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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

SELF – Singular para: I, you, he, she, it (My-self) (Your-self) (Him-self) (Her-self) (It-self)
SELVES – Plural para: you, we, they (your-selves) (our-selves) (them-selves)

Mari: He solved the case by himself after a long time

Ruby: He is a very smart and resourceful researcher
Mari: Yes, by myself I could have done a good research too

Max: You´re going to have to do it yourself… You´re the last hope

Brayan: Why all the responsibility has to fall on my shoulders
Max: Because you yourself were the one who caused the problem

Mom: Everyone is against her and she has to defend herself

Carol: Yes, but she is brave and can get ahead by herself
Mom: Yes, she has faced many things and always comes out ahead

Kevin: Good at organizing others, bad at organizing themselves

John: Yes, I know that kind of people well
Kevin: That's why I only worry about myself

Mac: Due the big necessity to fix the problem… We invented it ourselves
Dilan: But where did they get the tools to do it?
Mac: We create the tools ourselves first

TAKING A TAXI IN NEW YORK

Passenger: Thanks for stopping by… Hard to get a cab today

Taxi driver: Yeah I agree with you… Lately this city is in a total chaos
Passenger: Please take me to Manhattan on fifth avenue
Taxi driver: Yes sir, but be patient that today there is a lot of traffic
Passenger: By the way… What is the rate from here to there?
Taxi driver: The service cost you 53 dollars’ gentleman
Passenger: I´m in a hurry… How long do you think we can take?
Taxi driver: Really I don´t know, maybe 40 minutes
Passenger: It would have been better if I had taken the subway
Taxi driver: As a taxi driver I shouldn´t say it, but you´re right sir

Karla: The dog itself is capable of making many tricks

William: Yes, but he didn't learn to do tricks by himself
Jacob: Of course not, but the tricks it does aren´t surprising?

Roxy: She herself discovered a way to earn more money

Steve: She likes to research about her business
Roxy: She looks for ways to grow her business herself

Carol: My children do their homework by themselves

Junior: They are used to fulfilling their duties always
Carol: If they themselves have the initiative… It´s excellent

Mila: Tell me, did you create the project yourselves

Adrian: No, we had help from a research center
Mila: So, you didn´t develop everything by yourselves

Kelly: Trying to operate the machine I hurt myself

George: If you´re careless you could lose a finger
Kelly: In the future I will try to take care of myself more

Jacob: I wanted to give you a surprise and I baked it myself

Sandra: What a delicious thing… You really did it yourself?
Jacob: Yes, I did it with a lot of love for you

MODAL VERBS OF DEDUCTION

(Phase 3, unit 9, day 2)
Must: Cuando estamos bastante seguros de que ha sido de una manera
Mustn´t: Expresa prohibición de forma enfática
Could: Es el pasado y futuro del verbo can y quiere decir: pudo o podría
May: Expresa posibilidad o permiso de forma respetuosa
Might: Se utiliza insinuar o sugerir algo. Así como para pedir o sugerir algo respetuosamente
Can´t: Cuando estamos seguros de que no ha sido así

Mari: She is a smart girl, she must have good grades

Ruby: She doesn’t like to study, so she couldn’t do well
Mari: But you should advise her to study for her future

Max: My friend hasn’t talked to me recently; she must be angry

Brayan: Tell me what happened between the two
Max: If I knew it, I could tell you… But I can´t figure out what could happened

Mom: She quit her job yesterday, she can’t be working today
Carol: It is her brother business, she could come back anytime
Mom: This situation isn’t fair at all with other people working there

Kevin: He was working all night, he might be tired

John: But he looks fresh, he might have been sleeping
Kevin: You must know him well to say that… Do you have evidence?

Mac: You may have lost your wallet in the cinema this morning
Dilan: Yes, it is possible but I think another thing
Mac: Or you might have lost it in the taxi when we got back to home

MAKING AN APPOINTMENT WITH A FRIEND

Alan: Hello, are you Felix? Long time no see you

Felix: Alan, nice to see you again, how are you?
Alan: Where are you living? Are you in this city?
Felix: Yes, I currently live three blocks from here
Alan: Incredible! I’m also living in this area of the city
Felix: I would love to have a coffee with you
Alan: That’s an excellent idea… When do we meet?
Felix: How about tomorrow at three in the afternoon?
Alan: That’s perfect to me, but where?
Felix: We can meet in the coffee on the corner

Karla: You must be studying; I saw you at the school

William: Yes, I tried it, but I couldn’t fulfill with the schedule
Jacob: Yes, you´ve very little time available lately

Roxy: Carol could be playing basket now, she usually does it

Steve: Yes, she used to do it for a long time with her niece
Roxy: Does she play professionally or just for hobby?

Carol: She can’t be driving now, her car is broken

Junior: But if she needed it, she could have fixed it
Carol: No, she can’t, she doesn’t have money

Mila: John can’t have spoken with her, he doesn’t know her
Adrian: But I thought I saw the two of them together
Mila: No, you might be confused, because she lives overseas

Kelly: They might have been coking, their house smelled of food
George: Yes, they must be cooking, for the party next Sunday
Kelly: They have a party and haven’t invited me? I thought we were relatives

Jacob: We must need more supplies; it has been running out

Sandra: How did you spend all our supplies? When happened it?
Jacob: That may be a confusion because I didn’t spend anything

SUBJECT QUESTIONS
(Phase 3, unit 10, day 1)
 That type of questions helps us to ask about the subject or who ignited the action and its structure is:

Question structure: who-what-which + verb en present o past simple + objet + ?

Base sentence: Mark wants some juice fruit to the party to the food
Subject question: Who wants some juice fruit at the party to go with the food?

Base sentence: Mary likes Alfred at the school since long time ago
Subject question: Who likes Alfred at school? I haven´t been able to know it

Base sentence: Smoking for long periods of time, could cause cancer
Subject question: Do you know… What causes lung cancer?

Base sentence: One of the chairs is broken and it could cause you to fall
Subject question: Tell me… Which chair is broken? And could provoke my fall

ASKING FOR A JOB

John: -Hi good morning… Am I communicating with the company M.T. International?
Company M.T. -Yes, good morning… How can I help you?
John: -I want to apply for the position of Marketing assistant and I need information
Company M.T. -Ok, let me a moment… I´ll communicate you with the area in charge
-Please, don´t hang up… They´ll give you all the information
John: -Don´t worry I´ll continue on line
Company M.T. -Hi, Marketing Department… How could I serve you?
John: -Thank you mi name is John Smith and I want to apply for the vacancy
Company M.T. -We need a hardworking and experienced marketer
John: -Yes that´s me… What´s the salary and working hours
Company M.T. -The payment is 20 thousand dollars a month
-And we work from 9 am to 5 pm, Monday to Friday
John: -I´m interested… How can I send my resume and when can I get an answer?
Company M.T. -In our web site, you will find how to send your resume
John: -Ok, thank you I would love work for your company
Company M.T. -Thank… if your professional profile serves us we´ll call you

MORE CONVERSATIONS:

Base sentence: Last week a strong storm caused several damages in my house
Subject question: Oh, I can tell that your house is a mess… What damaged your house?

Base sentence: Mari lied about the cost of the vehicle, when she wanted to sell it
 Subject question: Who lied to Sam about the cost of the car and wanted to scam him?

Base sentence: This morning I saw my father washing the car on the street
Subject question: Who was washing the car? That it is so clean

Base sentence: At the meeting Mari and John were talking about the problem
Subject question: Who was talking about the problem? I need to know

Base sentence: The heavy rain has caused several floods in the town
Subject question: What has caused all this floods in our community?

Base sentence: Marco bought his friend a computer for US 1.000 dollars
Subject question: Who has spent US 1.000 dollars on an old computer?

Base sentence: The marketing team always has been in charge of this project
Subject question: Tell me… Who has been working in the project this year?

Base sentence: True commitment will make the student get better grades
Subject question: What will help the student to improve in his school?

Base sentence: Apparently, John killed a cat with his car last night
Subject question: I can tell there is a big problem… Who killed Maria´s cat?

Base sentence: There was something making strange sounds in the car
Subject question: What is in the car? I heard something strange there

Base sentence: Anna was talking all afternoon and did nothing in house
Subject question: This house is still a mess… Who didn´t do the homework?

Base sentence: This house needs some repairs and a door doesn´t work
Subject question: You should tell me… Which door don´t open?

Base sentence: Steve was calling you all night… didn´t you know?
Subject question: who was calling me? I wonder if it was something important

Base sentence: Yesterday everyone ate pizza in the movies except one person
Subject question: Who didn´t eat hot dog in the cinema instead of pizza?

Base sentence: Mario just wants soup and Johanna wants dessert and salad
Subject question: Who is going to order dessert?

QUESTIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS

(Phase 3, unit 10, day 2)

Mari: Did you sit on the chair to calm down after this exciting match?
Steve: No, I can't rest now because at 3 o'clock I have an important commitment
Mari: What is that... are you still in a relationship with Mariana?

Dilan: What is your new investment? What are you interested in?
Dilan: Have you been analyzing the possibility of investing in real estate?
Rick: I haven't considered it... really I thought about investing in foreign companies

Barth: Marco was looking for Mary and she was hiding under the table
Violet: I thought she has been hiding behind the house
Barth: Is she in another problem instead of changing her behavior?

Max: You didn’t tell me… What company does your brother work for?
Riven: That´s because he hadn't even said that to me to tell it to you
Max: At what time could I have that information that is relevant to me?

Mari: What does the result depend on? Did you make the right deal?
Steve: Yes, in the end we made an agreement under the table
Mari: I hope that deal gives us the edge we need to finish this business

Dilan: She lost her ring at the beach despite she is really careful with her things
Dilan: What was she doing at the moment she lost her ring?
Rick: She was swimming in the ocean when her ring went missing

Barth: Yesterday they seemed scared... What were they surprised by?
Violet: It was that in the afternoon they were watching a horror movie on the internet
Barth: I got it... at night they were still scared by the scenes of the movie

Let´s make the interpretation to the following texts

1. When I was at the mall with my brothers, a vendor offered us a piece of candy as an invitation to buy what
he was selling, but we said no and left the place

2. Although we wanted go to the next city to visit the museum, we couldn't because our car was broken and we
had to postpone the visit for another day

3. My brother likes to repair computers and he has set up a workshop especially to do this job and he is earning
a lot of money and now he wants to hire me

4. A few days ago I was walking in the park when I found a dog without its owner and apparently lost so I was
looking for its owner until I could find it

5. Little by little, cell phones have become more important in everyone's lives, but at the same time these
devices have become a public health problem worldwide
Barth: You haven't let me know by when you need it, have you?
Violet: As usual, you have to hand in this work by tomorrow night
Barth: Ok, despite I am no pretty sure if this time is enough to do it

Max: Despite the questions... They haven't said where they stole it from
Riven: No, they haven't stolen anything, yesterday they bought this in the shop
Max: Did you see them when they were doing that or it's just your supposition?

Mari: Until now I couldn't notice which building they live in?
Steve: I'm not pretty sure... Currently they are living in another area of the town
Mari: When did it happened? I was pretty sure they were living here

Barth: Where is the chair that was located between the two trees just now?
Violet: It was taken by Maria who took it to attend her visit in the garden
Barth: Tell Maria to make sure she brings the chair back when her visit leaves

Max: I like that song since 2015 when I first heard it on the radio
Riven: OMG I love that song too but I discovered it only a few months ago
Max: That's fantastic... Let's go to the karaoke tonight to sing it in there

PRESENT PERFECT (and) CONTINUOUS

(Phase 3, unit 11, day 2)

Mari: Have they been here since a long time ago?

Steve: I haven´t ask… I have only been living here for two months
Mari: I thought you had been living here since you were a baby
Dilan: She has studied English to travel and work abroad
Rick: No, she has not been studying English for that purpose
Dilan: Then, what could be her purpose… I can´t figure out what it is?

Barth: Has she been driving the car from coast to coast of the country?
Violet: Yes, she always had the dream of touring the country by car
Barth: Great… I have thought several times to do the same on a motorcycle

Max: That´s true… Has he been paying taxes that aren´t his, all this time?
Riven: No, these taxes correspond to other of his properties in Florida
Max: I have not understood very well… I thought he was a really poor man

Tony: Have I eaten pork without realizing it? You know I can´t
Bella: Don´t be melodramatic that neither your religion or your health prohibits it
Tony: I´ve been changing my eating habits… If you didn´t notice

LET´S GO TO THE MOVIES

Jessie: Hi Mari… What are you going to do on Saturday night?

Mari: I´m not really sure, my mother wants to send me to camp
Jessie: Really… This Saturday is the premiere of our favorite movie
Mari: That´s true, how could I forget it?
Jessie: You know that without you I can´t see this movie
Mari: I´m going to call my mother right now
Jessie: Yes, let me know what your mother said
Mari: She said I can go to the cinema… That´ll be incredible
Jessie: And after the movie we can have a great sleepover

MORE CONVERSATIONS

Adele: She hasn´t been making any effort to achieve her dreams
Martin: I´ve been trying to talk to her, but she didn´t tell me anything
Adele: Have you tried to know her feelings and her dreams?

Tylor: We have been trying to contact you to get your advice many times
Gabriel: Have you tried to write me an email? I reply to all
Tylor: Don´t you think we´ve tried by all possible means?
Sandra: Tell me… How is your business going since you started it?
Tony: We´ve been working very hard to make it work, but it´s tough
Sandra: It´s normal… I was working for five years in my company, before it took of

Rocky: We have been planning to attend this event this year

Mila: But you know that without our ID cards we won´t get in
Rocky: Don´t worry… I´ve already got what we need to get in

Joseph: I have not cooked all day, I also went to the mall
Lina: Yes, you can go out… But don´t be careless with the house
Joseph: Have I ever neglected the house? You can´t say that

Mac: You haven´t answered my calls… Are you avoiding me?

Selene: No, I´ve been so busy lately… I´ll call you later
Mac: Haven´t you been telling me the same thing since last week

Paul: I have never agreed with you more in my life about it

Michel: I had not lost hope and now you have understood it
Paul: In fact, I agreed with you for a long time… But I didn´t want tell you

Sandra: It´s more difficult than I initially thought, but I can do that
Van: I haven´t pressured you before, but I need these stuff right now
Sandra: What´s going on? Do you think I´ve been wasting my time?

Ryan: Show respect… You must no talk that way with our father
Jane: Why… Haven´t I always been respecting him?
Ryan: Besides, as my older brother you have to set a good example to me

Mac: I´ve been sending you all my money… Don´t forget it

Jacky: I didn´t believe it and everything is perfect with my studies
Mac: Haven´t I been taking all of this absolutely seriously?

ALREADY – YET / SINCE – FOR / STILL

(Phase 3, unit 12, day 1)

ALREADY
-Already significa Ya y se usa en oraciones afirmativas y preguntas e identifican cosas que ocurren antes de lo esperado

-Already se utiliza: -Después del verbo to be

 -Entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal
-Antes del verbo principal

YET
-Yet: es usado cuando se espera o se tiene la expectativa de que algo suceda y es para oraciones negativas y preguntas

-Yet tiene significado según su posición: -Al final de las oraciones significa: aún, todavía
-En oraciones negativas significa: aún o todavía
-En oraciones de pregunta significa: ya

STILL
-Still significa aún o todavía e indica algo que continua o está en progreso

-Still significa: -Después del verbo to be en afirmativas, negativas o preguntas significa: todavía
-Cuando algo aún no se ha realizado significa: aún o todavía y va antes del auxiliar o de un modal
-Como unión entre oraciones (conjunción) significa: aún así

Mari: My landlord still hasn´t come to fix my sink and I need it badly
Carl: Yes, he has seen the problem… but don´t want to give us a solution yet
Mari: We already have to finish the contract and move to another flat

Rex: Have the students already seem this topic? I am not quite sure yet
Steve: If they haven´t seen this matter yet… I´ll teach it in the next class
Rex: That´ll be great, because this information is key to them

John: He had a deep fear and began to sweat still more profusely
Bob: Then the judge asks… Are you ready to face your destiny yet?
John: And the damned said… I´m still waiting for a fair trial

Sarah: They are delayed; I haven´t seen them in the restaurant yet
Ryan: I already made the reservation and payment for the dinner
Sarah: I´m still standing at the gate of the restaurant looking for them
Daniel: The dog left the house last night, but hasn´t get back yet
Roxy: Our kids have already been searching the whole neighborhood…
Daniel: We still have no idea of his whereabouts… I´m very worried

Dilan: Do you have something to eat? I haven´t breakfast yet

George: No, I haven´t prepared anything yet… give me just a minute
Dilan: Ok no problem… I´m going to wait here watching TV

Peter: I´m working from home, but I can still go into the office if I need to
Peter: But my coworkers have already been working in the office
Megan: I was fired for the pandemic but they haven´t called me yet

ASKING FOR A BOOK IN THE LIBRARY

Reader: Hi I am looking for the book “The origin of life”

Librarian: Yes, in fact we have this book available in special edition
Reader: I need to take it… Can you give this book?
Librarian: Yes… Are you an active student of our university?
Reader: Yes, I´m actually studying paleontology
Librarian: Ok… let me check your college ID please
Reader: Here you have it… Do you need anything else?
Librarian: No… And please fill out this form I have to register you in our system
Reader: Ok, if it is only for the first time I can wait
Librarian: Your registration has been completed… Here is your book
Librarian: Don´t forget to read our use policy and return the book on time

Mack: My cousin passed away last year and my aunt still won´t accept it
Oscar: Yes, she hasn´t been able to accept it yet and need our support
Mack: She´s already getting over it, it´s just a matter of time

Violet: I have been sick for two weeks and I´m still a little sick
Bob: Haven´t you go to the doctor yet? Take care with your health
Violet: It´s nothing… was just a flu that attacked me hard

Mari: When you wake up, your neighborhood is still sleeping

Carl: Yes, I woke up at 4 am and that allows me to have very productive day
Mari: But at this hour… Have you slept all what you need yet?
Rex: I know you and in a half an hour you´ll still be watching that
Steve: No, I can still be watching this for five more hours
Rex: Haven´t you got it yet? You´re wasting your life

John: You can´t go to the supermarket now… It´s not open yet
Bob: I´m still cooking dinner and my time is not enough
John: Don´t worry… I already finished my homework and I can go

Tylor: No, I haven´t signed the contract yet… I need more time
Carl: You already had many time… we need your decision now
Tylor: Don´t harass me I need to think about it well

Peter: I´m still thinking about your proposal, but I haven´t decided yet
Brat: I just need someone to marry to claim my inheritance
Peter: But I´m not ready to get married yet

MAKING PARAGRAPH - CONNECTORS

(Phase 3, unit 12, day 2)
Estos conectores nos permiten tener oraciones mejor estructuradas, más armoniosas y sobre todo nos
permiten expresar las ideas de una forma más lógica y elocuente. Existen diferentes tipos de conectores como
los que veremos a continuación.

Contrast: This type of connector is used to create continuity in the text between two clauses that present
contradictory ideas

Despite / In despite of: Mary arrived home despite the bad weather
Although / Even though: Although the rain persisted, Mary decided to drive home before night
However: We told Mary to stay at the office; however, she decided to go home
Nevertheless / still / yet: The rain was very heavy, yet Mary was able to get home
Even so: Mary has been feeling sick lately, even so, she went to work
On the contrary: The Caribbean Sea, on the contrary, is pretty warm in comparison with it
In contrast: The water in the Pacific Ocean, in contrast, is very clean yet
Whereas: All my family went to college, whereas I decided to travel around the world
On the one hand / on the other hand: On the one hand, my wife wants me to spend more time with the kids,
but on the other hand, I could get a raise at work

Cause: Also known as causative connectors, these are used to explain the reason behind something

Because: I did it because I love you although you never could understand it
Since: Terry has been tired since he got his new job like manager
Seeing that: Seeing that they enjoyed the dinner, I asked them to visit us more often
On account of: They were late in account of the heavy rain when they went home
Due to: Sandra has got a nice body due to regular exercise and a good diet

Effect: Everything we do has a consequence or when we’re talking about the effect or result of an action
Consequently: Her recipe didn’t go well; consequently, she threw it away
As a consequence: He gained weight as a consequence of his unhealthy eating habits
As a result of: The company took out too many loans and as a result of that, they went
bankrupt
Therefore: Martin was the employee of the month; therefore, he got the promotion
Purpose: You can use the purpose connectors when you want to express the intention behind an action or
decision

In order to / so as to: I will study math in order to improve my career and get a raise
So that / in order that: You must submit your CV so that eventually you can get a job

Addition: These are used when you want to expand an idea by adding arguments

Moreover: You must finish your homework by tomorrow; moreover, you have to study for the final exam
Furthermore / In addition / Besides: This mask will protect you from any virus; furthermore, it will
block any bacteria from the environment
What´s more: My friend Sally made the salad and what’s more, the vegetables are from her orchard
On top of that: And on top of that, I will get a bonus. I am very lucky!

Connectors to give examples: We use illustration connectors to clarify an idea by using examples

For example: I can play a few musical instruments, for example, the piano, the violin, and the guitar
For instance: You might, for instance, see a dog in the street…

Opinion connectors: You can start the sentence with these connectors when you want to express your point
of view

As far as I concerned: As far as I concerned my work is finish

From my point of view: From my point of view, you should sue the government on this matter
Agree: I agree that we should buy a new car like a priority
I disagree: I disagree with the increase in rates which have been really high
In my opinion: In my opinion the player must be disqualified for his behavior
I think that: I think that we ought to respect each other´s opinions
It is true that: It is true that some people are working way harder nowadays without seeing results…
Personally: Personally I noticed, he wasn´t involved in the new project as he said
To be honest: To be honest, I´d rather start my own business with my budget
To tell the true: To tell the true, the financial crisis will last a couple years longer T

Explanatory connectors: These connectors can be used to give more details about the idea being developed
In other words: The problem, in other words, is to rebuild the relationship
In short: The meeting, in short, didn´t produced the result I expected
Above all: The mission of the police is, above all, to protect the people and keep the order
At least: Well, at least we know Mark is on our side to face this tough challenge
Basically: The sun is basically made up of hydrogen
Especially: None of us can sleep, especially if you play the music that loud
Essentially: The teacher is a guide, but essentially the students should learn on their own
In general: People, in general, eat too many calories and don´t used to make exercise
In particular: All of us, women, in particular, are facing a lot of conflicts
More or less: There were 20 people in the line at the bank, more or less

To establish a sequence: These connectors allow us to describe ideas in a sequential and organized manner
At First sight: At first sight, I thought she was pretty and really she was
First: First, I glanced at her physical appearance to recognize her
First of all: First of all, I want to say I also care about the feelings of others
In the First place: In the first place, I always find it hard to approach anybody
To start with: To start with, I asked her to dance despite her bad mood
In the Second place: In the second place, we talked about our interests
Second / secondly: Secondly, I asked if she had a boyfriend before to speak with her
Finally: Finally, I was asking for her address to bring her flowers
Lastly: Lastly, I drove her to her place where she should be
And finally: And finally, I returned home quite happy with that I got
In conclusion: In conclusion, I hope their relationship could be better