Foundation and their types

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

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Foundation
 Sub structure
 Lowest load bearing part of
the building
 Constructed below the
natural ground level
 Transfers load of super
structure to ground
 Stability of building depends
upon foundation
 Lowest portion directly in the
contact with the ground is
known as footing
Introduction:
Foundation is the part of the structure below the plinth
level in direct contact of soil and transmits the load of
superstructure to the ground.
Objective
 To support super structure by distributing its load to large
area
 To decrease uneven settlement of super structure
 To enhances stability of super structure
 To distribute un uniform load, uniformly to the ground
 Requirement of good foundation
 Should be strong enough to
sustain dead and super
imposed load
 Should be rigid
 Should be taken sufficiently
deep
 Should be located safely so
that future influences will
not affect it
 Other loads wind loads,
snow loads, seismic load
 Types of foundation
There are majorly two types of foundations:
 1. Shallow Foundation
 2. Deep Foundation
 Types of foundation
What is a SHALLOW
FOUNDATION?
 If the width of the foundation is
greater than or equal to the depth
of the foundation, it is a Shallow
Foundation. Alternatively,
If the depth to width ratio of the
foundation is less than equal to 2,
it is called as a Shallow
Foundation.
• Also known as an Open
Foundation, since such foundation
is constructed by Open excavation.
Selection criteria of foundation
 Bearing capacity
 Ground water level and dewatering of trenches
 Load on the structure
 Type of top layer of soil
Shallow and deep foundation
 Define it yourself
 Types of Shallow foundation
 SPREAD FOOTING
 COMBINED FOOTING
 STRAP FOOTING
 MAT FOUNDATION

Note:
 A footing is a foundation unit constructed in brick work,
masonry or concrete under the base of a wall or column for the
purpose of distributing the load over a larger area.
 The term footing is commonly used in conjunction (coexist)
with shallow foundation.
 SPREAD FOOTING
 Carries single column or a wall
 Spreads superimposed and dead
load in to the lager area below
the column or a wall
 Commonly used in small or
moderate sized building on good
soil condition
 Commonly used is construction
of residential building
 High-rise building can not be
constructed
Spread foundation
Types of Spread Foundation
 Strip footing
 Isolated/Pad footing
 Grillage foundation
 Strip Footing
 Footing used for a continuous wall
so also known as wall footing
 The width of the footing is
generally 2 -3 times the thickness
of the wall
 This type of footing distributed all
structure load into the soil.
 This broader base of the footing
area provides more stability to the
structure.
 For the construction of this
footing, different materials like
Brick, Stone, R.C.C, used.
 Provides a continuous longitudinal
bearing
 Used in load bearing /wall system
construction
 Types Of Strip Foundation
1. Simple strip footing without masonry offset/step
2. Strip footing with masonry offset/step
 Simple Strip Footing Without
Masonry Offset/Step
 The wall resting directly on the concrete base
 Simple strip footing with masonry
offset/step
 The masonry offset provided for
larger spread area before
transferring load to concrete
base
 The lowest course of brick will
have width twice the width of
wall above the plinth level
 The 5 cm offset are provided at
both side
 The depth of each course may
be 10 cm- 20 cm
 Isolated Footing
 Single Footing for a Column
 Stepped Footing for a Column
 Sloped Footing for a Column
 Single footing for a column
Contains foundation for
single column
The footing may consist of
simple concrete block
projecting out from the
column face on all sides
The base should not be less
than twice the column face on
all sides
The thickness of concrete
block should at least be equal
to side offset from the column
face
Stepped footing for a column
Construction of this
form of footing was
once common, but its
use has declined in
recent years.
It is primarily used in
the construction
of residential building.
Sloped footing for a column
AKA Trapezoidal footings
are meticulously designed
and built to maintain a 45-
degree top slope on all sides.

During the construction, less

reinforcement and concrete
is utilized than in the
construction of a plain
isolated footing. As a result,
there is less need for
concrete and reinforcement.
Different shapes of Isolated footings
Advantages of Isolated Footing
-Isolate footings are cost-effective.
-The independent footings are simple to build.
-Even unskilled workers can construct it.
-It necessitates minimal excavation of the earth.

Disadvantages of Isolated Footing

-The earth must be stable all the way around the structure’s
base.
-It may be very huge in size to cope with the heavy load.
-Because of the separate foundations, this design is vulnerable
to differential settlement that could harm the structure.
Grillage Foundation
A grillage foundation is a type of foundation that consists of
a series of interconnected steel beams and concrete
footings.
Usages
The grillage foundation is suitable when the foundation of a
structure is constructed as a shallow type foundation over
the wet or loose soil.
Mostly deep foundation method is used for loose soil.
However, the grillage foundation will be recommended
where the deep foundation is not possible for some reason.
Grillage Foundation
Usages
Grillage foundation is considered when the foundation
depth is restricted to 1 to 1.5 m for reasons such as rocky
earth.
Moreover, the grillage foundation can sustain & transfer
heavy loads from the structure to large areas.
Grillage Foundation
Types of Grillage foundation
The grillage foundation has been classified as:
Steel grillage foundation
Timber Grillage foundation
 Steel Grillage
-Firstly, a concrete bed formation
should be made with a minimum
thickness of 150mm on the soil.
-The steel framework will be
placed appropriately over the
concrete bed.
-The top layer of beams should be
laid at the right angle to the
bottom layer.
-the beams will be separated by a
spacer bar, which is 20mm in
diameter for concrete penetration
in each layer.
-
-The distance between the beam joist
should not be greater than 300mm. If
the space between the beams exceeds
more than 300mm, then the concrete
will not act as monolithically.
-Now the concrete has to be poured
properly in and around the steel
section with proper compaction.
-A base plate has to be fixed over the
top layer with cement grout and
ensure the plate has not oscillated.
-Then, fix the steel stanchion on the
base plate along with the gusset plate
and tighten the nuts & bolts.
Finally, the concrete has to be poured in & around the
foundation with a minimum clear cover of 15mm to
prevent steel corrosion from the water.
 Timber grillage foundation
-The timber grillage
foundation is suitable for a
lightweight structure where
the Soil bearing capacity is
not more than 60 KN/Sqm.
The brick or block masonry
wall will be constructed over
this foundation.
-The timber planks which are
80 mm to 100 mm thickness
used to make the foundation.
-
 Timber grillage foundation
-The timber planks consist of two or
more cross layers. There is no spacer
provided between the planks & the
clear cover distance of the planks must
be 450 mm to 600 mm for each side of
the footing.
In this foundation, minimal concrete
has been poured in & around the
foundation.
Then the brick or block masonry
wall can be constructed over the
foundation.
Combined foundation
Strap Foundation
Raft foundation
Raft Foundation
Types
 Solid slab
 Beam slab
 Cellular
Beam slab
Cellular
 Eccentric foundation
 The footing /foundation which
CG does not coincide with CG of
wall or column

 Asymmetrical footing due to

property line
 Eccentric footing

The bending moment caused by

cantilever balcony and brackets on
the wall or column attached with
them creates eccentric load on wall
or column

When the symmetric foundation

is not possible due to property line
Eccentric footing
Deep foundation
 D>B

 D>3m
 Width and breadth ration is usually greater than 4,5
 Transfers load vertically than laterally
 Used when the shallow portion can not resist expected load
from superstructure