Directorate: Curriculum FET

SUBJECT and GRADE MATHEMATICS Gr 11

TERM 1 Week 5
TOPIC EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY-LESSON 1
AIMS OF LESSON State and prove the theorems for circle geometry.
• The line drawn perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord
bisects the chord.
• The line segment joining the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a
chord is perpendicular to the chord.
RESOURCES
Paper based resources Digital resources
Go to the chapter in your Chord in a circle
textbook on Circle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J06Swxrvfkw
Geometry. The perpendicular line from the centre of a circle bisects the chord and inverse
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gu_rGEf9Z2U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LOAe8vbxbp0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmkhPLFTh8Y
The perpendicular bisector line to the chord passes through the centre of the circle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5RPFTUj3xA

Example
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ma0qXCyxiQo
INTRODUCTION: Introduction to Circle Geometry:
• Euclidean geometry, the study of plane and solid figures on the basis of axioms and theorems
employed by the Greek mathematician Euclid (300 BC).

BASIC CIRCLE TERMINOLOGY

1 | 14
CONCEPTS AND SKILLS

THEOREM 1 CONVERSE THEOREM 1

The line drawn perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a The line segment joining the centre of a
chord bisects the chord. circle to the midpoint of a chord is
perpendicular to the chord.

If OM ⊥ AB then AM = MB If AM = MB then OM ⊥ AB

Acceptable
REASON
when you use line from centre ⊥ to chord Line from centre to midpoint of chord
the Theorem
in the exam:
PROOF OF Given: Given:
THEOREMS Circle with centre O with OM ⊥ AB. Circle with centre O.
M is a point on chord AB such that
AM = MB.

What to prove: AM = MB What to prove: OM ⊥ AB

Construction: Join OA and OB Construction: Join OA and OB

Proof: Proof:
In ∆ OAM and ∆ OBM: In ∆ OAM and ∆ OBM:

(i) OA = OB radii (i) OA = OB radii

̂1 = 𝑀
(ii) 𝑀 ̂2 = 90° given (ii) AM = BM given
(iii) OM = OM common (iii) OM = OM common
∴ ∆ OAM ≡ ∆ OBM (RHS) ∴ ∆ OAM ≡ ∆ OBM (SSS)

∴ AM = MB ̂1 = 𝑀
∴ 𝑀 ̂2 = 90° ∠𝑠 on straight line

2 | 14
EXAMPLE 1
In the diagram is O is the centre of the circle, OM ⊥ AB and
AB = 8 𝑐𝑚. The radius of the circle is 5 cm.
Calculate the length of MC (𝑥).

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
AM=MB= 4 line from centre ⊥ to chord

OM²= OA²−AM² Pythagoras

OM² = (5)2 − (4)2
OM² = 9
OM = 3

OC = OM + 𝑥
5= 3+𝑥 OC= radius
∴𝑥=2

EXAMPLE 2 - CAN YOU?

In the diagram is:

O is the centre of the circle, AM=MB= 15 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 and

OM = 8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠. Calculate the radius of the circle (𝑥).

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
O𝑀̂ A = 90° Line from centre to midpoint of chord

OA²= OM²+AM² Pythagoras

OA² = (8)2 + (15)2
OA² = 289
OA = 17 = radius
MIND ACTION SERIES CLASSROOM VIA AFRICA
ACTIVITIES/ (May 2012 Issue) MATHEMATICS p 256 Chapter 8
ASSESSMENT
Chapter 8 𝑝 214 Excercise 1 Exercise 10.1 𝑝 209 Exercise 1

3 | 14
CONSOLIDATION
• Know and understand the wording of the theorem(s).
• Learn the correct way of writing the reason for the Theorem(s)

line from centre ⊥ to chord Line from centre to midpoint of chord

• Remember to use Pythagoras when you see these theorem(s).

𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐²

Geometry is creative rather than analytical, and students often have trouble making the leap between
Algebra and Geometry. They are required to use their spatial and logical skills instead of the analytical
skills they were accustomed to using in Algebra. With enough practice YOU CAN DO IT!

VALUES

EUCLID
• Born 325 B.C.
• Greek Mathematician and father of Euclidean Geometry.
• Developed mathematical proof techniques that we know today.

4 | 14
SUBJECT MATHEMATICS Gr 11
and GRADE
TERM 1 Week 5
TOPIC EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY-LESSON 2
AIMS OF State and prove the theorems for circle geometry.
LESSON In this lesson we will look at TWO theorems regarding the ANGLE AT THE
CENTRE of the circle:
• The angle at the centre is twice the angle at the circumference.
• The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
As well as TWO theorems regarding angles on the circumference subtended by the
SAME OR EQUAL CHORDS:
• Angles in the same segment are equal.
• Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference
RESOURCES Paper based resources Digital resources
Go to the chapter in your • Angle at the Centre is twice the angle at the
textbook on Circle circumference:
Geometry. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7-yT5qUtN0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5VAApqtIZY

• Angles in the same segment:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPntRCGkZCo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDqELk2xCPU

• Angle in semi circle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oT7arIHd0D8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oT7arIHd0D8

• General
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDqELk2xCPU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V711BEb06ck&t=12s
INTRODUCTION
BASIC CIRCLE TERMINOLOGY

• Semicircle: half of a circle; the arc from one end of a diameter to

the other.

• Segment of a circle can be defined as a region bounded by a

chord and a corresponding arc lying between the chord’s
endpoints.

• Subtended: In geometry, an angle is subtended by an arc, line segment or any other section of a
curve when its two rays pass through the endpoints of that arc, line segment or curve section.

5 | 14
 A𝑂̂B is subtended by arc AB 𝑃̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄̂ is subtended by chord AB

CONCEPTS AND SKILLS

THEOREM 2
The angle which an arc of a circle subtends at the centre of a
circle is twice the angle it subtends at the circumference of the
circle
Angle at the circumference
̂ B = 2 × 𝐶̂
AO

Angle at the centre

Acceptable REASON when you ∠ at centre = 𝟐 × ∠ at circumference

use the Theorem in the exam:

6 | 14
PROOF OF
THEOREM

Given: Circle with centre O and A, B and C are all points on the circumference of
the circle.

̂ B = 2 × AĈB
What to prove: AO

Construction: Join CO and produce to P.

Proof: (i) Proof: (ii)

̂1 = 𝑥 and 𝐶
Let C ̂2 = 𝑦 ̂1 = 𝑥 and C
Let C ̂2 = 𝑦

̂1 = A
C ̂=𝑥 ∠s opp. equal radii ̂1 = A
C ̂=𝑥 ∠s opp. equal
radii
̂1 = C
O ̂1 + A
̂ = 2𝑥 Ext ∠ of ΔOAC
̂1 = C
O ̂1 + A
̂ = 2𝑥 Ext ∠ of ΔOAC
Similarly, in 𝛥 OCB:
̂2 = C
O ̂2 + B
̂ = 2𝑦 Similarly, in 𝛥 OCB:
̂2 = C
O ̂2 + B
̂ = 2𝑦

̂1 + O
O ̂2 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
= 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚) ̂2 − O
O ̂1 = 2𝑦 − 2𝑥
̂1+ C
= 𝟐 (C ̂2 ) = 𝟐(𝒚 − 𝒙)
̂ B = 2 × 𝐴ĈB
∴ AO ̂2 − C
= 𝟐 (C ̂1 )
̂ B = 2 × 𝐴ĈB
∴ AO

7 | 14
 EXAMPLE 1
In the following diagrams, O is the centre of the circle. Determine, with reasons, the value of 𝑥.

1.1 1.2

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
1.1 𝑥 = 50° ∠ at centre = 2 × ∠ at circumference

1.2 ̂1 = 240°
𝑂 revolution
𝑥 = 120° ∠ at centre = 2 × ∠ at circumference

EXAMPLE 2 - CAN YOU?

In the following diagrams, O is the centre of the circle. Determine, with reasons, the values of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.

2.1 2.2

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
2.1 𝑥 = 120° ∠ at centre = 2 × ∠ at circumference

2.2 𝑥 = 75° ∠ at centre = 2 × ∠ at circumference

̂2 = 210°
𝑂 revolution
𝑦 = 105° ∠ at centre = 2 × ∠ at circumference

8 | 14
THEOREM 3
The angle subtended at the circle by a diameter is a right angle.
(The angle in a semi-circle is 90 .)

You do not have to

know the proof for this
theorem for exam
purposes, but I am sure
you can think of one…

If AB is a diameter then 𝐶̂ = 90°

Acceptable REASON when you use the
∠ in semi−circle
Theorem in the exam:

THEOREM 4
An arc or chord of a circle subtends equal angles at the circumference
of the circle. (angles in the same segment of the circle are equal if
subtended by the same arc / chord)

You do not have to

know the proof for this
theorem for exam
purposes, but I am sure
you can think of one…

The angles on the circumference Ĉ = D

̂ because both are subtended by arc AB.

Acceptable REASON when you use the

Theorem in the exam: ∠𝐬 in the same segment

9 | 14
EXAMPLE 3
In the following diagrams, O is the centre of the circle. Determine, with reasons, the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

3.1 3.2

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
3.1 𝑥 = 35° ∠s in the same segment

𝑦 = 20° ∠s in the same segment

3.2 𝑥 = 70° ∠ in semi−circle

𝑦 = 20° ∠ s opposite equal radii

10 | 14
 EXAMPLE 4 – CAN YOU?

In the following diagrams, O is the centre of the circle. Determine, with reasons, the value of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.

4.1 4.2

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
4.1 𝑥 = 40° ∠s in the same segment

𝑦 = 40° ∠s in the same segment

4.2 𝑥 = 45° ∠s in the same segment

𝑦 = 70° ∠ in semi−circle

11 | 14
THEOREM 5
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference.

You do not have to

know the proof for this
theorem for exam
purposes.

̂=E
If AB=BC then D ̂
Acceptable REASON when you use the Theorem
equal chords; equal ∠s
in the exam:

EXAMPLE 5
Determine, with reasons, the value of 𝑥.

5.1 5.2 – CAN YOU?

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
5.1 𝑥 = 24° Equal chords ; equal ∠s

5.2 𝑥 = 56° Equal chords ; equal ∠s

12 | 14
ACTIVITIES/ MIND ACTION SERIES CLASSROOM VIA AFRICA
ASSESSMENT (May 2012 Issue) Chapter 8 MATHEMATICS p 261 Chapter 8
• 𝑝 217 Exercise 2 • Exercise 10.2
• p 221 Exercise 3 • 𝑝 211 Exercise 2
• 𝑝 214 Exercise 3
• p223 Exercise 4
• p 225 Exercise 5

CONSOLIDATION
• Know and understand the wording of the theorem(s).
• Learn the correct way of writing the reason for the Theorem(s)

• If the centre of the circle is given you must look

for THESE theorems →

• Also remember to mark all radii as this gives

you isosceles triangles to work with.

• If you see there are angles on the

circumference of the circle, remember to mark
the angles subtended by the same arc!

• Geometry is creative rather than analytical, and students often have trouble making the leap between
Algebra and Geometry. They are required to use their spatial and logical skills instead of the analytical
skills they were accustomed to using in Algebra. With enough practice YOU CAN DO IT!

13 | 14
VALUES The Ferris wheel, radius 25, below had equally spaced seats, such that the central
angle was 20°
360°
Because the seats are 20∘ apart, there will be 20° =18 seats.
It is important to have the seats evenly spaced for balance. To determine how far
apart the adjacent seats are, use the triangle to the right.
We will need to use sine to find 𝑥 and multiply by 2.

𝑥
sin10°= 25
𝑥 = 4.3

The total distance apart is 8.6 feet.

https://www.ck12.org/geometry/arcs-
in-circles/lesson/Arcs-in-Circles-
GEOM/

14 | 14
 Directorate: Curriculum FET

SUBJECT and MATHEMATICS Gr 11

GRADE
TERM 1 Week 6
TOPIC EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY-LESSON 3
AIMS OF State and prove the theorems for circle geometry.
LESSON • The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
• The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.

RESOURCES Paper based resources Digital resources

Refer to the chapter on Euclidean Angles in a Cyclic Quadrilateral Proof
Geometry in your textbook. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNLwD4yyL0I
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVmiNWYuejs
Prove it is a cyclic quadrilateral.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkAzebmi_KY
Circle Theorem Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT2p4eCfQic
INTRODUCTION
Circles have different angle properties, described by theorems.
In this lesson we will look at TWO Theorems regarding CYCLIQUADRELATERALS in a circle:
• The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
• The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.

BASIC CIRCLE TERMINOLOGY

• CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS
A quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the
circumference of a circle is referred to as a cyclic
quadrilateral.

✓ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral because A, B, C

and D are concyclic.
× AOCD is NOT a cyclic quadrilateral.
(O is NOT on the circumference of the circle.)

• CONCYCLIC: lie on the circumference. A, B, C and

D are concyclic points.

1
CONCEPTS AND SKILLS

THEOREM 6 CONVERSE THEOREM 6

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are
supplementary. supplementary, then the quadrilateral is a
cyclic quadrilateral.

̂ + 𝐵̂ = 180° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴̂ + 𝐶̂ = 180°

𝐷

Acceptable REASON
when you use the Opp. ∠ s of cyclic quad Converse opp. ∠ s of cyclic quad
Theorem in the exam:
PROOF OF Given:
THEOREM A, B, C and D are points that lie on the circumference of the circle.

̂ + 𝐵̂ = 180° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴̂ + 𝐶̂ = 180°

What to prove: 𝐷

Construction: Join AO and CO.

Proof:
̂ = 𝑥 and ̂B = y
Let D

𝑂̂1 = 2𝑥 ∠ at centre = 2× ∠ at circumference

𝑂̂2= 2𝑦 ∠ at centre = 2× ∠ at circumference

𝑂̂1 + 𝑂̂2 = 360° revolution

2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 360°
2(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 360°
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 180°
∴𝐷̂ + 𝐵̂ = 180°

Similarly, by joining BO and DO, it can be proven that 𝐴̂ + 𝐶̂ = 180°

2
EXAMPLE 1
In the following diagrams, O is the centre of the circle. Determine, with reasons, the value of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.

1.1 1.2

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
1.1 𝑦 = 110° Opp. ∠ s of cyclic quad

2𝑥 + 𝑥 = 180° Opp. ∠ s of cyclic quad

3𝑥 = 180°
𝑥 = 60°

1.2 𝑥 = 50° ∠ at centre = 2 × ∠ at circumference

𝑦 = 130° Opp. ∠ s of cyclic quad

EXAMPLE 2 - CAN YOU?

In the following diagrams, O is the centre of the circle. Determine, with reasons, the values of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.

2.1

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
2.1 𝑦 = 90° ∠ in semi−circle
̂
𝐷 = 50° Sum ∠s in ∆
𝑥 = 130° Opp. ∠ s of cyclic quad

3
THEOREM 7 CONVERSE THEOREM 7
An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the If an exterior angle of a quadrilateral is
interior opposite angle. equal to the interior opposite angle, then the
quadrilateral is a cyclic quadrilateral

You do not
have to know
the proof for
this theorem
for exam
purposes.

̂1 = 𝐴̂
𝐶
Acceptable REASON
when you use the Ext. ∠ of cyclic quad Converse ext. ∠ of cyclic quad
Theorem in the exam:

EXAMPLE 3 – CAN YOU?

3.1 Determine, with reasons, the value of 𝑥 .

3.2 Prove that DC ll AB

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
3.1 𝑥 = 70° Ext. ∠ of cyclic quad

3.2 𝑦 = 110° Ext. ∠ of cyclic quad

̂ + 𝐴̂ = 70° + 110°
𝐷
= 180°
∴ AB ll CD Coint ∠s suppl.

4
CONCEPTS AND SKILLS

There are THREE strategies to proof that a quad is a cyclic quad:

1. Proof that the opposite angles are supplementary:

2. Proof that the exterior angle is equal to the interior

opposite angle:

3. Proof that two angles subtended by the same line are

equal.

If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at

two other points on the same side of the line segment, then
these four points are concyclic.
(lie on the circumference)

5
EXAMPLE 4 − (Converse theorems.)

In the diagram is a circle with O the centre of the circle.

CB ⊥ BE

4.1 Prove that ABCD is a cyclic quad.

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
4.1 𝐷̂ = 90° ∠ in semi − circle
∴ 𝐷̂ = 𝐵̂

∴ 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 Converse ext ∠ of cyclic quad

EXAMPLE 5 – CAN YOU?

In the diagram is AM = AB and CA ⊥ AB

5.1 Prove that ABDC is a cyclic quad.

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
5.1 ̂1 = 65°
𝐵 ∠ s opp equal sides
𝐴̂1 = 50° ∠ sum in ∆
𝐴̂2 = 40° Given CA ⊥ AB

̂2 = 𝐵
∴ 𝐴 ̂2 = 40°

∴ 𝐴𝐵𝐷𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 Converse ∠s in same seg.

6
ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT
MIND ACTION SERIES
(May 2012 Issue)
Chapter 8
• 𝑝 227 Exercise 6
• p 230 Exercise 7
CLASSROOM MATHEMATICS VIA AFRICA
Chapter 8
• p 266 Exercise 10.3
• p 269 Exercise 10.4 𝑝 219 Exercise 6

CONSOLIDATION

• Know and understand the wording of the TWO theorem(s) regarding a cyclic quad.
• Learn the correct way of writing the reason for the Theorem(s)

1) 𝐴̂ + 𝐶
̂2 = 180° and 𝐷
̂ + 𝐵̂ = 180° (Opp. ∠s of cyclic quad)
2) 𝐴̂ = 𝐶̂ 1 (Ext. ∠ of cyclic quad)

Recognize when a quad is a cyclic quad and when not:

✓ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral because A, B, C and D are concyclic.

× AOCD is NOT a cyclic quadrilateral.
(O is NOT on the circumference of the circle.)

Use these THREE strategies from CONVERSE THEOREMS to proof a quad is a cyclic quad:

• Strategy 1: Proof that B𝐴̂D+ B𝐶̂ D =180

• Strategy Proof that 𝐶̂1= B𝐴̂D

• Strategy 3: Proof that 𝐴̂1 = 𝐷

̂1

7
 Directorate: Curriculum FET

SUBJECT and GRADE MATHEMATICS Gr 11

TERM 1 Week 7
TOPIC Tangent Theorems
AIMS OF LESSON State and prove the theorems for circle geometry.
• A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of
contact.
• The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from the
point of
contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
• Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the circle
are equal in length
RESOURCES Paper based Digital resources
resources
Refer to the Proof of the tan-chord theorem:
chapter in your https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjRqu3oJtfA
textbooks on
Understand Alternate Segment Theorem to find equal
Circle
angles in Circle
Geometry. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvfIxezwb5A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmPUlc5BDmk

Tan; radius theorem:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcgycGSq9Us

Tan; radius theorem and tans from the same point

theorem:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQntUl7Wbe0

All three tangent theorems in one:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DroUzFiqRsc
INTRODUCTION

Circles have different angle properties, described by theorems.

In this lesson we will look at THREE Theorems regarding TANGENTS to a circle:

• A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact.

• The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from the point of
contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.

• Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the circle are equal in length.
1|9
BASIC CIRCLE TERMINOLOGY

• TANGENT: The tangent to a circle is defined as a straight line which touches the circle at a single
point. The point where the tangent touches a circle is known as the point of tangency or the point of
contact.

Angle in the alternate segment.

AC is a tangent Angle between the chord BD and tangent AC

CONCEPTS AND SKILLS

THEOREM 8 CONVERSE THEOREM 8

A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius at the
the point of contact. point where the radius meets the circle,
then the line is a tangent to the circle.

You do not
have to know
the proof for
these theorems
for exam
purposes.
If AC is a tangent and OB is a radius then OB⊥AC
Acceptable REASON
when you use the tan ⊥ radius Converse tan ⊥ radius
Theorem in the exam:

2|9
EXAMPLE 1
In the following diagrams, O is the centre of the circle. Determine, with reasons, the value of 𝑥 ; 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧.

1.1 1.2 − CAN YOU?

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
1.1 ̂1 = 90°
𝐵 tan ⊥ radius

2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 90° = 180° sum ∠ s in ∆

5𝑥 = 90°
𝑥 = 18°

1.2 𝑥 = 25° tan ⊥ radius

𝑦 = 90° ∠ in semi−circle
𝑧 = 65° sum ∠ s in ∆

3|9
CONCEPTS AND SKILLS

THEOREM 9 CONVERSE THEOREM 9

The angle between a tangent to a circle and a chord If a line is drawn through the endpoint of a chord,
drawn from the point of contact is equal to an angle making with the chord an angle equal
in the alternate segment. to an angle in the alternate segment, then the line is
a tangent to the circle.

̂2 = 𝐸
𝐵 ̂2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐵̂ 𝐸 = 𝐷
̂

Acceptable REASON
when you use the Tan-chord theorem Converse tan-chord theorem
Theorem in the exam:
PROOF OF Given:
THEOREM Tangent ABC

̂2 = 𝐸
What to prove: 𝐵 ̂2

Construction: Draw diameter BOF and join EF

Proof:
𝐵̂1 + 𝐵̂2 = 90° tan ⊥ radius
𝐸̂1 + 𝐸̂2 = 90° ∠ in semi-circle

Let B̂1 = 𝑥
̂
∴ 𝐵2 = 90° − 𝑥

𝐵̂1= 𝐸̂1 = 𝑥 ∠ s in the same segment

∴ 𝐸̂2 = 90° − 𝑥

̂2 = 𝐸
∴𝐵 ̂2

4|9
EXAMPLE 2
In the diagram is AC a tangent to the circle at point B.
2.1 Determine, with reasons, the value of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 .

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
2.1 𝑥 = 50° Tan-chord theorem

𝑦 = 70° Tan-chord theorem

EXAMPLE 3– CAN YOU?

In the diagram AC is a tangent to the circle at point B. O is the

centre of the circle.
3.1 Determine, with reasons, the value of 𝑧.

3.2 Determine, with reasons, the value of 𝑥 .

3.3 Determine, with reasons, the value of 𝑦 .

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
3.1 𝑧 = 40° Tan-chord theorem

3.2 𝑥 = 50° tan ⊥ radius

3.3 𝑦 = 40° Tan-chord theorem

5|9
CONCEPTS AND SKILLS

THEOREM 10
If two tangents are drawn from the same point
outside a circle, then they are equal in length.

You do not have

to know the proof
for these theorems
for exam purposes.
CAN YOU
THINK OF ONE?
If AC is a tangent and AB is a tangent then AC = AB

Acceptable REASON when you use the

Tans from the same point A
Theorem in the exam:

EXAMPLE 4
In the diagram AC and AB are tangents to the circle at point C
and B. O is the centre of the circle.

4.1 Determine, with reasons, the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
4.1 AC = AB tans from the same point A

𝑥 = 70° tan ⊥ radius

𝑦 = 70° ∠ s opp equal tans.

6|9
 EXAMPLE 5– CAN YOU?

In the diagram AB and BC are tangents to the circle at

point A and C.

5.1 Determine, with reasons, the value of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.

ANSWER:
Statement Reason
5.1 AB = BC tans from the same point B.

𝑥 = 80° tan-chord theorem

𝑦 = 80° ∠ s opp equal tans.

ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT
MIND ACTION SERIES (May 2012 Issue) CLASSROOM MATHEMATICS VIA AFRICA
Chapter 8 • p 275 Exercise 10.6 Chapter 8
• 𝑝 234 Exercise 8 • p 277 Exercise 10.7 • 𝑝 222 Exercise 8
• p 236 Exercise 9
CONSOLIDATION
• Know and understand the wording of the TWO theorem(s) regarding a cyclic quad.
• Learn the correct way of writing the reason for the Theorem(s)

1. 2. 3.

tan ⊥ radius Tan-chord theorem tans from the same point

7|9
There are TWO strategies to proof that a line is a tangent:
1. Proof that the line is drawn perpendicular to a radius at the point
where the radius meets the circle, then the line is a tangent to the circle.

2. Proof that the line drawn through the endpoint of a chord, makes with the chord an angle equal
to an angle in the alternate segment, then the line is a tangent to the circle.:

VALUES A line is tangent to a circle if it touches it at one and only one point. If a line is
tangent to a circle, then it is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of
tangency. Check out the bicycle wheels in the below figure.

In this figure, the wheels are, of course, circles, the spokes are radii, and the ground is
a tangent line. The point where each wheel touches the ground is a point of tangency.
And the most important thing — what the theorem tells you — is that the radius that
goes to the point of tangency is perpendicular to the tangent line.

https://www.dummies.com/education/math/geometry/how-a-tangent-relates-to-a-
circle/

8|9
MATHEMATICS REVISION BOOKLET 2023 GRADE 11 TERM 1

TOPIC EUCLIDIAN GEOMETRY

GRADE 8 TO 10 GEOMETRY
Angles on a straight line
Vertically opposite angles
Sum angles triangle and quadrilateral
Properties of triangles and quadrilaterals
Pythagoras
Isosceles and equilateral triangle properties
Congruency
Alternate, corresponding, co-interior angels between parallel lines

CIRCLE GEOMETRY
Study all theorem proofs!!
Line perpendicular from centre, bisects chord.
Angle at centre equals twice angle at circumference.
Opposite angles cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
Angle between tangent and chord equals angle subtended by
chord in opposite segment.

Prove that:
Three ways to prove that a quadrilateral is
opposite angles are supplementary
cyclic.
exterior angle equal interior opposite angle
line subtends equal angles on same side of it
Prove that:

Two ways to prove that a line is a tangent to a the angle between line and radius is 90°
circle. the angle between line and chord equals angle
subtended by chord in opposite circle
segment

Exercise:

1. In the diagram, O is the centre of circle WRP. Radius PO

is produced to bisect chord WR at T. PR = 60 mm and
PT = 40 mm.

Calculate, with reasons, the length of

chord WR. (5)
MATHEMATICS REVISION BOOKLET 2023 GRADE 11 TERM 1

2. In the diagram, O is the centre of circle RMPS.

T is the midpoint of RM and R � = 50°.

2.1 Calculate, with reasons, the size of:

�1
(a) T
(b) O�2
(c) S�
(d) P�1 (8)

2.2 Is TOPM a cyclic quadrilateral? Give a reason

for your answer. (2)

3. In the diagram, PSRM is a circle with centre O.

SR is produced and MN is drawn. MO � S = 2𝑥𝑥

3.1 Give, with reasons, three other angles

equal to 𝑥𝑥. (4)

3.2 Express S� 2 in terms of 𝑥𝑥. (2)

3.3 SRMO is a cyclic quadrilateral.

True or false? Explain your answer. (4)

4. In the diagram, PQ is a tangent to circle SRQWT at Q.

PRS is a straight line. RW intersects SQ at K and
intersects QT at L. PS ∥ QT and RS = TW.

Prove that:

4.1 KQ is a tangent to circle LQW (4)

� 1 = L� 3
4.2 R (3)

4.3 PRKQ is a cyclic quadrilateral (6)

MATHEMATICS REVISION BOOKLET 2023 GRADE 11 TERM 1

5. In the diagram, circles ACBE and AMBD intersect

at A and B. CB is a tangent to the larger circle at B.
M is the centre of the smaller circle. CAD and BND
� 3 = 𝑥𝑥
are straight lines. A

� in terms of 𝑥𝑥.
5.1 Determine the size of D (4)

5.2 Prove that:

5.2.1 CB ∥ AN (5)
5.2.2 AB is a tangent to circle AND (3)

6. In the diagram, P, Q, R and S are on the circle.

PS and QR produced meet in T, PQ = PR and
PQ� R = 80°.

6.1 Give, with reasons, three other angles

equal to 80°. (6)

�S = 70°, calculate the sizes of SR

6.2 If QP � T,
ST � S.
�R and PQ (6)

7. QS is a diameter of the circle with centre O,

produced to A. AU is a tangent to the circle at P.
PQ ∥ UO and P�4 = 𝑥𝑥.

7.1 Determine, with reasons, three other angles

that are equal to 𝑥𝑥. (6)

7.2 Prove, with reasons, that UPOS is a cyclic

quadrilateral. (2)
MATHEMATICS REVISION BOOKLET 2023 GRADE 11 TERM 1

8. Complete the following by giving the reasons for the answers:

𝑎𝑎 = 10 […8.1…]
𝑥𝑥 = 35° […8.2…]
𝑦𝑦 = 90° […8.3…]
𝑎𝑎 = 4 […8.4…]
𝑎𝑎 = 9,17 […8.5…] (5)

9. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle. 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂�𝑌𝑌 = 80°

and 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂 ∥ 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌.

Determine 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 and 𝑧𝑧. (6)

10. In the diagram, a circle is drawn passing through A, B, C, D and E.

The tangents at B and C meet at T. BE �C = 𝑥𝑥 and D
� = 𝑦𝑦.

Express each of the following in terms of 𝑥𝑥 and/or 𝑦𝑦, giving reasons.

�2
10.1 B
10.2 C� 4
�
10.3 T
�
10.4 A
�1
10.5 B (10)
MATHEMATICS REVISION BOOKLET 2023 GRADE 11 TERM 1

11. TD is a tangent to the circle ABCD. AD ∥ BC. AB and

DC produced meet at W. TBS is a straight line.

� T = CB
If WB �D, prove that:

11.1 BWTD is a cyclic quadrilateral. (3)

11.2 TBS is a tangent to circle ABCD. (5)

12. In the diagram, two circles intersect in 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐶𝐶. Straight

lines 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 intersect the circles in 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐴𝐴, and
𝐶𝐶 and 𝐴𝐴 respectively. The larger circle passes through 𝑂𝑂,
the centre of the smaller circle.

If 𝐵𝐵� = 𝑥𝑥, prove that:

� = 180° − 2𝑥𝑥
12.1 𝐴𝐴 (3)
12.2 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 (2)
12.3 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 ∥ 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 (3)
1.2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0 6.1 𝑥𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥𝑥 + 4 = 0
𝑥𝑥 = −4
∆ = 4 − 4(1)(−3)
= 16 6.2 𝑥𝑥 + 4 < 0
𝑥𝑥 < −4
Real, Rational and Unequal

2. 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑟𝑟 = 0 EUCLIDIAN GEOMETRY

∆=0 1. �T = 90° [line through centre to midpt

RP
(−2)2 − 4(2)(−𝑟𝑟) = 0 of
4 + 8𝑟𝑟 = 0 chord]
8𝑟𝑟 = −4
1
𝑟𝑟 = − TR2 = 602 − 402 [Pyth]
2
= 2 000
3. 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 2ℎ𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0 TR = 20√5

∆<0 WR = 89,44 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

(−2ℎ)2 − 4(3)(3) < 0
4ℎ2 − 36 < 0 �1 = 90°
2.1 (a) T [line through centre to
ℎ2 − 9 < 0 Midpt of chord]
(ℎ + 3)(ℎ − 3) < 0 �
(b) O2 = 100° [∠at centre = 2∠ at
−3 < ℎ < 3
circumference]
4.1 ∆ = 12 − 2(6) (c) S� = 50° [∠’s in same seg]
=0 (d) P�1 = OM
� P [∠’s opp equal sides]
�1 = 40 ∘ [∠’s of ∆]
P
Real, Rational and Equal
2.2 No, opp ∠’s are not supplementary.
4.2 Have to be a perfect square ∴ 𝑘𝑘 = 6
�1 = S�1
3.1 P [∠’s opp equal sides]
4.3 12 − 2𝑘𝑘 < 0 = 𝑥𝑥 [ext ∠ of ∆]
−2𝑘𝑘 < −12
𝑘𝑘 > 6 � 2 = 𝑥𝑥
R [ext ∠ of cyclic quad]

5.1 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 4 = 0 3.2 PS� M = 90° [∠ in semi ⊙]

3±�9−4(2)(−4)
𝑥𝑥 = S� 2 = 90° − 𝑥𝑥
4
3±√41
= � 1 = 180° − 𝑥𝑥 [∠’s on a straight line]
3.3 R
4
= 2,35 or −0,85
�M + R
SO � 1 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 180° − 𝑥𝑥
5.2 (−3)2 − 4(𝑘𝑘)(−4) = 0 = 180° + 𝑥𝑥
16𝑘𝑘 = −9
9
𝑘𝑘 = − SRMO not a cyclic quad [opp ∠’s not suppl]
16
 � 1 = S�
4.1 W [∠’s in same seg] � 1 = 80° [∠’s opp equal sides]
6.1 R
S� = Q
�2 [alt ∠’s; SP ∥ TQ]
S�1 = 80° [∠’s in same seg]
�2
�1 = Q
W
S� 3 = 80° [ext ∠ of cyclic quad]
KQ a tangent [converse of tan chord
theorem] �T = 70° [ext ∠ of cyclic quad]
6.2 SR

�1 = Q
4.2 Q �3 [∠’s opp equal chords] �R = 30° [∠’s of ∆]
ST

R�1 = Q�2 + Q
� 3 [alt ∠’s; SP ∥ TQ] � S = 30° [∠’s of ∆]
PQ
L� 3 = W � 1 [ext ∠ of ∆]
�1 + Q
7.1 S� = 𝑥𝑥 [tan chord theorem]
� 1 = L� 3
R
�2 = 𝑥𝑥
P [∠’s opp equal sides]
4.3 S� = Q
�4 [tan chord theorem]
� = 𝑥𝑥
U [corresp ∠’s; UO ∥ PQ]
P �4 + R
� = 180° − (Q �1) [∠’s of ∆]
� = S�
7.2 U
L� 1 = L� 3 [vert. opp ∠’s]
UPOS is a cyclic quad [converse ∠s in the
LK � 2 + L� 1 )
� Q = 180° − (Q [∠’s of ∆] same seg]

PRKQ is a cyclic quad [ext ∠ = int opp ∠] 8.1 radii

8.2 ∠’s opp equal sides
�2 = 𝑥𝑥
5.1 B [∠’s opp equal sides] 8.3 ∠’s of ∆
�1 = 𝑥𝑥
B [tan chord theorem] 8.4 line through centre ⊙ ⊥ chord
� = 2𝑥𝑥
D [tan chord theorem] 8.5 Pythagoras

5.2.1 M� = 180° − 2𝑥𝑥 [opp ∠’s of cyclic quad] 9. 𝑥𝑥 = 40° [∠’s in same seg]
C� = 90° − 𝑥𝑥 [∠ at centre = 2x∠ at
𝑦𝑦 = 80° [alt ∠’s; OV ∥ YX]
circumference] 𝑧𝑧 = 40° [ext ∠ of cyclic quad]
� 1 = 90° − 𝑥𝑥
N [ext ∠ of cyclic quad]
�2 = 𝑥𝑥
10.1 B [tan chord theorem]
�1 = 90° − 𝑥𝑥
A [∠’s of ∆] 10.2 C� 4 = 𝑥𝑥 [tans from common pt]
= C�
� = 180° − 2𝑥𝑥
10.3 T [∠’s of ∆]
CB ∥ AN [corresp ∠’s =] � = 180° − 𝑦𝑦
10.4 A [opp ∠’s of cyclic quad]
� 2 = 2𝑥𝑥
5.2.2 A [alt ∠’s; CB ∥ AN] �1 = 180° − 𝑦𝑦
10.5 B [∠’s in same seg]
=D�

AB is a tangent [converse tan chord

 theorem]

�1 = B
11.1 D �3 [tan chord theorem] 2. 5 sin(90° − 𝜃𝜃) − 3 = 0
�3 = B
B �1 [given] 5 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 3
3
cos 𝜃𝜃 =
5
BWTD is a cyclic quad [WT subt equal
∠’s]

�=B
11.2 A �1 + B
�2 [corresp ∠’s; AD ∥ BC]
� �2
= B3 + B �1 = B
[B �3 ]
4
2.1 tan 𝜃𝜃 =
TBS is a tangent [converse tan chord 3

𝑘𝑘 4
theorem] 2.2 =
6 3
3𝑘𝑘 = 24
� C = 2𝑥𝑥
12.1 obtuse AO [∠at centre= 2∠ at 𝑘𝑘 = 8
circumference] but 𝑘𝑘 = −8 [second quadrant]
� = 180° − 2𝑥𝑥
D [opp ∠’s of cyclic
quad]
1
� B = 180° − (180° − 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥) [∠’s of ∆] 3. sin 43° =
12.2 DA 𝑎𝑎
= 𝑥𝑥
3.1 sin 223°
AD = BD [sides opp equal ∠’s] = − sin 43°
1
=−
12.3 TC� D = 𝑥𝑥 [ext ∠ of cyclic quad] 𝑎𝑎
= 𝐵𝐵�
3.2 cos 317°
= cos 43°
TC ∥ AB [corresp ∠’s equal]
√𝑎𝑎2 − 1
=
𝑎𝑎
TRIGONOMETRY
3.3 tan(−137°)
1. sin 𝜃𝜃 > 0 = tan 43°
1
=
4 + 3 tan 𝜃𝜃 = 0 √𝑎𝑎2 − 1
3 tan 𝜃𝜃 = −4
4 3.4 cos 493°
tan 𝜃𝜃 = − = cos 133°
3
= − cos 47°
sin 𝜃𝜃 + cos 𝜃𝜃 = − sin 43°
4 3 1
= − =−
5 5 𝑎𝑎
1
=
5