1.2 Computer Network

1.2.
computer Networks
Network Definition
Network Applications
Network Types
Geographical Area
LAN MAN WAN
Network Architecture
Peer-to-Peer and Client/server
Network Components Hardware and Software Components
Network Topology
Physical
Logical
Network Models
OSI Reference Model
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
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 Connecting of computers with each other and other peripheral devices
known as Network.
 The concept of connected computers sharing resources is called

networking.
Computer network
– is a group of computers and associated peripheral devices
which connected by communication channel in order to
sharing resources.

 Basic importance of networking are increases efficiency
and reduce costs. i.e. save m0ney in three primary
ways:-
• Sharing Information/Data
• Sharing Hardware/Software
• Centralizing Administration And Support

Network and its application
• Network applications
– utilize the Internet or other network hardware

infrastructure to perform useful functions.
– example file transfers within a network.
– used to transfer data from one point to another within

the network.
• There are 2 types of network applications:-
– Pure network applications
– Standalone network application

Network and its application…
• Pure network application
– used to transfer data and communicate within a network.
– have a separate and distinct user interface that users must

learn
– for instance:-
1. Email Programs
2. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
3. Terminal Emulation (TELNET)
4. Groupware

• Email Programs
– They allow users to type messages at their local nodes and

then send to someone on the network. It is a fast and easy way
of transferring mail from one computer to another.
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
– This application facilities transfer of files from one computer

to another.
– e.g. from a client to a server.
There are 2 common processes involved in FTP

Downloading
Uploading

 Terminal Emulation (ex. TELNET)
– allows a workstation to access the server for an application

program.
– i.e. it enables to control the server and communicate with

other servers on the network.
– The workstation appears as a down terminal that is directly

attached to the server. The user feels like he/she is using the
server directly.
– TELNET enables PCs and workstations to function as dumb

terminals in sessions with hosts on inter-networks.

• Groupware
– used to automate the administrative functions of a modern
office for instance video conferencing and chatting.
– i.e. facilitate the work of groups and improve on their
productivity; they can be used to communicate, co-operate,
coordinate, solve problems, compete, negotiate among
others

 Video Conferencing
– This is the process of conducting a conference between two or

more participants at different sites by using computer networks to
transmit audio and video data.
 Chatting
– is real-time communication between two users via computer.
– Once a chat has been initiated, either user can enter text by typing
on the keyboard and the entered text will appear on the other
user’s monitor.
– The two must be online for a chat to be initiated.

 Stand Alone Applications
– run on stand-alone computers (computers not connected

to any other).
– to extend their activity, they are rebuilt to run on network

environments e.g. word processors, spreadsheets, database
management systems, presentations graphics, project
management etc.
– They function even when the computer is offline.

Network Types
 Network can be grouped in three major categories depending
on the geographical scope that they cover. such as:
1- Local Area Network (LAN)
– LAN refers to networks that have small geographical

coverage usually within a building or a campus.
– LAN are found in most organizations, businesses

enterprises, government offices, educational institutions,
and in home computing environment.
– LAN provides high security.

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
•It is a network that transmits data and information over
citywide distance by interconnecting different LAN.
•It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

3- Wide Area Network (WAN)
– WAN referees to the networks that cover very large geographical

area such as a country or the whole world.
Examples:- Internet
 - telephone networks operated by most long distance telephone

companies.
- Large companies having offices scattered around the world use

WAN to connect their computers.
– WAN usually combination of several types of communication media

such as cables, satellites, microwaves, and fiber-optics.
– Internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
 What is Topology?
– defines the structure of the network of how all the components are
interconnected to each other.
– There are two types of topology:-
1. Physical, and
2. logical topology
• Logical topology
– is the method used to pass the information between the computers.
– It describes how the data is sent across the network.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
 Physical topology
– is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network.
– refers to the layout of cables, computers and other peripherals.
– It describes the layout of the network.
• The most common types of standard physical topologies are:-
 Bus,
 Star,
 Ring and Mesh.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
1- Bus topology
– is designed in a way that all the stations are connected

through a single cable known as a backbone cable.
– each node is connected to the backbone cable by drop cable or

directly to the backbone that carries the data.
– When a node wants to send a message over the network, it

puts a message over the network. All the stations available in
the network will receive the message whether it has been
addressed or not

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
– Traffic generated by any computer will travel across the
backbone and received by all workstations.
– it works well in a small network of 2-5 computers.
– As the number of computers increases, performance will be

degraded.(Available bandwidth decreases)
– CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)-is most common

access method of the bus topologies.
– is mainly used in 802.3 (ethernet) and 802.4 standard

networks

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
 CSMA: It is a media access control used to control the data flow
so that data integrity is maintained, i.e., the packets do not get
lost.
 There are two alternative ways of handling the problems that

occur when two nodes send the messages simultaneously.
 CSMA CD(Collision detection)
– is an access method used to detect the collision. Once

the collision is detected, the sender will stop
transmitting the data. Therefore, it works on "recovery
after the collision“.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
CSMA CA (Collision Avoidance)
– is an access method used to avoid the collision by

checking whether the transmission media is busy or
not.
– If busy, then the sender waits until the media

becomes idle.
– This technique effectively reduces the possibility of

the collision. It does not work on "recovery after the
collision".

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
• The following is a list of factors affect the performance of

a network:
- No of computers
- Types of cable used on the network
- Distances between computers on the network
NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
 Signal Bounce:
– packet travels from one end of the cable to the other.
 Terminator:
– To stop the signal from bouncing, a component called a terminator is placed
at each end of the cable to absorb free signals.
Terminators absorb free signals

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
 Network Expansion
– Cable in the bus topology can be extended by one of the
following methods:
1. Barrel connector can connect two pieces of cable
together to make a longer piece of cable.
2. Repeater can be used to connect two cables.
 Advantages of Bus Topology
– Connecting a computer or peripheral to a linear bus is easy.
– Low-cost cable: i.e. nodes are directly connected to the cable

without passing through a hub. Therefore, the initial cost of
installation is low.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
– It is easy to extend a bus since two cables can be joined
into longer cable with a connector.
– Limited failure: A failure in one node will not have any

effect on other nodes
 Disadvantages of Bus Topology
– Entire network shuts down if there is a failure on the
backbone.
– Heavy traffic can slow down a bus because computers on

such networks do not coordinate with each other to reserve
time to transmit.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
– Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test
equipment to determine the cable faults. If any fault occurs
in the cable, then it would disrupt the communication for all
the nodes.
– Signal interference: If two nodes send the messages
simultaneously, then the signals of both the nodes collide
with each other.
– Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the
network would slow down the network.
– Attenuation: Attenuation is a loss of signal strangth leads
to communication issues. Repeaters are used to regenerate
the signal
NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
2-Ring Topology
– is like a bus topology, but with connected ends.
– he node that receives the message from the previous computer

will retransmit to the next node. i.e. Computers are connected
on a single circle of cable.
– The signals flows / travel around the loop in one direction and
pass through each computer.
– Each computer acts as a repeater.
– a token is used as a carrier.
– The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
Fig. Ring Topology

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
– The most common access method of the ring topology is token
passing.
• Token passing:
– is a network access method in which token is passed from

one node to another node around a ring.
• Token:
– is a frame / series of bits that circulates around the network.
– it is passed from computer to computer until it reaches the

destination.
– A token moves around the network, and it is passed from

computer to computer until it reaches the destination.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
– The sender modifies the token by putting the address
along with the data.
– The data is passed from one device to another device
until the destination address matches. Once the token
received by the destination device, then it sends the
acknowledgment to the sender.
 Advantage of Ring Topology
• Network Management: Faulty devices can be removed
from the network without bringing the network down.
• Product availability: Many hardware and software tools for
network operation and monitoring are available.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
• Cost: Twisted pair cabling is inexpensive and easily available.
Therefore, the installation and reconfigure cost is very low.
• Reliable: It is a more reliable network because the

communication system is not dependent on the single host
computer.
• Every computer is given equal access to the ring. Hence, no single

computer can monopolize the network.
 Disadvantages of Ring Topology
– Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test
equipment to determine the cable faults. If any fault occurs in the
cable, then it would disrupt the communication for all the nodes.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
– Failure: The breakdown in one station /any cable or nodes
leads to break the loop and take down of the overall network.
– Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the

network would slow down the network.
– Delay: Communication delay is directly proportional to the

number of nodes. Adding new devices increases the
communication delay.
– Maximum ring length and number of nodes are limited.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
3- Star Topology
– is an arrangement of the network in which every node is

connected to the central hub, switch or a central computer.
– the central computer in it is known as a server, and the

peripheral devices attached to the server are known as clients.
– Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the

computers.
– Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in

a physical star topology. i.e. Cable segments from each
computer are connected to a centralized component called a
hub or switch.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
– Signals are transmitted from the sending computer through
the hub to all computers on the network.
– is the most popular topology in network implementation.

Fig. Star topology

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
 Advantages of Star Topology
• Efficient troubleshooting: Troubleshooting is quite

efficient in a star topology as compared to bus topology.
 In a bus topology, the manager has to inspect the

kilometers of cable.
 In a star topology, all the stations are connected to the

centralized network. Therefore, the network administrator
has to go to the single station to troubleshoot the problem

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
• Network control: Complex network control features can
be easily implemented in the star topology. Any changes
made in the star topology are automatically accommodated
• Limited failure:
 As each station is connected to the central hub with its

own cable, therefore failure in one cable/ a node or one
station will not affect the entire network.
 i.e. removal of a node / one station from the network is

not disrupted the entire n/w.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
• Easily expandable:
 It is easily expandable as new stations can be added to the

open ports on the hub.
• Cost effective:
 Star topology networks are cost-effective as it uses

inexpensive coaxial cable.
• High data speeds:
 It supports a bandwidth of approx 100Mbps. Ethernet

100BaseT is one of the most popular Star topology
networks.
 Fault detection and removal of faulty parts is easier in

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NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
 Disadvantages of Star Topology
• A Central point of failure:
 If the central hub or switch goes down, then all the

connected nodes will not be able to communicate with
each other.
• Cable:
 Sometimes cable routing becomes difficult when a

significant amount of routing is required.
 The cost of the hub makes the network expensive as

compared to bus and ring topology.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
4-Mesh topology
– is an arrangement of the network in which each computer
is connected to every other computer by separate cabling
via various redundant connections.
– There are multiple paths from one computer to another
computer.
– It does not contain the switch, hub or any central
computer which acts as a central point of
communication.
– The Internet is an example of the mesh topology.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
– The Internet is an example of the mesh topology.
– Mesh topology is mainly used for WAN implementations

where communication failures are a critical concern.
– Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless networks.
– A fully connected mesh network has n(n-1)/2 physical

links to link n devices. NB. n – is number of the nodes in
the n/w.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
• Mesh topology is divided into two categories:
– Fully connected mesh topology
– Partially connected mesh topology

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
– Full Mesh Topology:
• In a full mesh topology, each computer is connected to all
the computers available in the network.
– Partial Mesh Topology:
• In a partial mesh topology, not all but certain computers
are connected to those computers with which they
communicate frequently.
 Advantages of Mesh Topology
– Reliable:
• The use of large number of links eliminates network
congestion.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
• If any link becomes breakdown, it does not affect
communication b/n connected computers in the entire system.
– Fast Communication:
• Communication is very fast between the nodes.
– Easier Reconfiguration:
• Adding new devices would not disrupt the communication
between other devices
 Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
– Cost:
• A mesh topology contains a large number of connected devices
such as a router and more transmission media than other
topologies. i.e. expensive to implement.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
– Management:
• Mesh topology networks are very large and very difficult to

maintain and manage. i.e. As every node is connected to
the other, installation and reconfiguration is very difficult.
If the network is not monitored carefully, then the
communication link failure goes undetected.
– Efficiency:
• In this topology, redundant connections are high that

reduces the efficiency of the network.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
5- Hybrid Topology
– The combination of various different topologies is known as Hybrid
topology.
– A Hybrid topology is a connection between different links and nodes to

transfer the data.
– When two or more different topologies are combined together is termed as

Hybrid topology
ex. Star - bus
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Star-bus network
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NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
• Advantages of Hybrid Topology
– Reliable:
• If a fault occurs in any part of the network will not
affect the functioning of the rest of the network.
– Scalable:
• Size of the network can be easily expanded by adding
new devices without affecting the functionality of the
existing network.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
– Flexible:
• This topology is very flexible as it can be designed
according to the requirements of the organization.
– Effective:
• Hybrid topology is very effective as it can be designed in
such a way that the strength of the network is
maximized and weakness of the network is minimized.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
• Disadvantages of Hybrid topology
– Complex design:
• The major drawback of the Hybrid topology is the design of

the Hybrid network. It is very difficult to design the
architecture of the Hybrid network.
– Costly Hub:
• The Hubs used in the Hybrid topology are very expensive as

these hubs are different from usual Hubs used in other
topologies.
– Costly infrastructure:
• The infrastructure cost is very high as a hybrid network

11/17/2021 requires a lot of cabling,
Ambo network
University devices, etc. 47
NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
6-Tree topology
– combines the characteristics of bus topology and star
topology.
– is a type of structure in which all the computers are
connected with each other in hierarchical fashion.
– The top-most node in tree topology is known as a root
node, and all other nodes are the descendants of the root
node.
– There is only one path exists between two nodes for the
data transmission. Thus, it forms a parent-child hierarchy

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
• Hybrid-Tree Physical Topology

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
• Advantages of Tree topology
– Support for broadband transmission:
• Tree topology is mainly used to provide broadband

transmission, i.e., signals are sent over long distances
without being attenuated.
– Easily manageable:
• In tree topology, the whole network is divided into

segments known as star networks which can be easily
managed and maintained.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
– Easily expandable:
• We can add the new device to the existing network.
Therefore, we can say that tree topology is easily expandable.
– Error detection:
• Error detection and error correction are very easy in a
tree topology.
– Limited failure:
• The breakdown in one station does not affect the entire
network.
– Point-to-point wiring:
• It has point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY…
• Disadvantages of Tree topology
– Difficult troubleshooting:
• If any fault occurs in the node, then it becomes difficult to
troubleshoot the problem.
– High cost:
• Devices required for broadband transmission are very costly.
– Failure:
• A tree topology mainly relies on main bus cable and failure in
main bus cable will damage the overall network.
– Reconfiguration difficult:
• If new devices are added, then it becomes difficult to
reconfigure.
7- Other Types of Practically Used Hybrid
Topologies
• Clustered Star Topology
•Hierarchical Star Topology

Quiz - 1
Time allowed 5 minutes (5 Points)

1. when sharing knowledge and experience to others is
know as __________
A. Network B. Networking C. Computer Network
2. Which one of the following is more secure network type.
(1 Pt)
a. LAN b. WAN c. MAN
3. List the three factors that affects the performance of Bus
topology. (1Pt)
4. Why we use computer networking?(1pt)
5. List the common FTP provides(1pt)
Network components
When you need installation of computer network the basic components
are
Network Hardware components
Clients/ server computer
NIC
Connectivity devices (Hub,switch, Birdge, Gateway, Router
and Modem)
Connector
Cables
Network Software Components
NOS
NIC driver
Protocols
Network components
Network Interface Card (NIC):
– NIC is a device that used to connect a computer to another
computer or device on a network.
 It can support a transfer rate of 10,100 to 1000 Mb/s

 There are two types of NIC, such as wireless NIC and wired NIC.
– Wireless NIC:
• contain the antenna to obtain the connection over the wireless network.
• All the modern laptops use the wireless NIC.
– Wired NIC:
• Cables and connectors are used with wired NIC to transfer the data.
11/17/2021 • is present inside the motherboard.
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Network components…..
 The role of the NIC is :-
– It realize connection b/n devices via cable or wireless.
– Generates the electrical signals that travel over the cable.
– Controls access to the cable by following specific rules.
 The translation of the computer's digital signals into

electrical signals that can travel on the network's cables
is accomplished by transceiver
(transmitter/receiver).

Network components…
 Hub
– is a central device that splits the network connection into
multiple devices.
• When computer request some information from the network, hub:
– Distributes / broadcast the requests for the entire network.
– All the devices will check whether the request belongs to them or
not.
– Disadvantage of hub – consumes more bandwidth.
 Switches
– Connects multiple device s on a computer networks.
– is a networking device that groups all the devices over the
network to transfer the data to another device.

– contains the updated table that decides where the
data is transmitted or not. Switch delivers the
message to the correct destination based on the
physical address present in the incoming message.
– i.e. it is better than Hub as it does not broadcast the

message over the network, i.e., it sends the message to
the device for which it belongs to. Therefore, the
switch sends the message directly from source to the
destination.
– It increases the speed of the network
 Router
 is a device which is used to connect a LAN with an internet

connection.
 is mainly used to connect the distinct networks or connect the

internet to multiple computers.
 It is used to receive, analyze and forward the incoming packets to

another network.
 works in a Layer 3 (Network layer) of the OSI Reference model.
 forwards the packet based on the information available in the routing

table.
 It determines the best path from the available paths for the
transmission of the packet.

• Advantages Of Router:
– Security:
• The information which is transmitted to the network
will traverse via entire cable, but the only specified
device which has been addressed can read the data.
– Reliability:
• If the server has stopped functioning, the network
goes down, but no other networks are affected that
are served by the router.

– Performance:
• Router enhances the overall performance of the

network.
• Suppose there are 24 workstations in a network

generates a same amount of traffic.
• This increases the traffic load on the network.
• Router splits the single network into two networks of 12

workstations each, reduces the traffic load by half.

 Cables and Connectors
 Cable
– is a transmission media used for transmitting a

signal.
– There are three types of cables used in transmission:
• Twisted pair cable
• Coaxial cable
• Fibre-optic cable
 Connectors(SC, ST, MT-RJ 45, RJ 11, RJ 45, BNC)

• A modem
– is a device that makes possible the communication for computers over a telephone
line. i.e. allows the computer to connect to the internet over the existing telephone
line.
– Is not integrated with the motherboard rather than it is installed on the PCI slot
found on the motherboard.
– It stands for Modulator/Demodulator. It converts the digital data into an analog
signal over the telephone lines.

Modem Converting Digital Signal into Analog and Analog back to

Digital.
 Network Operating System

 Operating System
• is a manager of all devices or resources on a computer
network.
– The OS controls different resources of the hardware (such as
Memory, CPU time, Disk space, Peripheral devices), so that users
can utilize them to the maximum
– Resources can be utilized in a fair and efficient manner

 Network Operating Systems
– Designed to include networking protocol at the lower

level, optimize resource sharing, Multitasking,
concurrency.
– enables a server to share resources with clients. It also

facilitate: communications, security, user management.
– is software allow users to run, access, control and

manage network resources.

 Some basic function of network operating system
– File sharing :have the ability to share resources with
other network users the most common resources is
sharing server’s file system. So the network
administrator must know which part of the file system to
be shared.
– Multitasking: the ability to support multiple users at a
time. i.e users can execute multiple tasks at a time.(to do
this the computer must support multiprocessor)

– Directory Service: are catalogs that provides information
about every resources located on the network like users,
computers, shared file and folders.
– Security Service: enable the server to protect
unauthorized users from accessing the network.

 Server operating system
– run on servers, which are very large personal computers,
workstations, or even mainframes.
– serve multiple users at once over a network and allow the
users to share HW and SW resources.
– Eg. Server can provide print service, file service, or web
service.
– Typical server operating systems are UNIX, Window
2003, Linux
Network Models
• Network model is responsible for establishing a connection among the
sender and receiver, and transmitting the data in a smooth manner
respectively.
• There are two most important network models i.e.
– OSI Model and TCP/IP Model on which the whole data
communication process relies.
Network Models
OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Model

Network Models….
 OSI(Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model
– is general purpose networking or communication model which is

responsible for establishing connection in an open manner
between all the communicable devices present across the globe.
– It stands for “Open System Interconnection” and the name given

by “International Organization for Standardization”.
– It organizes the network functions into seven layers (physical, data

link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application). i.e.
having a layered architecture, w/c allows easy data communication as
each layer has predefined structured and functionalities.
Network Models…..
– The functionalities are different for each layer but when
combined together forms the OSI Model.
– specifies the communication interfaces between the OSI model
layers and network endpoints utilizing various protocols.
– provide standardized functions that take place at each layer.
– The seven layers is designed as a layer serves the layer above it

and is served by the layer below it.

Network Models…..
– The seven layers of the OSI reference model divided into two broad parts
such as Host layers and Media layers.
Fig. The seven layer of the OSI reference model

 The seven layers of OSI model
– are further categorized into Upper Layers, Network Independent Layer and Lower
Layers.
– Physical Layer, Data link Layer and Network Layer are categorized as Lower
Layers.
– Transport Layer as Network Independent Layer, and
– Session Layer, Presentation Layer, Application Layer as Upper Layers.

Network Models…
 Layer 1: Physical layer
– is responsible for the actual physical connection between the devices.
– is the most bottom layer w/c responsible for the transmission and reception of
unstructured raw data between a device and a physical transmission medium.
– converts the digital bits into electrical, radio, or optical signals.
– Provide the interface for the data transmission to Data Link Layer .
Fig. Physical Layer : Architecture
• Physical Layer : Devices
– Transmission cables, Repeater & HUBs, Multiplexers, Transmitters, & Receivers

etc.
Network Models……
 Layer 2: Data Link Layer(DLL)
– Is a link between two directly connected nodes that provides node-
to-node data transfer within the same network.
– It detects and possibly corrects errors that may occur in the
physical layer. i.e. it ensure data transfer from one node to another
is error free, over the physical layer.
– translates the data received in the form of bits from physical layer
into respective format and forwards it to network layer.
– It also assembles the data message into data frames. These data
frames are special structures containing the source address field,
destination address fields and the data message.

Network Models…….
– It defines the protocol to establish and terminate a
connection between two physically connected devices.
– It also defines the protocol for flow control between them.
– It is responsible to transmit a packet arrives in a n/w to host
using its MAC address. I.e. ensuring delivery of data message
to its respective destination in the network by using the
physical address of the device known as MAC (Media Access
Control) Address.

Network Models…..
– divides into two sub layers.
– Medium access control (MAC) layer – responsible for
controlling how devices in a network gain access to a medium
and permission to transmit data.
– Logical link control (LLC) layer – responsible for identifying
and encapsulating network layer protocols, and controls error
checking and frame synchronization.
– The MAC and LLC layers of IEEE 802 networks such
as 802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 Wi-Fi,
and 802.15.4 ZigBee operate

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at the data link layer.
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Network Models…..
– Is further divided packet received from Network layer into frames
depending on the frame size of NIC(Network Interface Card).
– Even before sending the data packets to receiver, adding sender’s &
receiver’s address to the frame for reliable data delivery
– also encapsulates Sender and Receiver’s MAC address in the

header.
– The Receiver’s MAC address is obtained by placing an ARP(Address

Resolution Protocol) request onto the wire asking “Who has that IP
address?” and the destination host will reply with its MAC address.

Network Models…..
– Data link layer: Architecture
• Data Link Layer : Devices

– Bridges and Switches.
Network Models….
• Layer 3: Network Layer
– is responsible for establishing data communication channel
between multiple networks or devices or hosts or nodes.
– It provides the functional and procedural means of transferring

variable length data sequences (called packets) from one node
(source host) to another node (destination host) connected in
"different networks". i.e. is required when a connection needs to
establish between two or more different networks.
– If connect or link locally the two or more nodes or devices,

network layer is no use.

Network Models….
– Data is forwarded in the form of data packets while using
routing protocols to send these data packets to their
respective destinations.
– If the message is too large to transmit from one node to

another on the data link layer between those nodes, the
network may implement message delivery by splitting the
message into several fragments / packets at one node,
sending the fragments / packets independently, and
reassembling the fragments/ / packets at another node.

Network Models…..
– performs network routing functions by providing the content
of a message and the address of the destination node , and
might also perform fragmentation and reassembly, and
report delivery errors.
– defines the most optimized and shortest path for delivery of

data packets from source address to destination address.

Network Models….
– Multiple networks connected through routers and data
transmission in the form of data packets is done, an
optimized shortest path is chosen to transmit that from
source to destination called route and this process is called
routing
• Network Layer : Devices
– Layer-3 switches
– Routers
– Gateways

Network Models….
• Layer 4: Transport Layer
– Is the middle most layer in OSI model and it acts as Network
Independent Layer.
– acts as the transition point between the functions performed by Upper

layers(Application Layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer) & Lower
layers(Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer).
– Data received from Upper layers application are combined into data
streams and are transmitted to the receivers end in exact format as it
was in original.
– provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable-

length data sequences from a source to a destination host, while
maintaining the quality of service functions.

Network Models…..
– controls the reliability of a given link through flow
control, segmentation/de-segmentation, and error control.
Some protocols are state- and connection-oriented. This
means that the transport layer can keep track of the
segments and re-transmit those that fail delivery.
– provides the acknowledgement of the successful data
transmission and sends the next data if no errors occurred.
– creates segments out of the message received from the

application layer. i.e. Segmentation is the process of dividing
a long message / data into smaller messages / data .

Network Models….
– two protocols which are used for transferring the data: TCP
and UDP. TCP refers for transmission control protocol and
UDP refers for user data gram protocol.
– the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User

Datagram Protocol (UDP) of the Internet Protocol Suite
are commonly categorized as layer-4 protocols within OSI
– Performs Multiplexing & De-multiplexing functions too.
– Also perform connection oriented service using

TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) Protocol
& Connection less service using UDP(User Data-
gram Protocol) Protocol
• Transport Layer : Architecture
• Transport Layer : Devices

– Network Devices.
– Network Gateways.
Network Models…..
• Layer 5: Session Layer
– controls the dialogues (connections) between computers.
– It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between

the local and remote application.
– It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation,

and establishes procedures for check pointing, suspending,
restarting, and terminating a session.
– In the OSI model, this layer is responsible for gracefully closing

a session, which is handled in the Transmission Control
Protocol at the transport layer in the Internet Protocol Suite.

– provides appropriate sessions between users and entities /
software, where the user interacts.
– It also responsible for session check pointing and recovery, which is

not usually used in the Internet Protocol Suite.
– is commonly implemented explicitly in application environments

that use remote procedure calls.
• some of the major feature performed by Session Layer:
– Connection establishment.
– Connection termination.
– Synchronization.

Network Models…..
• Session Layer: Architecture

Network Models…..
• Layer 6: Presentation Layer
– establishes context between application-layer entities, in which the
application-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if
the presentation service provides a mapping between them.
– If a mapping is available, presentation protocol data units are
encapsulated into session protocol data units and passed down
the protocol stack.
– It provides independence from data representation by translating
between application and network formats.

Network Models…..
– transforms data into the form that the application accepts.
This layer formats data to be sent across a network. i.e.
ensures that data presented in same format at both sender’s
and receiver’s end.
– Provides appropriate representation of data through data
presentation techniques.
– Other features of this layer is data encryption and data
decryption.
– ensures that translation of data among different devices.

Presentation Layer :Architecture

Network Models…….
• Layer 7: Application Layer
– Is also called Desktop layers.
– is the OSI layer closest to the end user w/c providing interface
among users and the software application, which means both the
OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the
software application.
 interacts with software applications that implement a
communicating component. Such application programs fall outside
the scope of the OSI model.
 Provide interface b/n various users and application

– Its functions identifying communication partners, determining
resource availability, and synchronizing communication.
– When identifying communication partners, the application layer

determines the identity and availability of communication partners
for an application with data to transmit.
– does not directly acts as an application but, it is an intermediate

between actual software application and the users.
– File transfer, emails, remote access etc. are some of the examples of
applications where users interacts.

Network Models…..
– OSI Reference model : Architecture

Network Models…..
 TCP/IP Model
– created their own architectural model to describe its
components and functions.
– is similar to the OSI model except it is a four layer standard
compared to the seven layer of the OSI model.
– the four layers account for all 7 layers of functions in the OSI
model, each layers function is not as strictly defined in this
model.
– TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol
– makes use of protocols.

Network Models

Network Models
• The Network Access Layer of TCP/IP reference
model
– is also known as the Host-to-Host or Host-to-Network
layer as it is responsible for performing roles of the
Physical Layer along with the functions of Data Link Layer.
– Data in the form of bits received in the Network Access

Layer are connected in the form of data packets to Internet
Layer.
– Network Access Layer = Data Link Layer + Physical Layer.

Network Models
• The Internet Layer
– is also called Network Layer which is responsible for

establishment of connection to send or receive data
packets between multiple users or nodes or devices or
networks.
– en-routes the data packets from source to destination

through the process of routing using various routing
techniques and routing protocols.

Network Models
• The Transport Layer
– performs the same functions and have similar features as that in OSI
Model.
– it provides end to end data transfer by using the technique of
connection oriented services between sender and receiver using various
protocols.
• The Application layer
– resides on the top of the TCP/IP reference model as line in OSI Model.
– provide interface between users and the applications.
– it can perform the functions of Session Layer(to provide sessions) and
Presentation Layer(data representation).
– Application Layer = Session Layer + Presentation Layer + Application
Layer.
Quiz
1. List basic elements we need when network
build for one organization.
2. Mention the categories of network Model
and discuss it

1.2 Computer Network

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1.2.

11/17/2021 Ambo University 1

 The concept of connected computers sharing resources is called

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and reduce costs. i.e. save m0ney in three primary

• Centralizing Administration And Support

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– utilize the Internet or other network hardware

– example file transfers within a network.

– used to transfer data from one point to another within

• There are 2 types of network applications:-

– Pure network applications

– Standalone network application

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– used to transfer data and communicate within a network.

– have a separate and distinct user interface that users must

2. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

3. Terminal Emulation (TELNET)

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– They allow users to type messages at their local nodes and

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

– This application facilities transfer of files from one computer

– e.g. from a client to a server.

There are 2 common processes involved in FTP

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– allows a workstation to access the server for an application

– i.e. it enables to control the server and communicate with

– The workstation appears as a down terminal that is directly

– TELNET enables PCs and workstations to function as dumb

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– used to automate the administrative functions of a modern

office for instance video conferencing and chatting.

– i.e. facilitate the work of groups and improve on their

productivity; they can be used to communicate, co-operate,

coordinate, solve problems, compete, negotiate among

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– This is the process of conducting a conference between two or

– is real-time communication between two users via computer.

– The two must be online for a chat to be initiated.

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– run on stand-alone computers (computers not connected

– to extend their activity, they are rebuilt to run on network

– They function even when the computer is offline.

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1- Local Area Network (LAN)

– LAN refers to networks that have small geographical

– LAN are found in most organizations, businesses

– LAN provides high security.

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– WAN referees to the networks that cover very large geographical

 - telephone networks operated by most long distance telephone

- Large companies having offices scattered around the world use

– WAN usually combination of several types of communication media

– Internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.

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interconnected to each other.

– There are two types of topology:-

– It describes how the data is sent across the network.

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– is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network.

– refers to the layout of cables, computers and other peripherals.

– It describes the layout of the network.

• The most common types of standard physical topologies are:-