UNIT III:

2nd Semester A.Y. 2023-2024

UST Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Medical Technology
Intended Learning Outcomes

1. Identify the layers and others structures of the heart

and describe their functions.
2. Cite the disorders and diagnostic tests of the
circulatory system.
3. Identify the two main divisions of the vascular system,
describe the function of each and trace the flow of
blood through the system.
4. Point of the different types of blood vessels and
describe the function of each formed element.
Intended Learning Outcomes

5. Enumerate the major components of the blood and

describe the function of each of the formed element.
6. Differentiate serum, plasma and whole blood.
7. Describe the vessels, structure and functions of the
lymphatic system.
8. Define hemostasis and discuss the basic coagulation
and fibrinolysis processes.
9. Specify and locate major veins in the arms and legs
and discuss the suitability of each for venipuncture.
Topic Outline

1. Circulatory System review

2. Preferred Puncture sites
3. Structures punctured by the phlebotomy needle.
4. Vein vs Arteries vs Capillaries
5. Blood
6. Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
 The
Circulatory
System
heart lymph
blood vessels lymph nodes
blood lymphatic vessels

1 Cardiovascular System 2 Lymphatic System

 Layers
and other
Structures of the
Heart and their
Functions
Chambers of the Heart

1 Right Atrium

2 Right Ventricle

3 Left atrium

4 Left ventricle
 Layers of the Heart

1
attached to the pericardium

Epicardium

2 Myocardium

3 Endocardium
Slide #1
Heart

Right
Atrium
Valves of the Heart

1 Right AV Valve

2 Left AV Valve

3 Right Semilunar Valve

4 Left Semilunar Valve

Circulation of Blood
through the Heart
Functions of the Human Heart

1 Cardiac Cycle

This refers to the contraction

phase (systole) and the
relaxation phase (diastole) of
the cardiac muscle that occurs
in one heartbeat.
 Functions of the Human Heart

Electrical Conduction
2 System

Sends electric impulses

throughout the myocardium
which is initiated by the
sinoatrial node.

Electrocardiogram tracing
Functions of the Human Heart

3 Origin of Heart Sounds

“Lubb” which is the first sound as

the ventricles contract or the AV
valves close and “dupp” or the
second sound which is heard when
the semilunar valves close and the
ventricles relax.
Functions of the Human Heart

Heart Rate and Cardiac

4 Output

The average heart rate is 72

beats per minute (bpm) and
the cardiac output refers to the
volume of blood pumped per
minute.
 Functions of the Human Heart

5 Pulse

A rhythmic throbbing resulting

from the alternating expansion
and contraction of the artery.

Proper placement of fingers along the radial artery

 Functions of the Human Heart

6 Blood Pressure

This is the force exerted by the

blood on the walls of the vessel
measured by the
sphygmomanometer.

Taking of blood pressure from the brachial artery

Disorders
and
Diagnostic
Tests
 chest pain, reduce bloodflow

1 Angina Pectoris Disorders of the Human Heart

murmur sounds, aortic leaflets fails to open during systole

2 Aortic stenosis
bacteria resides in the heart or lining of blood vessels

3
congestive heart failure - chornic disease that affectthe pumping power of the heart muscles

4 CHF
herat attack, decrease bloodflow tthat damages the heart muscle

5
inflammation of pericardial sac due to viral infection

6 Pericarditis
Two Main Divisions
and
Functions of the
Vascular
System
Aortic stenosis

CHF

Pericarditis
Circulatory System
• Heart
• Blood vessels
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
• Blood
Preferred Puncture site

Antecubital fossa
 Structures punctured by
the phlebotomy needle
• Skin
• Hypodermis/Subcutaneous
• Blood Vessel
• Connective tissue
• Muscle
Structures punctured by the
phlebotomy needle
Structures punctured by the
phlebotomy needle
Structural characteristics of the
peripheral vascular system.

Citation: Overview of the Cardiovascular System, Mohrman DE, Heller L. Cardiovascular Physiology, 9e; 2018.
Available at: https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2432&sectionid=190800340 Accessed:
January 30, 2019
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
Vein vs Arteries vs Capillaries
Blood
Formed elements

• Red cells - gas exchange: oxygen and carbon

• White cells
• Granulocytes—neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
• Mononuclears – lymphocytes and monocytes
• Platelets - hemostasis
 Hemostasis
• Vascular spasm
• Platelet plug formation
• Coagulation – Fibrin formation
Citation: Blood Disorders, Hammer GD, McPhee SJ. Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine,
8e; 2019. Available at: https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2468&sectionid=198220627
Accessed: January 30, 2019
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
Citation: Overview of Hemostasis, Aster JC, Bunn H. Pathophysiology of Blood Disorders, 2e; 2016. Available at:
https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1900&sectionid=137395249 Accessed: January 30, 2019
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
 Coagulation and Fibrinolysis

• Thrombin
• converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin
• activates Plaminogen to Plasmin
Citation: Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders, Laposata M. Laboratory Medicine: The Diagnosis of Disease in the
Clinical Laboratory; 2014. Available at:
https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1069&sectionid=60776603 Accessed: January 30, 2019
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
Citation: Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders, Laposata M. Laboratory Medicine: The Diagnosis of Disease in the Clinical
Laboratory; 2014. Available at: https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1069&sectionid=60776603
Accessed: January 30, 2019
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
Citation: Overview of Hemostasis, Aster JC, Bunn H. Pathophysiology of Blood Disorders, 2e; 2016. Available at:
https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1900&sectionid=137395249 Accessed: January 30, 2019
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
A classification of coagulation disorders.

Citation: Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders, Laposata M. Laboratory Medicine: The Diagnosis of Disease in the Clinical Laboratory; 2014. Available at:
https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1069&sectionid=60776603 Accessed: January 30, 2019
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
A classification of coagulation disorders.

Citation: Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders, Laposata M. Laboratory Medicine: The Diagnosis of Disease in the Clinical Laboratory; 2014. Available at:
https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1069&sectionid=60776603 Accessed: January 30, 2019
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
A classification of coagulation disorders.

Citation: Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders, Laposata M. Laboratory Medicine: The Diagnosis of Disease in the Clinical Laboratory; 2014. Available at:
https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1069&sectionid=60776603 Accessed: January 30, 2019
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
A classification of coagulation disorders.

Citation: Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders, Laposata M. Laboratory Medicine: The Diagnosis of Disease in the Clinical Laboratory; 2014. Available at:
https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1069&sectionid=60776603 Accessed: January 30, 2019
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
The more Scientific a person becomes,
the more God-fearing he/she must be.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS