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Formulas and Properties 9th Grade
Formulas and Properties 9th Grade
2023
Lines
• Linear Functions: this is the slope-intercept form of linear
Cartesian coordinates equations, also written in function notation. Where m is
• Distance between two points: with this formula, you the slope and b is the y-intercept
will be able to calculate the distance between any two y = mx + b
points A with coordinates (x1 , y1 ) and B with coordinates
(x2 , y2 ). or
f (x) = mx + b
p
d(A, B) = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 • Standard equation for lines: this is another equation for
a line, where a, b, c are real numbers
• Midpoint formula: with this formula, you’ll be able to
calculate the center point of a line segment AB in the ax + by + c = 0
plane. x + x y + y • Slope formula: with this formula, you can calculate the
1 2 1 2
, slope of any line in the plane with only 2 points with
2 2
coordinates (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ).
y2 − y1
Polar coordinates m=
x2 − x1
• Form of the polar coordinates: where r is the radius and • Point-slope form: this formula is useful to find the equa-
θ is the angle of elevation tion of a line given the slope and a point with coordinates
(x1 , y1 )
P = (r, θ)
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
Polar coordinates ⇔ Cartesian coordinates • Given two lines l1 and l2 where m1 is the slope of l1 and
• These formulas are used to convert from polar coordinates m2 is the slope of l2 , then:
to Cartesian coordinates: where (x, y) are the Cartesian
coordinates of the point Criterion for parallel lines: two lines are parallel if
x = r cos θ m1 = m2
Criterion for perpendicular lines: two lines are perpen-
y = r sin θ
dicular if
• These formulas are used to convert from Cartesian coor- 1
m1 = − ⇒ m1 · m2 = −1
dinates to polar coordinates m2
p
r = x2 + y 2
Quadratics
y y
tan θ = → θ = arctan • Quadratic function: this is the general or standard form
x x
of quadratic equations, also written in function notation
• Degrees ⇒ Radians or
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
π
deg · = rad where a ̸= 0, and a, b, c are real numbers
180
f (x) = ln x = loge x
2023
Properties
Power of a product
|a| = | − a|
where a, b and n are real numbers
|ab| = |a||b|
a |a| (ab)n ⇔ an bn
=
b |b|
|an | = |a|n Power of a quotient
where a, b and n are real numbers
Exponents a n an
⇔
b bn
Definition
If a is any real number and n is any positive integer, the n-th Inverse of a quotient
power of a is
where a and b are real numbers
an = a| · a ·{z. . . · a} a −1 b
n factors
⇔
b a
Basic Properties
Negative power of a quotient
a1 ⇔ a
where a, b and n are real numbers
1n = 1
a −n bn
a0 = 1 ⇔
b an
0n = 0
00 = undefined Negative power of an inverse
1
a−n ⇔ n where a and n are real numbers
a
1
⇔ an
a−n
Laws of Exponents
Product of powers Fractional powers
where a, m and n are real numbers where a, n and m are real numbers
n √
am · an ⇔ am+n a m ⇔ m an
3
Your name here: Your classroom here: 2023
where a, b are real numbers and i2 = −1. The real part of this
Logarithms number is a and the imaginary part is b.