FOREWORD

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, the writer
finished writing the paper entitled “LEXICON AND CLAUSE I” right in the
calculated time.The purpose of writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment given
by Mrs. Aprida Irmayana, M.Pd. as lecturer in English Syntax major.

In arranging this paper, the writer trully got lots challenges and
obstructions but with the help of many indiviuals, those obstructions could passed.
the writer also realized there were still many mistakes in the process of writing
this paper.

Because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helped in
the process of writing this paper. hopefully, Allah replies to all help and bless you
all. the writer realized that this paper was still imperfect in arrangement and
content. then the writer hopes the criticism from the readers can help the writer in
perfecting the next paper.last but not least Hopefully, this paper can help the
readers to gain more knowledge about the English Syntax major.

Padangsisimpuan, January 30th 2024

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 Table of Content

Foreword..............................................................................................1

Table of Content .................................................................................2

CHAPTER I

A. Background...........................................................................3
B. Formulation of The Problem ................................................5
C. The Aims...............................................................................5
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

A. Lexicon..................................................................................6
B. Clauses dan Sentence...........................................................13
C. Main and Subordinated Clauses..........................................14
D. Complementisers and Subordinating Conjunctions.............17
E. Regognising Clauses............................................................18

CHAPTER III CLOSING

Conclussion...............................................................................19

REFERENCES..................................................................................21

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 CHAPTER I
INTRDUCTION
A. Background

The word “lexicon” has a somewhat flexible meaning. It can be applied to

an entire language — the Italian lexicon encompasses all Italian words — or it can
refer to a subset. For example, a group of engineers might have a lexicon they use
to talk about their work. You can have a subject-specific lexicon, like a movie
lexicon or a math lexicon. In most cases, then, lexicon is a synonym for
vocabulary.

In certain circumstances, lexicon can have a less vague meaning. For

example, a lexicon is another word for a dictionary (though it’s not nearly as
commonly used for one). When used in this sense, you can also talk about
lexiconists, which is a word for the person who writes a lexicon.

In other cases, it can be even vaguer, and people use it to describe non-
language concepts. A person might refer to their “book lexicon” as a way to
describe all the books they know. This might not make as much sense — lexicon
is historically related to language

One important case where the word “lexicon” is more specifically relevant
is within the field of linguistics. In fact, linguists divide languages into two parts:
the lexicon and the grammar. The grammar is the set of rules that govern how
language works: things like word order and conjugation are all defined by these
rules. The lexicon, at its broadest, is the collection of everything else. To be more
specific, it’s the full collection of lexemes.

A lexeme — sometimes called a lexical item or a word form — is a basic

unit of meaning in language. Most lexemes are single words, and a single lexeme
includes all conjugations of a word. Eat, ate and eating, for example, are all a
single lexeme. The difference between “lexeme” and “word,” however, is that a
lexeme can also be more than one word. Compound nouns and verbs (living

3
room, eat up) and idioms (hit the hay, once in a blue moon) also count as lexemes
because their meaning changes if you break them down into smaller parts. It can
also be noted that, as with pretty much all linguistic topics, there is debate over
what should count as a lexeme. For the average person, though, all you really
need to know is that a lexicon contains all the basic words and phrases that make
up a language.

If you’re looking for a connection between a lexicon and language

learning, then, the two are pretty inextricable. It comprises all the words you’ll be
learning to understand the language. It’s likely that you’ll probably hear the word
“vocabulary” more often, but even so, it’s worth knowing exactly what a lexicon
is.
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb that have a
relationship. This relationship is crucial; a clause conveys information about what
that subject is or is doing, rather than simply being a random grouping of words.
Because a clause expresses an action or a state of being, a clause can often—but
not always—function as an independent sentence.

Although you use clauses in your speech and writing every day, it can be
easy to overlook the intricacies of clauses in English. Read on to learn how
clauses are classified, the roles clauses play in sentences, how to combine clauses
to express your thoughts, and the difference between independent and dependent
clauses.

There are 2 types of clauses first are independent clauses ( main caluse )
and dependent clauses ( subordinated clause ) 2 types of these types they can also
be called clauses type 1 and clauses type 2. An independent clause is a clause that
can stand on its own as a distinct sentence. independent clauses aren’t long or
complex sentences. They can certainly be part of complex sentences, but by
definition, they are known as simple sentences.

B. Formulation of the Problem

1. What is the definition of lexicon ?

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 2. What is caluse and sentences ?
3. What is main and subordinate clauses ?
4. Waht is complementisers and subordinating conjunctions ?
5. What is recognising clauses ?
C. The Aims

1. To know the definition of lexicon ?

2. To know caluse and sentences ?
3. To know main and subordinate clauses ?
4. To know complementisers and subordinating conjunctions ?
5. To know recognising clauses.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Lexicon
1. The Definition of Lexicon

The word “lexicon” has a somewhat flexible meaning. It can be

applied to an entire language — the Italian lexicon encompasses all Italian
words — or it can refer to a subset. For example, a group of engineers
might have a lexicon they use to talk about their work. You can have a
subject-specific lexicon, like a movie lexicon or a math lexicon. In most
cases, then, lexicon is a synonym for vocabulary.

In certain circumstances, lexicon can have a less vague meaning.

For example, a lexicon is another word for a dictionary (though it’s not
nearly as commonly used for one). When used in this sense, you can also
talk about lexiconists, which is a word for the person who writes a
lexicon.

In other cases, it can be even vaguer, and people use it to describe

non-language concepts. A person might refer to their “book lexicon” as a
way to describe all the books they know. This might not make as much
sense — lexicon is historically related to language

One important case where the word “lexicon” is more specifically

relevant is within the field of linguistics. In fact, linguists divide languages
into two parts: the lexicon and the grammar. The grammar is the set of
rules that govern how language works: things like word order and
conjugation are all defined by these rules. The lexicon, at its broadest, is

6
 the collection of everything else. To be more specific, it’s the full
collection of lexemes.

A lexeme — sometimes called a lexical item or a word form — is a

basic unit of meaning in language. Most lexemes are single words, and a
single lexeme includes all conjugations of a word. Eat, ate and eating, for
example, are all a single lexeme. The difference between “lexeme” and
“word,” however, is that a lexeme can also be more than one word.
Compound nouns and verbs (living room, eat up) and idioms (hit the hay,
once in a blue moon) also count as lexemes because their meaning changes
if you break them down into smaller parts. It can also be noted that, as
with pretty much all linguistic topics, there is debate over what should
count as a lexeme. For the average person, though, all you really need to
know is that a lexicon contains all the basic words and phrases that make
up a language.

If you’re looking for a connection between a lexicon and language

learning, then, the two are pretty inextricable. It comprises all the words
you’ll be learning to understand the language. It’s likely that you’ll
probably hear the word “vocabulary” more often, but even so, it’s worth
knowing exactly what a lexicon is.

2. Syntax and Lexical Items

Syntax cannot be separated from other areas of language; and

individual lexical items, especially verbs, have strong control over
syntactic structure. When constructing word classes, we must refer to
syntactic, morphological, morpho-syntactic and meaning criteria. The head
of a phrase controls the other constituents in the phrase, and we
immediately see that there are different subclasses of nouns and verbs that
impose different requirements on phrases and clauses. a small part of the
extensive interactions between syntactic structures and individual lexical
items; in this chapter once the syntactic construction is not identical to a
particular clause; a particular clause does not appear until the lexical item

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 is incorporated into a general syntactic structure. For example, the Noun
Phrase-Verb-Noun Phrase structure relates to infinitely many clauses:
 The dog chews the bone,
 Cat scratches dog,
 Dogs like meat, and so on.
The insertion process is not simple. As mentioned above, certain
lexical items match only certain parts of the structure, some verbs are
combined with one noun phrase, others with two, and a third set of verbs
with three. Some singular nouns combine with the and a, and some
exclude them.
Another approach to writing grammar aims to write explicit rules,
which 'generate' sentences. This task involves writing rules that determine
syntactic constructions, involves writing accurate and detailed dictionaries,
and involves detailed explanations of how correct lexical items are put into
a particular syntax.
structure and how only acceptable combinations of lexical items are
determined. This approach should also ensure that regulations do not
prescribe unacceptable structures.

3. Individual Verbs, Complements and Additions.

Each type of phrase has a head, and head modifiers fall into two
classes complements and additions. Complements are modifiers that
usually appear next to the head (but not always) and are required or
excluded by certain lexical items.
Example :
1) Sarah ate cake in the kitchen last night.
Sarah and her cakes are a complement to what is eaten.
The appendage is not necessarily next to the head; indeed, they are usually
far from the verb. It's not mandatory. Although it completes the meaning
of the verb 'complete', providing syntactic and semantic completion,
additional words only provide additional information that can be omitted.
In (1) in the kitchen and last night were additions; (1) acceptable and
complete without it - . Adverbs of time and location are always additional

8
 words. Adverbs of location must be distinguished from adverbs of
direction; verbs like barge require adverbs of direction - Sarah barged into
the kitchen and verbs like push enable her Sarah pushed the pram and
Sarah pushed the pram into the kitchen. Even if a verb only allows
directional adverbs, directional adverbs are complements, because there
are verbs that exclude them - *Sarah is cooking in the kitchen. The fact
that some verbs exclude directional adverbs means that dictionary entries
must include information about whether particular verbs exclude
directional adverbs or not. This means that even for encouragement, which
allows rather than requires an adverb of direction, a phrase such as to the
kitchen is a complement.
A particular lexical verb controls various properties of its complement.
Most obviously, it controls how many complements appear and what type
of complement – noun phrase, adjective phrase, prepositional phrase, or
complement clause.
example :
 Mr Knightley despaired.
 Emma belittles Miss Bates.
 Frank Churchill gives Jane Fairfax a piano.
 Jane Fairfax looked annoyed.
 Mr. Woodhouse sat in an armchair.
 Mr. Knightley came into the living room.
 Mr. Elton handed his wife into the carriage.
 Emma gives bad advice to Harriet.

4. Verb classes and limits of their subcategorization

Some of these verb classes have traditional labels. These labels are
suitable for discussing verb classes rather than individual verbs.
 Ditransitive Verbs (twice transitive): require two noun phrases to
the right
 Intransitive Location Verbs : do not include a noun phrase to the
right but require a prepositional phrase.

9
  Transitive Directional Verb submitted: requires to its right both a
noun phrase and a direction phrase
 Copula (linking verb): requires next to it an adjective phrase or a
noun phrase, as in apparently a reasonable person, or a
prepositional phrase, as in appearing to be in good spirits, or an
infinitive, as in apparently not happya
In short, a particular lexical item controls 'lexical embedding', that
is, the insertion of a lexical item into its complement. Another approach
recently advocated is that there is no separate set of rules that determine
syntactic structure, but that the work is done through lexical entries. The
entry for seems to be considered a set of instructions for building a
syntactic structure containing a noun phrase, a verb, and, for example, an
adjective phrase. The entry for hand can be thought of as a set of
instructions for building a syntactic structure containing a noun phrase, a
verb, a noun phrase and a directed prepositional phrase, and so on for
other types of verbs. In addition to controlling the number and general
type of complements, lexical verbs control the choice of prepositions.
5. Selection Restrictions
Lexical entries also contain information about the role given to the noun in
the clause. For example, create and compute assignments of the Agent role
to its subject noun and the Patient role to its direct object noun. Example:
 The Romans built this aqueduct.
Rome is the Agent and the aqueduct is the Patient,
 The computer will calculate the variable value.
The computer is the Agent and the value is the Patient.
The fact that the drain is an inanimate object does not change the
assignment of the Patient role to it, and likewise the computer's death does
not change the assignment of the Agent role. The prototypical agent is a
living creature, or even a human. Inanimate nouns such as computers can
be non-prototypical Agents, that role being assigned to them by certain
verbs and certain constructions. For example, a calculation requires an

10
 Agent, and in the active declaration construction, the Agent role is
assigned to the noun to the left of the verb.
Lexical verbs impose restrictions on the types of nouns that can
appear to their left or right. A verb such as blame requires a human noun
on its left, while a verb such as kill requires an animate noun on its right.

6. Noun Class
Selection restrictions, as hinted above, lead us to use large subclasses of
nouns familiar from traditional grammar.
a. concrete vs abstract
b. general vs proper
c. count vs mass
d. life vs death
e. humans vs non-humans
This subclass was established in traditional grammars not only for the
analysis of English but for the analysis of all the languages of Europe.
They have extended to the analysis of languages around the world, many
languages outside Europe having a complex set of differences. This
subclass was created in connection with selection restrictions, which are
closely related to semantics.
7. Subcategorization, Selection And Construction
A final remark in relation to noun subclasses is that labels such as
'concrete', 'count' and 'human' represent properties of nouns; these traits are
known as innate traits, and traits such as 'concrete' are known as innate
traits.
Examples of Active Declarative Constructions are basic constructions.
a. Frank Churchill gives the piano to Jane Fairfax.
b. Frank Churchill gives Jane Fairfax a piano.
c. A piano given to Jane Fairfax by Frank Churchill.
Let us say for the sake of argument that in the active declarative
construction give requires an animate noun to its left referring to the giver,

11
 Frank Churchill, and a prepositional phrase to its right, also containing an
animate noun but referring to the recipient, to Jane Fairfax. Example b is
an example of a ditransitive construction; The same lexical items appear,
but Jane Fairfax's animate nouns are noun phrases that immediately follow
the verb and are not preceded by a preposition. In example c of the passive
construction, the animate noun Frank Churchill is not to the left of the verb
but to its right, in the prepositional phrase, by Frank Churchill.
We could write separate dictionary entries for the three constructs, but this
has two drawbacks. We have to write a separate entry for each
construction in which a particular verb appears, and there are many
different constructions. Even more seriously, we will not include in our
explanation the construction system, the fact that the paths leading from
the basic positive active declarative construction to other constructions,
some are direct, others through intervening constructions.
8. Fixed Phrases
The relationship between syntax and lexical elements is closer than
we imagined, not only in relation to the number of relationships but also in
relation to the strong role played by each lexical element, especially verbs.
Over the last fifteen years or so, analysts have realized that in any
language there are a large number of phrases and even whole clauses that
are not freely constructed but are fixed. Following Crystal's discussion in
The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language (pp. 162-3), we
can distinguish between different types of fixed phrases namely:
 Poly words: in short; once and for all
 Instituted expressions: Give me a break; How are you?; Long time
no see; Pleased to meet you; See you again; come to think of it; it's
not nice to think about
 Very limited phrases: like me (say/mention); as far as I (can
see/can see/know); I couldn't think straight; I thought I told you not
to do that
 Sentence maker: what I mean is; let me start with; not only but also

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  Collocations: staple food/diet/industry; unwilling/unwilling/unable
to give in; a heavy smoker; a heavy drinker.
Collocations, restricted sets of words. Heavy smoker and heavy
drinker qualify as collocations because heavy and light are
combined with a limited number of nouns - smoker, drinker, eater,
and sleeper.

The five types of phrases and clauses above do not always conform
to the syntax of written English and may have their own meanings; Heavy
smokers are not smokers who have weight problems. It seems though that
these phrases and clauses should be listed as single items in dictionaries.
What analysts increasingly believe is that the number of fixed expressions
in English (and other languages) and the frequency of their use by
speakers and writers is much greater than was thought forty years ago.

B. Clause and Sentences

1. The Definition of Clause and Sentences
According to Richards, Platt and Weber (2002), clause is a group
of words which form a grammatical unit and which contains a subject and
a finite verb, clause forms a sentence or part of a sentence and often
function as a noun, adjective or adverb. Furthermore, Chaer (2003) argues
that the clause is a syntactic unit in the form of a series of words with a
predicate construction.

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb that have a
relationship. This relationship is crucial; a clause conveys information about what
that subject is or is doing, rather than simply being a random grouping of words.
Because a clause expresses an action or a state of being, a clause can often—but
not always—function as an independent sentence.

Sentence is the largest grammatical unit that contains word

classes, such as nouns, verbs, adverbs and uses grammatical classes, such
as words, phrases, and clauses Bloomfield (1933)

13
 The standard definition of a sentence is that it is a group of words
containing a subject and a predicate and expressing a complete thought.
But for this definition to be helpful, you must be able to recognize a
subject and a predicate and understand what is meant by “a complete
thought.”

A sentence has a subject (what or whom the sentence is about)

and a predicate. The predicate tells what the subject does or is or what is
done to the subject (for example, The books were left outside). The
simple subject is a noun or pronoun. The complete subject is this noun or
pronoun and the words that modify it. The simple predicate is a verb or
verb phrase (for example, has walked, will have walked). The complete
predicate is the verb or verb phrase and the words that modify or
complete it.

A sentence can have just one clause or it can have multiple clauses.
The only defining characteristic of a clause is that it must contain a related
subject and verb. Clauses play a variety of roles in English and because of
this, there are numerous ways to structure and combine them.We have
discussed dependency relations (heads and modifiers), con- stituent
structure (the arrangements of words into phrases and phrases into clauses)
and constructions.

2. The Different Between Clause and Sentences

a. Clause : a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate.

Sentence : a group of words that expresses a complete thought.
b. Clause : can sometimes convey a complete thought.
Sentence : always convey a complete thought.
c. Clause :a building unit of a sentence.
Sentence : made up of one or more clauses.
d. Clause can act as a noun, adverb or adjective.
Sentence do not act as a noun, adverb or adjective.

C. Main and Subordinate Clauses

14
1. Main Clauses
a. Definition of Main Clause
According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, a main clause is
defined as “a group of words that includes a subject and a verb and can
form a sentence.” A main clause, according to the Cambridge Dictionary,
is defined as “a clause in a sentence that would form a complete sentence
by itself.”
A main clause is a group of words that make up the major part of a
sentence. The main clause has the ability to convey meaning and make
complete sense even if taken separately from the sentence, and so, it is also
referred to as the independent clause. A subject and a verb are required to
form a main clause.
b. The Rules and Points to Remember on Using or Forming Main
Clause

1. Main clause can be used to form different type of Sentences

2. A simple sentence can be considered a main clause.
3. To link two main clause in a compound sentence that is connected
by coordinating conjunction such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and
so you can use conjunctive adverbs.
4. A complex sentence is formed with a main clause and a
subordinate clause joined by a subordinating conjunction such as
when, after, because, since, as, etc. The main clause can be placed
in the former or latter part of the sentence.

c. Kinds of Independent Clause

1. Transitive Clause is action verbs that have an object to receive
that action. In the first sentence above, the direct object ball
received the action of the verb hit.
2. Intransitive Clause is action verbs but unlike transitive verbs,
they do not have an object receiving the action. Notice there are no
words after the verb sang.

15
 3. Equative Clauses are clauses whose predicates are filled by
equative verbs, like be, become, grow, seem, appear, look, etc.
These verbs are commonly followed by complement slots filled by
nouns, noun phrases, adjectives, or adjective phrases.
d. The Major Properties of Main Clause
1) Each clause contains a finite verb;
2) In each clause, the finite verb is accompanied by its complements
and adjuncts.
3) Each clause is marked for aspect and the aspect can be changed:
compare Wickham was eloping with Lydia as opposed to
Wickham eloped with Lydia.
4) Each clause has mood. Mood has to do with two sets of
distinctions. First, there are the distinctions between making
statements, asking questions. The second set of distinctions has to
do with whether the speaker or writer presents an event as possible
or as necessary or as a fact.
5) Both allow certain changes of syntax to reflect changes of focus or
emphasis.
6) Clauses describe situations,
7) Both can be the first contribution to a discourse, whether spoken.
or written.
2. Subordinate Clauses
Complex sentences consist of a main clause and one or more other
clauses subordinate to it. That is, one clause, the main clause, is pre-
eminent in a complex sentence and the other clauses, the subordinate
clauses, are subject to certain limitations, as will be shown later. We
begin by giving examples of the major types of subordinate clause,
complement clause, relative clause and adverbial clause.
a. Complement clauses
These clauses were traditionally called 'noun clauses', because they
occur in slots in the main clause that can be occupied by ordinary noun
phrases.

16
 b. Relative clauses
Relative clauses modify nouns. In older descriptions,
relative clauses are called adjective clauses, reflecting the fact that
adjectives also modify nouns. Of course, in English they do not
occur in the same position as adjectives, since adjectives typically
precede the noun in a noun phrase while relative clauses follow it.
c. Adverbial clauses
The name 'adverbial' suggests that adverbial clauses modify
verbs; but they modify whole clauses, Their other key property is
that they are adjuncts, since they are typically optional constituents
in sentences. They are traditionally classified according to their
meaning, for example adverbial clauses of reason, time,
concession, manner or condition, as illustrated below.
a. Reason
Because Marianne loved Willoughby, she refused to believe that he
had deserted her.
b. Time
When Fanny returned, she found Tom Bertram very ill.
c. Concession
Although Mr D'Arcy disliked Mrs Bennet he married Elizabeth.
d. Manner
Henry changed his plans as the mood took him.
e. Condition
If Emma bad left Hartfield, Mr Woodhouse would have been
unhappy.
D. Complementisers and Subordinating Conjunctions
A complementizer is a word that introduces a subordinate clause. It is
also known as a subordinating conjunction. The most common
complementizers in English are that, if, whether, and because.
Complementizers are used to connect the subordinate clause to the main
clause and indicate the relationship between the two clauses.

17
  Subordinating conjunctions can be found in sentences containing two
clauses: an independent or main clause and a dependent clause.
 They must come at the beginning of a dependent clause.
 Subordinators help lend meaning to a sentence by linking two ideas. Time,
concession, comparison, cause, condition, and place are the types of
subordinating conjunctions, categorized by meaning.
 In most sentences, as long as the subordinating conjunction precedes the
dependent clause, clause order does not matter.

Subordinating conjunctions are also known as subordinators,

subordinate conjunctions, and complementizers. Many subordinators are
single words such as because, before, and when, but some subordinating
conjunctions consist of more than one word such as even though, as long as,
and except that.

Subordinating conjunctions are separated into categories by meaning and can

serve a few different purposes for a sentence. Learn subordinator categories
and types, as well as how to construct a subordinate clause, here.
 "Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humor, reserve,
and caprice, that the experience of three-and-twenty years had been
insufficient to make his wife understand his character." -Jane Austen,
Pride and Prejudice
 "I am always doing that which I can not do, in order that I may learn how
to do it." -Pablo Picasso
 "If you want to change the world, start with yourself." -Mahatma Gahndi
 "When life gives you lemons, make lemonade." -Anonymous

E. Recognising Clauses
There are reliable rules of thumb for recognising the different types of
clause. Some of the rules have to do with constituent structure or the
complementiser, but most of them exploit the concept of modification.
Rule of thumb:
1. For certain limited subordinate clauses:

18
 Does this change any other clauses? If yes, it is an adverbial Calause
2. Does it change the verb? If yes, it is a Complement Clause ( verb) .
The complement clause of a verb functions as the subject or object of a
clause
3. Does it modify a noun? If yes, then it can be a relationship clause or
complete clause
a. Does the subordinate clause begin with a WH word such as who,
which, where, or with a prepositional phrase such as where? If yes, it is
a relative clause.
b. Is the subordinate clause introduced by it? If yes, then the clause can
be a relative clause or a complement clause. If the clause is relative, it
can be replaced with which and so on. If it is a complement clause,
then it cannot be replaced with the word WH, complete clause.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

Conclusion

1. Lexicon is The word “lexicon” has a somewhat flexible meaning. It can be

applied to an entire language — the Italian lexicon encompasses all Italian words
— or it can refer to a subset. For example, a group of engineers might have a
lexicon they use to talk about their work. You can have a subject-specific lexicon,
like a movie lexicon or a math lexicon. In most cases, then, lexicon is a synonym
for vocabulary.
2. Clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb that have a
relationship. This relationship is crucial; a clause conveys information about what
that subject is or is doing, rather than simply being a random grouping of words.
Because a clause expresses an action or a state of being, a clause can often—but
not always—function as an independent sentence.
Sentence is the largest grammatical unit that contains word classes, such as
nouns, verbs, adverbs and uses grammatical classes, such as words,
phrases, and clauses Bloomfield (1933)

19
3. Main Clause is a group of words that make up the major part of a sentence. The
main clause has the ability to convey meaning and make complete sense even if
taken separately from the sentence, and so, it is also referred to as the
independent clause. A subject and a verb are required to form a main clause.
Complex sentences consist of a main clause and one or more other clauses
subordinate to it. That is, one clause, the main clause, is pre- eminent in a
complex sentence and the other clauses, the subordinate clauses, are
subject to certain limitations
4. A complementizer is a word that introduces a subordinate clause. It is also
known as a subordinating conjunction. The most common
complementizers in English are that, if, whether, and because.
Complementizers are used to connect the subordinate clause to the main
clause and indicate the relationship between the two clauses.
4. There are reliable rules of thumb for recognising the different types of
clause. : For certain limited subordinate clauses:
Does this change any other clauses? If yes, it is an adverbial Calause
5. Does it change the verb? If yes, it is a Complement Clause ( verb) .
The complement clause of a verb functions as the subject or object of a
clause
6. Does it modify a noun? If yes, then it can be a relationship clause or
complete clause
c. Does the subordinate clause begin with a WH? If yes, it is a relative
clause.
d. Is the subordinate clause introduced by it? If yes, then the clause can
be a relative clause or a complement clause. If the clause is relative, it
can be replaced with which and so on. If it is a complement clause,
then it cannot be replaced with the word WH, complete clause.

20
 REFERENCES
Miller, Jack, 2002,An Introduction to English Syntax Edinburgh : Edinburgh
University Press Ltd 22 George Square
Abdullah, 2023,English Syntax, Makassar : Badan Penerbit UNM

Hasa, 17 Mei 2016, Different Between Caluse and Sentence, 1 Februari 2024
,https://pediaa.com/difference-between-clause-and-sentence/
Lindsey Karamer, 16 Januari 2024, What are Clauses: Definition and Use Cases,
30 Januari 2024, https://www.grammarly.com/blog/clauses/.

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