgR = R + h R # GM = Rg
h = max height 2 R
2 2
Loss in potential energy is
R
h1 = ,h =R R # GM #
2 2 2 2 m
R
h3 = 2R Now, gain in kinetic energy = loss in potential
29. Using conservation of energy energy.
Therefore,
1 2 GMm GMm
2 mv0 - R =- R + h 1 2 1
2 mv = 2 mgR or v = gR
10.14 Physics
32. Net potential at mid point 36. According to Kepler’s law applying angular
momentum conservation m1 v1 r1 = m2 v2 r2
- Gm1 - Gm2
]d/2g
= + dA = L
d/2 37. dt 2m
- 2G
= ^m1 + m2 h ^ L = angular momentum h
d
If body is projected at escape velocity, it reaches mvmax rmin
= 2m
infinite distance with velocity just greater than zero.
2 # 4 # 1016
- 2Gm ^m1 + m2 h
=
1 2 # 1012
mVe2 + = ] P.E g f + ] K.E g f = 4 # 10 4 ms -1
2 d
2G ^m1 + m2 h
2
Ve = 40 kms -1
& =
2 d
4 G ^ m1 + m2 h 38.
4π 2
T 2 = GM a3, where a is semi-major axis.
& Ve2 = s
d 1 /3
T 2 GM
2
a =< F
33. mg pole = GMm & mg' = R
mv
4π 2
R2
mg mv 2 2v 2 In case of ellipse, we have
& mg - 2 = R or g = R
2a = rmax + rmin
At the pole, total energy of a particle is
ET = U + K rmax = 2a - rmin
GMm 39. From the principle of conserving angular momentum,
ET =- R + 0
we have
GMm
` Binding energy = ET = R = mgR
mvR = mv'r .....(i)
1 2 2v2
` 2 mv e = mgR = m R R [ v' = speed when spaceship is just touching the
& ve = 2v planet]
From conserving of energy, we have
34. Ve = 11.2 km/s. is escape velocity near
1 2 1 2 GMm
2 mv = 2 mv' - r
Earth’s surface. .....(ii)
2
mv GMm Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
=
R R 2

R = v :v 2 + 2GM
r D
r 1 /2

GM
v' 2 = R
R2 40. Applying conservation of angular momentum at
2
v' = 10 # 64000000 = 8 km/s position A and B
2GM mv A # OA = mvB # OB
35. Ve = R
GM vB OA
V0 =r Hence, v A = OB = x
Using conservation of energy
41. As the velocity of the particle is less than the orbital
2
- GMm -V velocity of the satellite, the particle goes in the
r = 2 + 12 mv' 2 e
elliptical orbit of the semi-major axis less than r .
Canceling 'm'
Let r1 be the minimum distance and v1 be the
V2 velocity fo the particle at this position, then
-V0
2
= 2e + 12 mv' 2
2
V' = Ve2 - 2V02 m0 # 3 # v0 r = m0 v1 r1,
 Gravitation 10.15
where m0 si the mass of the particle and v0 is the d d
d1 = M m2 and d2 = M m1
orbital speed equal to GM/r
2 Also,
Gm1 m2 d ^ M - m hD
= m1 ω 2 : M
v1 r1 = 3 v0 r d2
1

From energy conservation, So, GM = ω 2 d3

2
GM = b 2Tπ l d3
2
m0 # 3 v02 Gm0 m0 v12 GMm0 &
2 - r = 2 - r
1
1/3
GMT 2
Solving the equations, we get r1 = r/2 d =< F
4π 2
42. Net force is towards centre GMm 1
44. FG = R (as FG ? R given)
2F1
Fnet = F2 +
2 mv 2 GMm
So R = R & v 2 ? R0
= F2 + 2 F1 - GMm
45. Energy of each satellite in the orbit = 2r
_
Gm 2 = Gm 2 bbb
]2rg2
F2 = 2 bb
4r Total energy of the system before collision,
2` " Fnet
Gm = Gm bbb
2
F1 =
^ 2 rh 2r bb
2 2
GMm - GMm
a Ei = E1 + E2 = 2E =- 2 # 2r = r
2
gm 2 Gm 2 mv 2 As the satellites of equal mass are moving in the
= 2 + = r opposite directions and collide inelastically, the
4r 2r 2
velocity of the wreckage just after the collision is
Gm ^ +
& v= 4r 1 2 2 h Ans. mv - mv = 2mV, i.e., V = 0
43. Let d = distance between stars and d1 and d2 be the
distances of stars from centre of mas of system. the energy of the wreckage just after the collision
will be totally potential and will be
` d1 = c m + m m m2
d - GM ]2mg 2GMm
1 2 Ef = r = r
d2 = c m + m m m1
d As after collision the wreckage comes to standstill in
and
1 2
the orbit, it will move along the radius towards the
m1 + m2 = M earth under gravity.

EXERCISE - 3

Numerical Type 2. Escape velocity is independent of direction of

- GMm projection.
1. Gravitational potential energy =
R Total mechanical energy = 0
- GM # 3
- 54 = R GMm 1
R - 2 a + moe2 = 0
2
GM
Hence, = 18 GM
R oe = 2 a
2GM
But oesc = = 36
R
10.16 Physics
3. Conserving angular momentum, 7. m is attracted by only horizontal component of
o2 gravitational force due to a part of ring, which
m (n1 cos60o) 4R = mn2R ⇒ =2
o1 changes by a factor of
Conserving energy of the system,
GMm 1 GMm 1 2r 4 2 4 10
^4r 2 + r 2h3/2
- + mo12 =- + mo 22 = = 25
4R 2 R 2 5 5
1 2 1 2 3 GM 1 GM
o 2 - o1 = & o12 = So, k=4
2 2 4 R 2 R GM
1 8000 8. g = 2 (if R increases, g decreases)
o1 = 64 # 106 = m/s ⇒ X = 8 R
2 2 Taking logarithms on both the sides, we get
2
dA rR log g = log G + log M - 2 log R
4. =
dt T Differentiating, we get
2
4r 3 dg
T2 =
GM
R
g = 0 + 0 - 2dR
R
2r dA rR 2 dg
=- 2 b 100
T= R 3 /2 & = -2 l = 4
GM dT 2r g 100
R3/2
GM dg
%increase in g = g # 100
dA1
dt R1 R1 4 #
= =n& = n2 = 100 100 = 4%
dA 2 R2 R2
9. x 2 = 500y (Given), differentiating w.r.t. time t , we
dt dy
dx
get 2x dt = 500 dt
5. before collision after collision
2GM Again differentiating w.r.t. time t , we get
v= m
r GM 2m GM 2
d 2 x + b dx l b dx lF d y
2 <x
m v= r 4r
GM 2 dt dt = 500 2
2r dt dt
dx 5
Given, dt = 360 # 18 ms 1 = 100ms 1
- -
and is
constant.
by angular momentum conservation,
d2 x =
So, 0
GM GMr 1 dt 2
2m e o r = 2m (V1) R & V1 =
4r 4 R d y
2
2 b dt l = 500 2
dx 2
`
by energy conservation, dt
1
m<
GM GM
F-
GMm 1 GMm 2 ]100g2
2
d y
= mV12 -
500 = 40 = 4g = ay
+ & 2 =
2 4r 2r r 2 R dt
5GM 1 GMr GM
= e o-
` Effective value of g is
&-
8r 2 4R 2 R geff = 4g + g = 5g
& r - 8rR + 5R = 0
2 2
β =5
r = ^4 + 11 h R 10. We know that, gz = g - R~2 cos2 z

G # 103 = G # 105 At poles z = 90c , ` ge = g - R~2

]1 - xg2
6.
x2
= ^6.4 # 106h b 24 # 60 # 60 l
2r
g p - ge = R~2
1-x =
& x 10
= 34 # 10 -3 ms -2
= ]4 + 30g # 10 -3 ms -2
1
& 11x = 11 km

` ρ =1 p =4
 Gravitation 10.17

= 8 b 3 rR3 tl, r = 2
GM 1 4 R
11. a =- 3 y
R
VA = R ; 3E
dv GM G rtR3
` v dy =- 3 y `
R 3 - 2rtR
GM 5
=- 3 rGtR2
vdv =- 3 ydy
R
RS V R V
during downward journey, u = 0, v = v and y runs SS Potential due WWW SSS Potential due WWW
from R to zero. Now VB = SSto the completeWW - SSto the sphericalWW
SS W S W
S sphere at B WW SS cavity at B WW
#0 v vdv GM # 0 T X T X
` =- ydy
=- 3 ^3R2 - r2h - :- 2 r D
R3 R GM 3 GM'
2R
v2 GM b R2 l
& 2 =- 3 0 - 2 11 GM 3GM'
R or VB =- 8 R + R
GM
v = R 13. From the law of conservation of energy
After collision with the centre, velocity is v' (say) ]U + Kgsurface = ]U + Kgat 3
1 GMm 1 1
Given e =2 - 2 2
R + 2 mu = 0 + 2 mv
v' - 0 1 2GM
& v-0 = 2 - R + u2 = v2
1 GM - v e2 + u2 = v2
& v' = 2
v2 =- ]11.2g2 + ]15g2
R
In the upward journey, let the ball reaches to a height =- 125 + 225 = 100
h
v = 10 kms -1 & a = 2
#v'
0 GM # h GM 4
Now, vdv =- ydy 14. We know that, g = = 3 rGRt
R3 0 R2
v' 2 GM h2 gp Rp t p
& 2 = $ ` = R t also ve = 2GR
R3 2 ge e e
1 GM GM 2
4 $ R = R3 $ h
]vegp gp Rp gp gp te
]vege
` = ge Re = ge $ ge t p
R
& h = 2 gp te
= g tp
e
` Required distance is
6 3 3
R R = 11 2 =1
R + 2 + 2 = 2R
]vegp 11
3 ]v g
e e =
3] g
11 11 = 3 km s
-1
` b =2
Z] Potential due b_ ]Z Potential due _b 15. Let v be the speed of projectile at the highest
]] bb ]] bb
] b ] b point. By conservation of angular momentum and
12. VA = ] [ to the complete ` [
bb - ]]to the spherical `b
]] b conservation of mechanical energy, we have.
] sphere at A b ] cavity at A bb
b ]
\ a \ a muR sin a = mvrmax
3 GM b GM' l
=- 2 R - - r
1 G Mm 1 GMm
and 2 mu2 - R = 2 mv2 - rmax
4
M = 3 rR 3 t 3R
Solving these two equations, we give rmax = 2
M' = 3 r b 2 l t
4 R 3
R
` hmax = rmax - R = 2 & } = 2
10.18 Physics
16. For a satellite in circular orbit, 19. !

mv02 GMm
r = r2
2 GM COM
or v0 = R + h B A
r2 r1
GM 1 2GM
& R+h = 2 R
!
GM GM
R + h = 2R & h = R
dA L mr2 ~ ~r2
When the satellite stops, k = 0 Rate of area swept dt = 2m = 2m = 2

` Ui - U f = K f (r = distance of COM)

- GMm b- GMm l 1 dA
& = 2 mv2 & dt \ r2
2R - R
GM = b dA l
= 2 = b m2 l = 9
v = gR dt A r12 m 2
R &
b dA l r2 1

` k =1 dt B

1 GM m 2GMm 20. w.r.t C.O.M frame of reference, total K.E and

2
17. 2 mv esc = Rm & vlaunch = 2 Rm
m

For flight of stone from moon to earth, energy is angular momentum of system is conserved.
conserved. 1 2
w.r.t COM K.E. = 2 (red mass) v rel
` ]K + Uginitial = ]K + Ugfinal mr
w.r.t COM Angular momentum = 2 vrel
1 2 GmME 1 2 GMm m
2 mv launch - RmE = 2 mv impact - RmE ` Equating energy
GmM 1 m 2 Gm2 1 m 2 Gm2
- R E
E
2 2 v o - ro = 2 2 v rel - r
so, required elocity is (Here vrel is relative velocity = to line as vrel along
the line joining is zero when separation is either min.
2G ; R m + R m + R E - R E E
3M M M M
vimpact = or max)
m mE E ME

q 3 Angular momemtum conservation

So, 2# p = 2# 2 = 3
mr0 mr
18. The fastest possible rate of rotation of a planet is 2 v0 = 2 vrel
rv
that for which the gravitational force on a body at ` vrel = 0r 0
the equator just barely provides the centripetal force
solving 3r2 - 4rr0 + r 02 = 0
needed for the rotation. Let M be the mass and R
be the radius of the planet and M is the mass of a r
` rmax = r0 rmin = 30
body on its surface. Then,
ratio = 3
GMm
mR~2max =
R2
GM
& ~ max =
R3
G 4
or ~ max = $ rR 3 t
R3 3
4Gtr rGt
= 3 =2 3
2r 3r
Tmin = ~ max = Gt
& b =3
 Gravitation 10.19

EXERCISE - 4

1. Acceleration of small body w.r.t. earth = g - Enet = E1 - E2

^- 2g h = 3g
= GM & 1 - 1 0 = 7GM2
Now from second equation of motion R 2 4 18 36R
7 GMm
H = 2 ^3g h t 2 & t = 3g
1 2H Fnet = mEnet = 2
36R
2mx1 + m ^ x2 h 2mH + 0 2H 9. From modified Gauss’s theorem for gravitation
or X CM = 2m + m = 2m + m = 3 r=r
k
H =1 2 2H # E.ds = 4≠G # 2
r 4≠r dr
3 2 gt & t = 3g r=0
r=r
2. Gravitational field inside the shell is zero. But the k
force on the man due to the point mass at the centre
2
E 4π r = 4≠G # 2
r 4≠r dr
r=0
GM get E = constant
is 2
3R 2
3. Center of gravity of the two particles 10. gequator = g - ω R

WX +W X ]0 g]0 g + ^mg h]Rg At depth d g = g b1 - dR l

XCG = 1W1 + W2 2 = 0 + mg =R
1 2 11. Mass of the planet is M
The centre of mass of the two particle system is at
M = 3 rR3 t1 + 3 r "]2Rg3 - ]Rg3, t2
4 4
M ]Rg + m ]0 g R
XCM = 2M = 2
= 3 rR3 6t1 + 7t2@
4
4. VC = VC ]r' = 2Rg - VC ]r = Rg
` At the surface g1
- 3GM1 3GM2
2 ]2Rg
= + ] g
2 R $ rR3 ^t1 + 7t2h
GM G 4
]2Rg2 4R2 3
= =
M1 = ρ 3 π ]2Rg
4 3 4 3
M2 = ρ 3 πR
= 3 ^t1 + 7t2h
rGR
M
3 π ^]2Rg - R h
ρ = 4 3 Mass of the core is
6. Particle will perform oscillations about center of 4
m = 3 rR 3 t 1
earth. a =- kx
GM 2GM ` At a depth R1
7. v = R , Vescape = R Gm G 4 4rGR
]Rg2
g2 = = 2 $ 3 rR 3 t 1 = 3 t 1
Clearly Vescape = nv R
Given, g1 = g2
8. Gravatational field at m due to hollowed-out lead
sphere rGR ^t + 7t h 4rGR
& 3 1 2 = 3 t1
field due to Field due to mass
=* 4-) 3 t1 + 7t2 = 4t1
solid sphere that was removed
GM' & 3 t 1 = 7t 2
Field due to remoed mass = 2 = E2
x t1 7
& t2 = 3
M' = 4 3 # 3 ≠ b 2 l = 8
M 4 R 3 M
3 ≠R
R
And x = d- 2
GM GM = GM
So E2 = 2 =
b
8 d- 2
R l 8 2 l
b 3R 2 18R 2
10.20 Physics
12. Ui + Ki = U f + K f dE ^ 2h 3
Also, dt =- F v =- kv v =- kv
#

b1 l
2 2
- 3Gm 3Gm
=- k b r l
2
& d + 0 =- 2R + 3 2 mv GM 3/2

dE =- k b r l dt
GM 3/2
or .....(ii)

From eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

2 dr =- k b r l
GMm GM 3/2
dt
2r
GMm b r l3/2 1
dt =- $ GM $ k dr
2r 2
3 2 = c Gm 2 Gm 2 m
2 mv 3 m 1 1
2R - d = $ $ dr
2 GM k r

Gm b R - d l
1 2
v = m 1
#0 t dt #7R
R
=- dr
2k GM r
13. Let at a distance r from the centre of the earth,
m 6 @R
the body has a velocity v . From conservation of t =- r 7R
k GM
mechanical energy,
mR ^ - h ca g =
GM
m
t = 7 1
k GM R2
1 2 GMm 1 2 GMm
2 mv - r = 2 mv e - R
2rR
15. T=
v2 = v e2 + R : r - 1D
2GM R v
1 GMm
E = 2 mv2 = n - 1
= 2gR + 2gR : r - 1D
R R

v = ; n-1E
2GM 1/2
or
ca ve = 2gR and g = m
GM R
R2
2r R 2r # ]n + 1g/2
` T = = R
2gR 2
dr 2g 2GM/R n - 1 2GM
Or v = r or dt = R r
& T ? R]n + 1g/2
1 1/2
Or dt = r dr
R 2g 16. Conservation of angular momentum of the body
& #0 t dt = 1 6]R + hg3/2 - R3/2@ about O yield the following:
R 2g
1 6]R + hg3/2
- R3/2@
2
Or t =3$
R 2g
2R ;b
g 1 + r l - 1E
1 h 3/2
3
14. Let M is mass of the planet.

Total energy of satellite at an orbital radius r is

GMm ]mv sin 30cg R = nV' ]R + hg

E =- 2r
V = V ]R + hg:
` V' = 4 D
V
& dE =+
GMm
dr .....(i) 2R 4
2r2 Therefore, h = R
 Gravitation 10.21
3
17. Mass of sphere M \ R . If mass of 21. P = 0
complete sphere is M , then, the mass
This mass distribution can be taken as a solid sphere
of cavity will be M/8
of uniform mass density P0 .
Using the figure, F = force due to
whole sphere - force due to cavity.
GMm b R l - G ] M/8g m
]Rg2
F=
R3 2
GMm R 2 - G ] M/8g m
R2 2 R2 Finding orbital speed at r < R
GMm : 4 1 D = 3 GMm = 3
R
2 8-8 8 R2 8 mg GMmr mv2
= r
R3
m 6GM GM m 2 GMe m
18. E = 2 # 5r e - 2re =- 3 r V?r

which is the total energy of the earth-satelite system. Orbital speed at r $ R

5r 1
So, semi-major axis fo the elliptical orbit is a = 4 V?
r
Speed of the satellite at the apogee position is (Standard satellite orbital speed)
v #r 2 6GMe GMm
v A = 2aP - r = 3 5r 22. Total energy of satellite =- 2a

For orbit to change to a circle of radius 3r/2 - ]2a - rg

GMm 1 2
, the rocket has to be fired when the satellite is at the Energy at P = - r + 2 mv
apogee position.
GM 2GMe use conservation of energy
New orbital speed is v0 = 3r/2e = 3r
Required change in the orbital speed is 23.

GMe
∆v = v A - v0 = 0.085 R
19. As all the points on the periphery of either ring are
at the same distance from point P , the potential at
point P due to the whole ring can be calculated Wext = m ]VA - VBg
as V =- ]GMg / ^ R2 + x2h where x is the axial
= md n
GM GM
distance from the centre of the ring. This expression -
2R 5R
is independent of the fact whether the distribution of
mass is uniform or non-uniform. 25. By applying work energy theorem change in K.E. =
GM G # 2M work done by all the forces.
So, at P , V =- -
2R 5R
DK.E = Wg - Wfr; Wg > Wfr
=- R < F
GM 1 2
+
2 5
Therefore KE f increases due to the torque of the
20. Inside the spherical shell, V is constant, so from air resistance its angular momentum decreases
energy conservation, therefore (a), (c)
- GMm mv2 GMm
3R = 2 - R 26. Conditions for motion of geostationary satellite.
v2 GM :1 - 1 D GM # 2 4GM
2 = R 3 = R 3 or v = 3R
10.22 Physics
27. Pressing force by the particle on the wall of tunnel is 32. Gravitational potential due to hemisphere at the
and acceleration is mg sin i . centre is V because distance of each mass particle
Pressing force from the centre O is R . If the distance between the
point and mass is changed potential will also change.
GMx # R GM
= mg cos i & 2x & 2R2
R3 2GM
Pressing force is independent from 'x' thus it is 33. Escape velocity = R = Ve
constant acceleration. GM
Orbital velocity = R = V0
2 R2
GMx x - 4 GM
g sin i = = 4x 2 - R 2 Escape velocity = 2 # orbital velocity " (a)
R3 x2 2R3
1 2
#1 2
2 mVe = 2 2 mV0 " (c)
34. Kinetic energy decreases with increase in radius
R while the potential and total energy increases with
x is increases from 2 to R thus acceleration increase in radius.
increases.
35 PE =- G m1 m2 /r, ME =- G m1 m2 /2r
28. Motion of m
m CM
2m
On decreasing the radius of orbit PE and ME
2r/3 r/3 decreases

Gm ]2mg
m~ 2 b 3 l =
2r 2r r3 36. In case of earth the gravitational field is zero at
& T = ~ = 2r 3Gm
r2 infinity as well as the the centre and the potential is
` T \ r3/2 and T \ m -1/2 minimum at the centre .

29. Due to symmetry the gravitational field at the origin 37. The angular velocity of the geostationary satellite
is zero. The equipotential line will take the shape of must be equal to angular velocity of earth in both
a circle in yz plane. direction and magnitude.

GMr 38. Inside a uniform spherical shell

30. Gravitational field intensity F =
R3
Inside the spheres Ein = 0

^F ? r1, F2 ? r2h Vin = constant = R

Gm

F1 r1
F2 = r2 of r1 < R & r2 < R
39. For a planetry motion Total mechanical Energy =
Constant
Gravitational field intensity
1 Angular momentum about the sun = constant
I? (Out side the sphere)
r2 dA
F r2 dt about the sun = constant
` F1 = 22 if r1 > R and r2 > R
2 r1 2r 2x
40. ~ S = 1.5 ~ E = 24
31. Gravitational potential
~ west to east = 2r : 1.5 - 24 D
1 1
GM
V =- R
2π
Twest to east = ω = 1.6 hours
(b) Gravitational field at the point x from the centre west to east

of the coil is Similarly

ω east to west = 2π :1.5 + 24 D

GMx 1 1
^R2 + x2h3/2
24
Teast to west = 17 hours
 Gravitation 10.23
41. The reading of the beam balance will be independent 45. Minimum colatitude is given by
of effective g , so W0 = W' 0 but the reading of
R
the spring balance will proportional to geffective . At sin θ = R + h
equator due to centrifugal force of earth, geffective is
Curved area AB on earth
less so Reading of spring balance is less Ws < W' b
42. (a) If it is projected radially it will go up and than = 2πR 2 ]1 - sin θg
move down in a straight line Area on earth escaped from satellite
(b) If it is projected with a small velocity near the
earth’s surface, g will be almost constant. So = 4πR 2 - 2πR 2 ]1 - sin θg
= 2πR 2 ]1 + sin θg
its path will be almost parabolic (Projectile
Motion).
(c) If the body is projected tangentially with orbital 46. Just before collision, the orbital velocityis
speed bV0 = GM r
l then it will revolve in
v0 =
GM
R
circular orbit.
Now, the total energy of satellite is negative. Even
(d) If the body is projected with a velocity
Vε ^V0, Ve h it may revolve in an elliptical orbit.
after expelling Dm , if the satellite has to be in the
gravitational field of planet, its’ total energy should
43. MP = 2Me be negative again.
1 GM ]m - Dmg
rP = 3re ` ]m - Dmg^v0 + vr h2 - #0
2 R
M
Now g ? .....(i)
r2
2 ]v0 + vrg2 # 2GM
` gP = ge R
9
2GM
2GM & v0 + vr # R
44. ve = R
GM 2GM
2G b 3 πR3 l ρ
4 R + vr # R
= R 2GM
& vr # R
4G ρ
= 3 R Maximum value of vr is
ve ? R
x = ^ 2 - 1h
GM
` R
A = 4πR12
In eq. (i), ]m - ∆mg gets cancelled out. So, no
and 4A = 4πR 22 modification is required.
& R2 = 2R1 47. By applying conservation of angular momentum
Mass of P3 is M3 = M1 + M2 mv0 R cos i = mv ]R + hg
v0 R cos i b R l
b 4 πR33 l ρ = b 4 πR13 l ρ + b 4 πR 23 l ρ R + h < 1 & v0 cos i > v
v= R+h
3 3 3
48. By applying conservation of energy
R33 = R13 + R 23
1 GMe m 1 GM3 m
2 mv0 - r = 2 mv - ]R + hg
2 2
3 3
& R 3 = 9R 1

v Solving above equation

1
R3 = 91/3 and v1 = 2
2 v 02 sin2 i
h> 2g
` R3 > R2 > R1

So, v3 > v2 > v1

v3 1 /3 v1 1
Also, v1 = 9 and v2 = 2
10.24 Physics
G2Mm GM 55-57.
]2Rg2
49. F = &a=
2R2 Let the angular speed of
1 4hR 2
hR 2 revolution of both stars be
h = 2 at2 & GM = t2 & t = 2 GM w about the common centre
, that is, centre of mass of
GM GMh
50. v at surface = 2as = 2 h= R system.
2R 2
The centripetal force on
R R2 star of mass m is
If a = 0 , t1 = v = ;
GMh
2d Gm ]2mg
R2 m~ 2 3 = solving we get
but a > 0 ; t < d2
GMh
4r2
G ]2Mg m 1 GMm GMm T = 3Gm d3
51. & 0 - ]
2R + hg
= 2 mv2 - R - 2R
The ratio of angular momentum is simply the ratio
GM
&v, R of moment of inertia about center of mass of system.
b 2d l
2
52-54. m
Lm im ~ 3
LM = iM ~ = =2
2m b 3 l
d 2
T 2 = c 4π m R3
2

GM
GM 1/3 Similarly, The ratio of kinetic energy is simply the
R =c 2 m ratio of moment of inertia about center of mass of
4π
GM system.
log R = 3 log T + 3 log c 2 m
2 1
4π
va
y = mx + c 58. COAM : mva ra = mv p rp rP ra

2 (a) At perigee
(1) Slope = m = 3
vP
rp < ra ` v p > va (r)
GM
Intercept c = 13 log c 2 m = 6 (b) Distance from sun at the position of perigee
4π
b 20 # 10 -11 l M decreases (q)
3
log 4 # 10 = 18 GMm
(c) Potential energy at perigee U p =- rp
(2) M = 6 # 10 29 Kg
(d) Angular momentum remains same (p)
2 3
(3) T ?R 59. (a) Potential at A is less than potential at B
(b) We cannot compare about gravitational field at
RA 3 R 2 ω 2
d n =d An =d Bn A and at B
RB RB ωA
ω 2 ω (c) At C and D , gravitational field and potential
b R l =d Bn & d ωB n = b 8 l
1
3

4R ωA remains same.
A
(d) As one moves from D to A , field decreases.
ω rel = 8ω 0 - ω 0 = 7ω 0
θ rel = ^ω rel ht
2π = ^7ω 0 h t
2π
t = 7ω
0
 Gravitation 10.25
GMm 1 61. (a) At centre of thin spherical shell V ! 0, E = 0
60. P.E. =- r & K.E. = 2 mV2
(b) At centre of solid sphere V ! 0, E = 0
GMm 1 2
Total energy =- r + 2 mV
(c) At centre of spherical cavity inside solid sphere
GMm 1 V ! 0, E ! 0
T.E. = 0 if - r + 2 mV2

2GM (d) At centre of two point masses V ! 0, E = 0

For V< r , T.E. is - ve

2GM
for v> r , T.E. is + ve

GM
If V is r i.e. equal to orbital velocity, path is
circular.
If T.E. is negative, path is elliptical.
If T.E. is zero, path is parabolic
if T.E. is positive, path is hyperbolic

Numerical Type 2
9 (11.2)
= 12 2 + d n
1. Given that a particle is projected from the surface to 5 2
a height of 10R.
= 144 + 0.9 (11.2) 2 = 256.896
As the particle rises up, the work done by gravity
= 16.028 km/s - 16
reduces the kinetic energy and at maximum height it
Single Option Correct
stops.
By the equation of conversation of energy, 3. Given,
- GMm 1 2 - GMm The mass of satellite A = 200 kg and of satellite
R + 2 mv = 11R + 0 B = 400 kg.
The height of satellite A above the surface of earth
20GM
&v= 11R = 600 Km and of satellite B = 1600 km.
Escape velocity of body from earth surface is, & The radius of rotation of satellite
A = 6400 + 600 = 7000 Km
2GM
ve = R & The radius of rotation of satellite
10 B = 6400 + 1600 = 8000 Km.
So v can be written as v = 11 ve .
Time period of the satellite revolving in circular
2. KEi + PEi = KE f + PE f
r3
1 GMm 1 GMm orbit is, T = 2r GM .
mu02 + d - n = mv 2 + d - n
2 10R 2 R 73
& TA = 2r # 109 GM
2GM 1
v 2 = u02 + <1 - F 83
R 10 & TB = 2r # 109 GM
2r109 6
v= u02 +
9 GM & TB - TA = 8 8 - 7 7 @.
5 R GM
& TB - TA = 1.289 # 103 s.
10.26 Physics
- GMe 1 - GMe m 1 2 In potential energy of object m while in satellite
R + 2 mu = 2R + 2 mv
2
4.
1
= –(2 × K.E.) = –2 × 2 mv2 = –mv2
Let K.E. given to mass m = x.
>

||
So total energy = x – mv2 = 0
[Total energy at infinity is zero]
GM
v= u2 - R e x = mv2

Hence at the time of ejection, the kinetic energy of

1 1
the object is 2 mv2 + 2 mv2 = mv2.
]n + 1g
8. T \ R 2

m 9m GMe Time period is given by

10 VT = 10 2R 2πR
T= v ...(1)
m GMe
10 Vr = m u - R R
2
T\ v ...(2)
2
Kinetic energy = mv 1
and also we can write R = Rn
1 m 2 m b GMe GMe l
2 10 (V T + V r ) = 20 81 2R + 100u - 100 R
2 2
1
v2 \
Rn - 1
= 20 b100u2 - 2R e l
m 119GM
1
v\ ]n - 1g ...(3)
R 2
= 5m b u2 - 200R e l
119GM
From eq. (2) and (3)

5. The area swept by the planet per unit time i.e., R

T\ 1
dA 1 2 di 1 2 ]n - 1g
dt = 2 r dt = 2 r ~ ...(i) R 2

T \ Rb l
T \ Rb
n+1 l
Also, angular momentum L = mr2w ...(ii) n-1
2 +1 2

dA L Gm
Using (i) and (ii), dt = 2m . 9. g = r ; r#R
R3
6. E1 = Ef – Ei
Gm
= ; r>R
E1 = c - ]R + hg m + R = 0
GMm GMm r2
GMm g
E2 = ] + g
2 R h
As per question, E1 = E2
- GMm GMm GMm
]R + hg + R = 2 ]R + hg r
1 3 R
R = 2 ]R + hg or, h = 2 = 3.2 # 10 km
3

GM =
7. As the object of mass m is ejected from the satellite, 10. V0 = R gR
1
which has same speed v so its total energy is − 2 Ve = 2gR
mv2.
Increase in velocity = Ve - V0 = gR ^ 2 - 1 h
 Gravitation 10.27

12. W = 0 - b-
11. VCenter = V due to complete sphere GMm l GMm
R = R
- V due to cavity m
= gR2 # R = mgR
- GM b3R 2 - b R ll
2
- 3GM'
f R p
2 = 1000 # 10 # 6400 # 103
2b 2 l
= 2R -
= 64 # 109 J
= GM
-
R = 6.4 # 1010

1. Let total mass included in a sphere of radius r be

- GM s m GM e m 1
M . For particle of mass m . - + 2 mv s 2 = 0
d + Re Re
GMm mv 2
= r 2GM s 2GMe
r2 vs2 = +
GMm 2Kr d + Re Re
& r = 2K & M =
Gm
2Kdr 2GM e
` dM = ve =
Gm Re
M
]4rr 2 dr g t =
2 K dr r
& m 2GM s
Gm ` vS2 = + ve 2
K d + Re
& t =
2rr 2 Gm d + Re . d
t K
n = m =
2G _3 # 10 Me i
` 5
2 rr m G
2 2
`v 2
= + ve2
S
2.5 # 10 4 Re
GM
2. (p) v0 = R
= 12ve2 + ve2 = 1 = 13ve2
v1 R2 2
v2 = R1 = 1
vS = 13 ve . 42 km/ sec .
(q) L = mvR
Rearth
L1 m1 v1 R1 2 2 1 4. Given, R planet = and
10
L2 = m2 # v2 # R2 = 1 # 1 # 4 = 1
GMm M M
(r) KE = Density, t = 4 earth = 4 Planet
R 3 3
3 rR earth 3 R Planet
K1 m1 R1 2 4
K2 = m2 # R2 = 1 # 1 = 8 & M Planet =
Mearth
103
d n = 18
3/2
T1 R1 GM planet GMe .102
(s)
T2 = R2 gsurface of = =
planet
R 2planet 103 .R e2
3. gsurface of earth
d GMe
= 2 = 10
Vs 10R e
Earth
= gsurface of planet b R l
Sun x
gdepth of planet
5
Ms = 3 # 10 Me
d = 2.5 # 10 4 Re where x = distance from centre of

ve = 11.2 km/ sec . planet

R

mdx g b R l = R ; x2 E
Applying COE (conservation of energy) x mg 2 R
T= # 4R / 5
= 108 N
4R /5
10.28 Physics
rA C rB B 9M - 16M =-
A & 144 2m
com
5. mA mB
7M
Gm A mB 4r2 4r2 & 144 =- 2m
]rA + rBg
& 2 = m A rA 2 = m B rB
TA T B2
7M
m r m r & m = 288
` A2 A = B2B
TA TB ` k=7
As C com & m A rA = mB rB g
11. = 84 ; 1 + Rh = Re
h =
1
c1 + R m
hence TA = TB h 2 e
e
6. T 2 ? r3
h = Re
7. Gravitational force is a central force.
- GMe.m 1 - GMe m
kr 2 Re + 2 Mv 2 = 2Re
8. U = 2 & F =- kr

mv 2 =+ k 1 mυ 2 = GMe m ; υ = GMe
R kR & v = mR 2 2Re Re

Angular momentum L = mvR = mk R 2 ` ve = 2 v0

ve = 2gRe
GM.2m 1
9. - L + 2 mv2 = 0 + 0 N =2
12. Centre of mass of system lies at 6 R from lighter
4GM M M
& v= L m
mass.
L L
Writing force equation for star 3MS along the radial
G ^18M S2 h
10. direction, we get. 63MS ~2 # 6R@ =
81R2
GMS
&~ R=2
81R2
81R3
Writing the net force on system: &T'= GMS
GMm GMm GMm Gm & T ' = 9T
+ -
^3l h
2
^ 4l h
2
^3l h2
^ l h2 & n = 09
= m
2m 3 MS 6R 6 MS
C
GM M = 2M - 2m
& +
9l 2 16l 2 9l 2 l2 9R
M M
& 16 - 9 =- 2m