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SKELETAL SYSTEM MIA. A BSN 1A
Parts of the skeletal system -Contain mostly spongy bone with an outer
1. Bones (skeleton) Classification of Bone layer of compact bone
2. Joints -Bones are classified on the basis of shape -Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone
3. Cartilages into four groups that form within tendons (patella)
4. Ligaments 1. Long Examples:
2. Flat  Carpals (wrist bones)
Two subdivisions of the skeleton 3. Short  Tarsals (ankle bones)
-Axial skeleton 4. Irregular 4. Irregular bones
-Appendicular skeleton -Irregular shape
1. Long bones -Do not fit into other bone classification
Functions of the Bones -Typically longer than they are wide categories
-Support the body -Shaft with enlarged ends Examples:
-Protect soft organs -Contain mostly compact bone; spongy bone  Vertebrae
-Skull and vertebrae protect brain and spinal at ends  Hip bones
cord -All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist,
-Rib cage protects thoracic cavity organs ankle, and kneecap bones) are long bones Structure of Bone
-Attached skeletal muscles allow movement Examples: -Bone is relatively lightweight and resists
-Store minerals and fats  Femur tension and other forces
 Calcium and phosphorus  Humerus -Organic parts (collagen fibers) of the bone
 Fat in the internal marrow cavity 2. Flat bones make bone flexible and have great tensile
-Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) -Thin, flattened, and usually curved strength
-Two thin layers of compact bone sandwich -Calcium salts deposited in the bone make
Classification of Bones a layer of spongy bone between them bone hard to resist compression
-The adult skeleton has 206 bones Examples:
-Two basic types of osseous (bone) tissue  Most bones of the skull  Long bone anatomy
1. Compact bone  Ribs  1.Diaphysis (shaft)
 Dense, smooth, and homogeneous  Sternum -Makes up most of bone’s length
2. Spongy bone 3. Short bones Composed of compact bone
 Small needlelike pieces of bone -Generally cube-shaped  2.Periosteum
 Many open spaces -Outside covering of the diaphysis

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-Fibrous connective tissue membrane
-Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers secure
periosteum to underlying bone
 3. Epiphysis (ends)
-Composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed
by thin layer of compact bone
 4. Articular cartilage
-Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
-Made of hyaline cartilage
-Decreases friction at joint surfaces
 5. Epiphyseal line
-Remnant of the epiphyseal plate
-Seen in adult bones
 6. Epiphyseal plate
-Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young,
growing bone
-Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone
 7. Endosteum
-Lines the inner surface of the shaft
-Made of connective tissue
 8. Medullary cavity
-Cavity inside the shaft
-Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in
adults
-Contains red marrow for blood cell
formation in infants until age 6 or 7
 Bone markings
-Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons,
and ligaments
-Passages for nerves and blood vessels
 Categories of bone markings
-Projections or processes—grow out from
the bone surface
-Terms often begin with “T”
-Depressions or cavities—indentations
-Terms often begin with “F”
 Microscopic anatomy of spongy bone
-Composed of small, needlelike pieces of
bone called trabeculae and open spaces
-Open spaces are filled by marrow, blood
vessels, and nerves
 Microscopic anatomy of compact bone
 1. Osteocytes
-Mature bone cells situated in bone matrix
 2. Lacunae
-Cavities in bone matrix that house
osteocytes
 3. Lamellae
-Concentric circles of lacunae situated
around the central (Haversian) canal
 4. Central (Haversian) canal
-Opening in the center of an osteon
(Haversian system)
-Runs lengthwise through bone
MIA. A BSN 1A
-Carries blood vessels and nerves
 5. Osteon (Haversian system)
-A unit of bone containing central canal and
matrix rings
-Structural and functional unit of compact
bone
 6. Canaliculi
-Tiny canals
-Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
-Form a transport system connecting all bone
cells to a nutrient supply
 7. Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
-Canal perpendicular to the central canal
-Carries blood vessels and nerves
 Bone formation and growth
-Ossification is the process of bone
formation
-Occurs on hyaline cartilage models or
fibrous membranes
-Long bone growth involves two major
phases
 Two major phases of ossification in
long bones
1. Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) cover
hyaline cartilage model with bone matrix
2. In a fetus, the enclosed cartilage is
digested away, opening up a medullary
cavity
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SKELETAL SYSTEM MIA. A BSN 1A
-By birth, most cartilage is converted to 3 Ethmoid bone -Extends from skull to the pelvis
bone except for two regions in a long 4 Sphenoid bone -26 vertebral bones are separated by
bone 5, 6 Parietal bones (pair) intervertebral discs
1) Articular cartilages 7, 8 Temporal bones (pair) -7 cervical vertebrae are in the neck
2) Epiphyseal plates  14 facial bones -12 thoracic vertebrae are in the chest
-New cartilage is formed continuously on 1, 2 Maxillae (pair) region
external face of these two cartilages 3, 4 Palatine bones (pair) -5 lumbar vertebrae are associated with
-Old cartilage is broken down and replaced 5, 6 Lacrimal bones (pair) the lower back
by bony matrix 7, 8 Zygomatic bones (pair) -Sacrum (formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae)
9, 10 Nasal bones (pair) -Coccyx (formed by fusion of 3–5
 Axial Skeleton 11 Vomer bone vertebrae)
-Forms the longitudinal axis of the body 12, 13 Inferior nasal conchae (pair)
-Divided into three parts 14 Mandible  Primary curvatures
1. Skull 1. Spinal curvatures of the thoracic and
2. Vertebral column  Paranasal sinuses sacral regions
3. Bony thorax -Hollow portions of bones surrounding the 2. Present from birth
nasal cavity 3. Form a C-shaped curvature in newborns
 Skull -Functions of paranasal sinuses
 Two sets of bones form the skull -Lighten the skull  Secondary curvatures
1. Cranium bones enclose the brain -Amplify sounds made as we speak 1. Spinal curvatures of the cervical and
2. Facial bones lumbar regions
-Hold eyes in anterior position  Hyoid bone 2. Develop after birth
-Allow facial muscles to express -Closely related to mandible and temporal 3. Form an S-shaped curvature in adults
feelings bones  Parts of a typical vertebra
-Bones are joined by sutures -The only bone that does not articulate with -Body (centrum)
-Only the mandible is attached by a freely another bone -Vertebral arch
movable joint -Serves as a movable base for the tongue -Pedicle
 8 cranial bones protect the brain -Aids in swallowing and speech -Lamina
1 Frontal bone  Vertebral Column (Spine) -Vertebral foramen
2 Occipital bone -Vertebral column provides axial support -Transverse processes

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SKELETAL SYSTEM MIA. A BSN 1A
-Spinous process  Bones of the Upper Limbs  Phalanges—fingers and thumb
-Superior and inferior articular processes  Humerus -14 phalanges in each hand
-Forms the arm -In each finger, there are 3 bones
 Thoracic Cage -Single bone -In the thumb, there are only 2 bones
-Bony thorax, or thoracic cage, protects -Proximal end articulation
organs of the thoracic cavity -Head articulates with the glenoid
 Consists of three parts cavity of the scapula
1. Sternum -Distal end articulation Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
2. Ribs -Trochlea and capitulum articulate  Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones
-True ribs (pairs 1–7) withthe bones of the forearm  Composed of three pairs of fused bones
-False ribs (pairs 8–12) -Ilium
-Floating ribs (pairs 11–12)  The forearm has two bones -Ischium
3. Thoracic vertebrae 1. Ulna—medial bone in anatomical -Pubis
position  Pelvic girdle = two coxal bones, sacrum
 Appendicular Skeleton -Proximal end articulation  Pelvis = two coxal bones, sacrum,
-Composed of 126 bones -Coronoid process and coccyx
-Limbs (appendages) olecranon articulate with the humerus
-Pectoral girdle 2. Radius—lateral bone in anatomical  The total weight of the upper body rests
-Pelvic girdle position on the pelvis
-Proximal end articulation  Pelvis protects several organs
 Bones of the Shoulder Girdle -Head articulates with the 1. Reproductive organs
-Also called pectoral girdle capitulum of the humerus 2. Urinary bladder
-Composed of two bones that attach the 3. Part of the large intestine
upper limb to the axial skeletal
1. Clavicle  Hand
2. Scapula  Carpals—wrist bones  The female’s pelvis
-Light, poorly reinforced girdle -8 bones arranged in two rows of 4  Inlet is larger and more circular
-Allows the upper limb a exceptional bones in each hand  Shallower, on the whole, and the bones
flexibility  Metacarpals—palm bones are lighter and thinner
-5 per hand  Ilia flare more laterally

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 Sacrum is shorter and less curved  Distal end articulation 2. Structurally
 Ischial spines are shorter and farther -Lateral malleolus forms the outer  Functional joint classifications
apart; thus, the outlet is larger part of the ankle  Synarthroses
 Pubic arch is more rounded because the -Immovable joints
angle of the pubic arch is greater  Foot  Amphiarthroses
 Tarsals—7 bones -Slightly movable joints
 Bones of the Lower Limbs -Two largest tarsals are the:  Diarthroses
 Femur—thigh bone 1. Calcaneus (heel bone) -Freely movable joints
-The heaviest, strongest bone in the body 2. Talus  Structural joint classifications
-Proximal end articulation  Metatarsals—5 bones form the sole of  Fibrous joints
-Head articulates with the acetabulum the foot -immovable
of the coxal (hip) bone  Phalanges—14 bones form the toes  Cartilaginous joints
-Distal end articulation -Immovable or slightly movable
-Lateral and medial condyles articulate  Arches of the feet  Synovial joints
with the tibia in the lower leg -Bones of the foot are arranged to form -Freely movable
three strong arches
 The lower leg has two bones  Two longitudinal
 Tibia—shinbone; larger and medially  One transverse
oriented
 Proximal end articulation  Fibrous joints
-Medial and lateral condyles -Bones are united by fibrous tissue
articulate with the femur to form the knee -Types
joint  Joints 1. Sutures
 Distal end articulation  Joints are articulations -Immobile
-Medial malleolus forms the inner -Occur where two or more bones meet 2. Syndesmoses
part of the ankle  Functions of joints -Allow more movement than sutures but
 Fibula—thin and sticklike; lateral to the -Hold bones together securely still immobile
tibia -Allow for mobility -Found on the distal ends of tibia and fibula
-Has no role in forming the knee  Two ways joints are classified 3. Gomphoses
joint 1. Functionally -Immobile

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-Found where the teeth meet the facial  Bursae—flattened fibrous sacs
bones -Lined with synovial membranes
-Filled with synovial fluid
 Cartilaginous joints -Not actually part of the joint
-Bones are connected by fibrocartilage  Tendon sheath
-Types -Elongated bursa that wraps around a
1. Synchrondrosis tendon
-Immobile
-Found in epiphyseal plates of growing  Types of synovial joints based on
long bones shape
2. Symphysis 1) Plane joint
-Slightly movable 2) Hinge joint
-Found in the pubic symphysis, 3) Pivot joint
intervertebral joints 4) Condylar joint
5) Saddle joint
6) Ball-and-socket joint

 Synovial joints
 Articulating bones are separated by a
joint cavity
 Synovial fluid is found in the joint
cavity
Four distinguishing features of synovial
joints
1. Articular cartilage
2. Articular capsule
3. Joint cavity
4. Reinforcing ligaments

 Synovial joints (continued)