the number of positive protons in later groups in the periodic table (groups 6, 7 & 8) is greater.

the nucleus has a greater positive pull and that brings electrons closer to it

E.g. sodium has 11 protons in the nucleus,

Argon has 18

Argon has a more positive nucleus than sodium.

Because argon is more positive it has a greater pull on all the electron shells.

Both only have three shells and sodium only has 1 electron in the valence shell that it’s trying to
get rid of.

Elements in the later groups of the periodic table are more interested in gaining electrons,
therefore, they would hold on to the electrons they already have very tightly. In order to do this,
they would need a greater pull by the protons/a greater positive charge so the electrons stay on
the shells. This makes sense because they are smaller, and so it would also be easier for them
to keep their electrons due to their smaller atomic radii.

Does ease of ionization increase or decrease as you go down group 7?

It decreases, because it's a nonmetal so it's not trying to lose electrons - it’s trying to gain
electrons.

In order for group 7 elements to become stable, they must gain electrons.

With an increased atomic radius as you go down the group, it is easier for atoms to lose
electrons.
It;s easier to gain electrons at the top because the nucleus

Atoms like fluorine and chlorine have a greater ease of ionisation while atoms like bromine and
iodine have a harder time gaining electrons due to their increased atomic radius.

1/1840 - mass of the electron

If u were given the proton number and the mass number, how
would you find the neutron number?

Name any isotopes and its uses.

Carbon-14 - used for dating artifacts

Iodine-131 - tracers
● Johanne dobereherner came up with the law of triads.
● Dmitri mendeleev came up with the first accepted version of the periodic
table
● John newland introduced the law of octaves which is how the elements are
currently grouped
● Henry moseley arranged the periodic table into increasing atomic number