Enhancing Indoor Air Quality in School: An Integrated Smoke Extraction and Air Filtrated

System for Waste Product Incineration

Barco, Rafael Mhyco

De Joya, John Andreo

Delos Santos, Jobert

Gregorio, Mc Amielle
 Dedication

With profound gratitude and deep admiration, we wholeheartedly dedicate this research

endeavor to the exploration and advancement of a groundbreaking smoke extractor. The

inception of this innovative device marks a significant milestone in our collective commitment to

improving air quality and fostering environments that prioritize health and overall well-being. The

journey to conceptualize and develop the smoke extractor has been fueled by a shared passion

for creating positive change, and its fruition stands as a testament to the collaborative efforts of

dedicated individuals who strive for a cleaner and purified atmosphere.

Our heartfelt appreciation extends to the families who have played an indispensable role in our

research journey. To the Delos Santos, Gregorio, De Joya, and Barco families, we express our

deepest thanks for their unwavering support, patience, and understanding throughout the entire

process. Their steadfast encouragement has been the driving force propelling us forward,

instilling confidence and resilience in the face of challenges. This dedication is not only a tribute

to the innovative spirit of the smoke extractor but also a recognition of the invaluable role our

families play in nurturing and sustaining our aspirations.

In recognizing the visionary minds behind the smoke extractor, we pay homage to their

ingenuity that has paved the way for a transformative device. Their dedication to pioneering

solutions for cleaner air has not only elevated the trajectory of our research but also set a

standard for environmental stewardship. It is with immense gratitude that we acknowledge their

unwavering commitment to creating a positive impact on our surroundings and the well-being of

future generations.
The mentors and educators who have guided us on this scientific journey merit special

acknowledgment. Their wisdom, guidance, and unwavering support have been instrumental in

shaping the trajectory of our research. This dedication serves as a testament to their tireless

efforts in fostering an academic environment that encourages growth, critical thinking, and

exploration. Their influence extends beyond the confines of the classroom, contributing

significantly to our holistic development as researchers and individuals.

In extending our appreciation to friends who assisted in the creation of this paper, namely Ray

Ann Toriana, Jed Yambao, and John Graydon Tamares, and for the generosity of those like

Chlowe Nicole Navarro, Mark Anthony Villas, Tom Kenjie Viguilla, John Paul Domingo, and

Reygan Parco, we recognize the collaborative nature of academic pursuits. Their contributions

have enriched our work and underscored the importance of a supportive network in the

research process.

To the research participants who generously shared their time and insights, we extend our

sincerest thanks. Their invaluable contributions have illuminated the mechanics and efficiency of

the smoke extractor, forming an empirical foundation that is crucial to the depth and reliability of

our study. This dedication stands as a recognition of their integral role in our collective pursuit of

knowledge and scientific discovery.

Furthermore, we express gratitude to the broader academic community that has provided the

intellectual framework upon which this research is built. The wealth of knowledge, engaging

discussions, and impactful publications within the field have served as a wellspring of inspiration
and guidance. This dedication is a nod to the interconnectedness of academic discourse and

the collaborative spirit that propels the continual advancement of innovative technologies.

In culmination, this research study transcends being a mere exploration of a smoke extractor; it

is a testament to the collective effort aimed at contributing to a cleaner, healthier future. As this

dedication stands as a token of appreciation, may it resonate with all those who have played

vital roles in our journey, and may the far-reaching impact of our findings echo in the broader

discourse on sustainable solutions for air quality improvement.

 Acknowledgement

At the forefront of our expressions of gratitude stands our family – the steadfast

cornerstone that has shaped the very essence of our academic journey. Their unwavering

support and profound understanding have not merely been the scaffolding that supports our

educational pursuits but rather the bedrock upon which our entire scholarly odyssey has been

constructed. In moments of both triumph and tribulation, their consistent motivation and

boundless love have transcended mere familial bonds, evolving into a powerful source of

emotional sustenance. It is their enduring encouragement that has fueled the flame of our

determination to undertake the intricate and demanding research endeavor encapsulated within

this proposal. The sacrifices made and the unwavering belief in our abilities exhibited by our

family have been nothing short of instrumental, propelling us forward and contributing

significantly to our arrival at this pivotal stage of the proposal. In acknowledging their pivotal

role, we extend our deepest appreciation for the immeasurable impact they have had on the

trajectory of our academic pursuits.

Turning our attention to the sprawling landscape of our academic journey, we find

ourselves indebted to the dedicated educators who have played a pivotal role in the intricate

tapestry of our intellectual development. This expression of gratitude encompasses not only a

singular teacher but a multitude of guiding figures who have, collectively, left an indelible mark

on the canvas of our educational experience. These educators, through their tireless efforts,

have imparted not just knowledge but also guidance and mentorship, acting as the architects

shaping the very contours of our research interests. Their unwavering commitment to fostering a

culture of continuous learning has been a profound source of inspiration, permeating the very

fabric of our academic journey. It is through the collective impact of these educators that our
analytical skills have been honed and our approach to research has been molded, turning us

into the researchers we stand as today.

In this tapestry of gratitude, we weave a strand that acknowledges the divine guidance

and blessings that have accompanied us throughout the labyrinthine journey of academic

exploration. With humility and reverence, we express our gratitude to the divine for providing

strength and inspiration at every step of this challenging yet rewarding process. The role of

spiritual conviction in our research endeavors cannot be understated, for it has been a guiding

force that has enabled us to navigate the complexities of our scholarly pursuits with both

humility and purpose. In recognizing the symbiotic relationship between faith and resilience, we

acknowledge the profound impact they have had in shaping the tenor and tone of our academic

pursuits.

At the pinnacle of our appreciation tower our heartfelt thanks to our esteemed research

adviser, Kristent Leo Tuscano. His eminence as a mentor transcends the mere realms of

guidance and enters into the realm of transformation. Kristent's unparalleled expertise,

unwavering dedication, and invaluable insights have not only served as guiding lights but have

been transformative forces, fundamentally altering the trajectory of this research proposal.

Under his sagacious tutelage, our comprehension of the topic at hand has not merely deepened

but has undergone a metamorphosis, evolving into a nuanced understanding that is reflective of

the intricacies inherent in the world of academic inquiry. Our gratitude extends beyond the

academic realm; it is a profound acknowledgment of a mentor whose commitment to nurturing

intellectual curiosity has not just ignited a flame within us but has set ablaze a genuine passion

for knowledge. In recognizing the immeasurable impact of Kristent's mentorship, we consider

ourselves not just fortunate but truly blessed to be guided by such a luminary figure in our

academic journey. His mentorship, akin to a beacon in the vast ocean of research, has

illuminated our path with a clarity and purpose that transcends the confines of scholarly

exploration.

Table of Contents

Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………… 1

Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………… 2

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………….. 5

Table of Contents………………………………………….……………………………….. 7

List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………….. 9

CHAPTER 1 – THE PROBLEM AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Background of the study………………………………………………..………... 10

Scope and Limitations…………………………...…………...………………….. 12

Literature Review…………………………..……………………………………... 13

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework…...…………………………………... 18

Research Problem………………………………………………………………… 24

Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………………. 25

Definition and Terms…………………………………………………………….... 26

CHAPTER 2 – Methodology

Research Design………………………………………………………………….. 28
Sampling technique……………………………………………………………… 29

Research Prototype………………………………………………………………. 30

Description of the cite…………………………………………………………… 32

Research Instruments…………………………………………………………... 33

Data Collection…………………………………………………………………….. 36

Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………. 38

Ethical Considerations……………………………………………………………. 39

References………………………………………………………………………… 44
 List of Figures

Figure 1………………………………………………………………………………………..32

Figure 2……………………………………………………………………………………….32

Figure 3………………………………………………………………………………………33

Figure 4………………………………………………………………………………………33

Figure 5………………………………………………………………………………………34
 CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Background of the study

In various educational institutions, waste disposal presents a significant concern, leading

some schools to resort to incinerating waste for solid waste management. However, this

practice often results in harmful smoke and pollutants being released into the environment. The

issue extends beyond individual schools, highlighting broader waste management challenges

and the need for sustainable practices (J.C.G. Barcena et al., 2021).

Incineration at Occidental Mindoro National High School (OMNHS) exemplifies this

concern, negatively impacting classrooms and buildings with harmful smoke, posing serious

health risks (M.C.D.G. Tayag et al., 2020). Documented cases reveal respiratory harm among

students and teachers due to elevated levels of particulate matter in the smoke. This

emphasizes the necessity for immediate intervention and a shift toward safer waste disposal

methods.

The surge in garbage incineration at OMNHS is linked to substantial waste production,

averaging 30-40 kilograms daily, primarily from disposable plastic and paper items. This societal

trend favoring convenience intensifies the environmental impact of waste disposal methods (B.

Finnveden et al., 2005). Harmful chemical emissions, including benzene concentrations up to 50

parts per million, contribute to health risks, necessitating a move towards sustainable waste

management practices (A.M. Gonzales et al., 2022).

 Addressing the root cause, a societal shift favoring convenience, is crucial. This trend,

coupled with the disposal of 30-70 kilograms of daily waste, reflects a substantial preference for

disposable items, intensifying the environmental impact of waste disposal (Martin O’Brien,

2010). This convenience-driven approach contributes to harmful chemical emissions,

emphasizing the need for a shift towards safer waste disposal methods (L.E.A. Atienza et al.,

2019).

In response to such challenges in waste management, the development and

implementation of integrated smoke extraction and air filtration systems in educational

institutions have gained importance (Weschler, 2009). This approach seeks to eliminate harmful

emissions associated with traditional waste incineration, promoting a healthier indoor

environment for students and staff.

While this initiative is promising, there is a need for thorough research on the efficiency

of such systems in eliminating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their overall impact on

indoor air quality. The research envisions a future where innovative smoke extraction and air

purification systems revolutionize air quality standards, reducing health risks associated with

waste incineration and inspiring broader adoption for responsible waste management practices

(Aini Jasmin et al., 2012; Cruz et al., 2014).

Our comprehensive study, guided by extensive research findings (Christian et al.,

2010), aims to address detrimental smoke emissions from garbage incineration at educational

institutions. We are working on an innovative smoke suction and air filtration system to enhance

indoor air quality, considering sustainability and operational costs. This research not only

validates our invention’s advantages but also ensures its tailored effectiveness in addressing

unique air quality challenges posed by school-based trash incineration.

Scope and Limitations

This research endeavors to comprehensively investigate the operational efficacy of a

novel smoke-elimination apparatus designed to significantly enhance air quality in the vicinity of

a garbage incineration site. The apparatus, distinguished by its integration of a HEPA filter, a

dedicated turbine for effective suction, and a DC motor for power generation, represents a

multifaceted technological approach to combatting air pollution arising from incinerated waste.

The primary objective is to meticulously evaluate the machine's intricate design and

functionality, specifically its capacity to efficiently extract and filter smoke particles, thereby

contributing to the release of a purified and cleaner ambient atmosphere. This study is uniquely

tailored to unveil the performance intricacies of this specific configuration within a carefully

controlled testing environment situated adjacent to a garbage incinerator.

However, it is imperative to acknowledge certain limitations inherent in the scope of this

investigation. Firstly, the research confines its exploration to the specified design elements,

comprising the HEPA filter, turbine, and DC motor. Alternative filtration technologies or variations

in componentry lie beyond the confines of this study. Secondly, while the controlled testing

environment mirrors conditions near a garbage incineration site, the findings may not be

universally applicable to diverse settings with different pollutants or emission sources. Moreover,

the study purposefully omits a broader exploration of environmental factors beyond air quality

enhancement, such as noise pollution or the energy efficiency of the machine. Variations in

garbage composition, incineration processes, and environmental conditions may also introduce

some level of variability in the machine's performance, and the research does not claim to
comprehensively address every potential influence. Lastly, the study does not extensively probe

the long-term durability and maintenance requirements of the machine, offering insights into its

sustained performance over extended periods within a real-world context.

Literature review

Indoor air quality (IAQ) in educational institutions is a major concern since it directly

affects the health and well-being of pupils as well as instructors. This study intends to address

this issue by creating an integrated system that includes smoke extraction and air filtration and

is specifically intended for waste product incineration on school grounds. The combustion of

waste products, which is frequently required for effective garbage management, leads to indoor

air pollution. We attempt to limit the detrimental impacts of incineration byproducts by providing

a holistic solution that includes both smoke extraction and modern air filtering technology. This

research looks into the structure's layout, implementation, and efficacy of such a system,

focusing on its potential to improve IAQ, reduce health hazards, and provide a healthier learning

environment. Integration of advanced manufacturing methods. The goal of this study is to

address this issue by developing an integrated system that includes smoke extraction and air

filtering and is specifically intended for waste product incineration within school grounds. The

combustion of waste products, which is frequently required for efficient garbage management,

leads to indoor air pollution. By establishing a comprehensive system that includes both smoke

evaporation and evaporative cooling.

HEPA filters, crucial elements in air purification systems, are designed to eliminate

particles as small as 0.3 micrometers, playing a pivotal role in enhancing indoor air quality (Kelly

& Fussel, 2019). These filters employ a densely packed arrangement of fibers to effectively
capture airborne contaminants, ensuring the efficient removal of pollutants and allergens (Xiong

et al., 2018). Scientific investigations confirm the effectiveness of HEPA filters in reducing

concentrations of particulate matter, including PM2.5 and PM10, thereby contributing to

improved air quality standards (Wanyi Zhang et al., 2022). In addition to their role in particle

removal, HEPA filters have proven effective in curbing the spread of infectious agents, such as

bacteria and viruses, a finding supported by research conducted by Chen chen et al. (2019).

Factors influencing the filtration efficiency of HEPA filters, such as fiber diameter and filter

thickness, have been explored in-depth by Barn et al. (2018). Recent studies by Teresa M. Mata

et al. (2021) underscore the need to consider both mechanical and electrostatic properties when

optimizing HEPA filter performance. Dubey et al. (2021) stress the vital role of HEPA filters in

healthcare settings, emphasizing their ability to reduce airborne infections. Ongoing

advancements in HEPA filter technology, including the use of composite materials to enhance

filtration capabilities, are highlighted in research by Lowther et al. (2020). The versatile

application of HEPA filters across various sectors, including aerospace and nuclear industries, is

extensively examined in studies by Lee et al. (2020), Tsoulou et al. (2021), and Keeratiurai et al.

(2016), emphasizing their widespread impact on air quality management.

Batteries delivering a 12-volt output find widespread use in diverse applications, such

as automotive and portable electronics (Kelly & Fussel, 2019). Typically composed of six

individual cells, each generating approximately 2 volts, these batteries attain their total voltage

through series connections (Xiong et al., 2018; Wanyi Zhang et al., 2022). One prominent

illustration is the lead-acid battery, known for its reliability and cost-effectiveness across various

sectors (Chen chen et al., 2019). Advances in lithium-ion technology, highlighted by Barn et al.

(2018), are gaining popularity due to their notable energy density. The significance of battery

management systems for optimizing the performance and lifespan of 12-volt batteries is

underscored by Teresa M. Mata et al. (2021). Discussions on material and design innovations

for improved energy storage are presented by Dubey et al. (2021). Lowther et al. (2020) delve
into the environmental impact of battery technologies, emphasizing the imperative for

sustainable solutions. Research by Lee et al. (2020) explores progress in manufacturing

processes, contributing to heightened efficiency and reliability. The challenges and opportunities

in developing 12-volt batteries specifically tailored for electric vehicles are investigated by

Tsoulou et al. (2021). Keeratiurai et al. (2016) offer insights into the dynamic landscape of

battery technologies, emphasizing the continual pursuit of innovation for enhanced performance

and sustainability.

The amalgamation of a DC motor with a HEPA filter stands as a pivotal element in air

purification systems. Scholars have explored diverse methodologies to enhance the synergy

between these components, aiming for improved efficiency and energy conservation (Hossain

et al., 2018). Recent investigations underscore the importance of incorporating sophisticated

control mechanisms to govern the DC motor alongside the HEPA filter, ensuring efficient air

purification (Lei et al., 2020). M et al.'s work (2021) accentuates the significance of sensor

feedback systems for fine-tuning the operation of DC motors within HEPA filter units. Proposing

innovative design modifications, Vanchinathan et al. (2021) aim to minimize power consumption

while preserving filtration effectiveness. Zheng et al. (2021) delve into material science,

exploring inventive materials for constructing DC motors within HEPA filters, thereby enhancing

durability and efficiency. Introducing computational modeling techniques, Martins et al. (2022)

seek to optimize the overall system dynamics, fostering a more resilient and responsive

integration of DC motors with HEPA filters. Basil and Bayat's perspective (2019) underscores

the necessity of considering environmental factors and sustainable practices in the design and

operation of such systems. Adukwu et al. (2023) emphasize the potential of IoT integration for

remote monitoring and control of DC motor-driven HEPA filter units. Wassiliadis et al. (2022)

concentrate on reliability engineering, proposing methods to prolong the lifespan and enhance

the dependability of DC motors in HEPA filter applications. Lastly, Li and Han's insights (2016)

contribute to addressing potential challenges related to heat dissipation in DC motors within

HEPA filters. These collective endeavors highlight the interdisciplinary nature of research aimed

at optimizing configurations of DC motors and HEPA filters for air purification systems.

HEPA filters play a vital role in purifying air, designed to remove particles as small as

0.3 micrometers, significantly improving indoor air quality (Kelly & Fussel, 2019). Utilizing

densely arranged fibers, these filters efficiently capture contaminants, ensuring the elimination

of pollutants and allergens (Xiong et al., 2018). Scientific studies, such as those conducted by

Wanyi Zhang et al. (2022), affirm the effectiveness of HEPA filters in reducing concentrations of

particulate matter, contributing to elevated air quality standards. Beyond particle removal, HEPA

filters, as noted by Chen chen et al. (2019), are effective in limiting the spread of infectious

agents. Recent research by Teresa M. Mata et al. (2021) emphasizes considerations for

optimizing HEPA filter performance, covering mechanical and electrostatic properties. The

crucial role of HEPA filters in healthcare settings is highlighted by Dubey et al. (2021), and

ongoing technological advancements, including the use of composite materials, are discussed

by Lowther et al. (2020). The diverse application of HEPA filters across industries, from

aerospace to nuclear sectors, is extensively examined by Lee et al. (2020), Tsoulou et al.

(2021), and Keeratiurai et al. (2016), underscoring their broad impact on managing air quality.

In the realm of 12-volt batteries widely used in automotive and portable electronics (Kelly &

Fussel, 2019), typical configurations consist of six cells, each generating approximately 2 volts,

achieving a total voltage through series connections (Xiong et al., 2018; Wanyi Zhang et al.,

2022). Lead-acid batteries, known for their reliability and cost-effectiveness across various

sectors (Chen chen et al., 2019), exemplify this setup. Advancements in lithium-ion technology,

as highlighted by Barn et al. (2018), are gaining popularity due to their remarkable energy

density. Teresa M. Mata et al. (2021) stress the importance of battery management systems in

optimizing the performance and lifespan of 12-volt batteries. Discussions on material and design
innovations for improved energy storage are presented by Dubey et al. (2021). Environmental

considerations in battery technologies, explored by Lowther et al. (2020), underscore the

necessity for sustainable solutions. Research by Lee et al. (2020) explores progress in

manufacturing processes, contributing to increased efficiency and reliability. Challenges and

opportunities in developing 12-volt batteries tailored for electric vehicles are investigated by

Tsoulou et al. (2021), while Keeratiurai et al. (2016) provide insights into the dynamic landscape

of battery technologies, emphasizing the ongoing pursuit of innovation for enhanced

performance and sustainability.

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a significant concern in educational settings, directly impacting

the health of students and educators. This study aims to address IAQ issues by developing an

integrated system designed for waste product incineration within school premises, incorporating

smoke extraction and air filtration technologies. Waste combustion often leads to indoor air

pollution, necessitating a comprehensive solution to minimize adverse effects. By examining the

design, implementation, and effectiveness of this system, the research seeks to improve IAQ,

reduce health hazards, and create a healthier learning environment. Additionally, HEPA filters

are highlighted for their crucial role in air purification, capable of removing particles as small as

0.3 micrometers, thus significantly enhancing indoor air quality and mitigating health risks

associated with airborne contaminants. In the realm of 12-volt batteries widely used in

automotive and portable electronics, advancements in lithium-ion technology are gaining

prominence due to their superior energy density. Lead-acid batteries, known for their reliability

and cost-effectiveness, represent a common configuration, while ongoing research focuses on

material and design innovations to optimize energy storage efficiency. Battery management

systems are emphasized for their role in maximizing battery performance and lifespan, with a

growing emphasis on sustainability and environmental considerations. Progress in

manufacturing processes aims to enhance efficiency and reliability, with a focus on developing
batteries tailored for electric vehicles, highlighting the continual pursuit of innovation for

improved performance and sustainability in battery technology.

Theoretical Framework

Our research endeavors to establish a robust theoretical framework for the development

of a sophisticated smoke extraction system. A meticulous exploration of five foundational air

filtration theories guides the conceptual underpinnings of this endeavor. The Sieving Theory, as

meticulously articulated by the American Filtration Society (AFS), stands as a seminal

reference, offering a nuanced understanding of the intricate mechanism’s operative in the initial

phases of filtration. This theory forms the bedrock upon which our smoke extractor's High-

Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter operates, akin to a molecular sieve. By discerningly

permitting the passage of clean air while selectively trapping particulate matter, the Sieving

Theory informs the theoretical basis and design considerations intrinsic to our innovative

system.

The Interception Theory, expounded by Hinds in his seminal work from (1999), assumes a

pivotal role in this theoretical framework. Delving into the dynamic interplay between airborne

particles and filter fibers, this theory enriches our comprehension of how our smoke extraction

system adeptly captures particles through interception. The insights gleaned from this

theoretical framework contribute substantively to the meticulous refinement of our system's

design, ensuring optimal performance and heightened efficiency. The incorporation of the

Interception Theory bridges the theoretical and applied facets of our research, thereby fostering
a system that is not only theoretically grounded but also pragmatically attuned to the

complexities inherent in particle-filtration dynamics.

In tandem with interception, the Inertial Impaction Theory, also elucidated by Hinds,

introduces a layer of intricacy to our theoretical foundation. By accentuating the impact of

particle inertia on filtration efficiency, this theory becomes integral in guiding the optimization of

the turbine within our smoke extractor. The nuanced understanding of how inertial impaction

influences particle capture contributes substantively to the refinement of the turbine's design,

thus fortifying the theoretical robustness of our research. In essence, the Inertial Impaction

Theory augments our ability to engineer a turbine that maximizes the extraction of pollutants,

aligning our research objectives with the overarching goal of achieving superior filtration

efficiency.

Our theoretical framework further incorporates the Diffusion Theory, explicated by Conner

and Kobayashi in (1998). This theory broadens our perspective on particle movement within the

HEPA filter, with a pronounced emphasis on Brownian motion. By elucidating the role of

diffusion in capturing even the minutest particles, the Diffusion Theory enhances our

understanding of the system's capability to effectively trap airborne contaminants. Moreover, the

specific reference to cannabis smoke exposure from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) adds

a layer of real-world context to our research, emphasizing the applicability and relevance of our

theoretical underpinnings in addressing health hazards associated with smoke exposure.

The fourth theoretical pillar of our framework is the Electrostatic Attraction Theory, sourced

from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This theory delves into the intricacies of
electrostatic forces in air filtration, guiding our efforts to enhance the filtration efficiency of our

system. The exploration of electrostatic attraction as a mechanism for particulate capture

underscores our commitment to a comprehensive approach that leverages both mechanical and

electrostatic filtration mechanisms. In doing so, our theoretical framework encapsulates the

multifaceted nature of air filtration, promising a comprehensive solution to the challenges posed

by airborne pollutants.

In synthesis, our research aspires to deliver a holistic smoke extraction system. The

amalgamation of a HEPA filter, complemented by a turbine driven by a Direct Current (DC)

motor powered by a 12-volt battery, represents not merely a practical application of theoretical

principles but an innovative approach that harmonizes scientific rigor with real-world efficacy.

Through this convergence of theory and application, our smoke extraction system emerges as a

paradigm of efficiency and effectiveness in mitigating the deleterious impact of airborne

pollutants, thereby setting the stage for a transformative solution in environmental health and

safety.
Conceptual Framework
 In our pursuit of developing an innovative smoke extraction system, we find invaluable

guidance in the well-established air filtration theories: Sieving Theory, Interception Theory,

Inertial Impaction Theory, Diffusion Theory, and Electrostatic Attraction Theory. To streamline our

product development process, we are fortunate to have access to existing mind maps

associated with each of these foundational theories. These visual representations offer a

comprehensive overview of the intricate relationships and interconnections within each theory,

serving as indispensable tools in navigating the complexities of air filtration dynamics.

The Sieving Theory, as articulated by the American Filtration Society (AFS), is visually

mapped to highlight the nuanced mechanisms operating in the initial phases of filtration. The

mind map provides a structured representation of how the theory informs the design of our

smoke extractor's High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter, illustrating how it functions as a

molecular sieve, selectively trapping particulate matter while allowing the passage of clean air.

Similarly, the mind map associated with the Interception Theory, expounded by Hinds,

offers a visual roadmap that enriches our comprehension of the dynamic interplay between

airborne particles and filter fibers. This visual representation becomes an essential tool in the

refinement of our system's design, ensuring that our smoke extraction system adeptly captures

particles through interception.

The Inertial Impaction Theory's mind map, also elucidated by Hinds, introduces a layer of

intricacy to our theoretical foundation by accentuating the impact of particle inertia on filtration

efficiency. This visual guide becomes integral in optimizing the turbine within our smoke

extractor, aligning with our goal of achieving superior filtration efficiency.

 Furthermore, the mind map associated with the Diffusion Theory, explicated by Conner

and Kobayashi, provides a broadened perspective on particle movement within the HEPA filter.

With a pronounced emphasis on Brownian motion, this visual representation enhances our

understanding of how diffusion captures even the minutest particles. The specific reference to

cannabis smoke exposure from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) adds a layer of real-world

context, emphasizing the theory's applicability in addressing health hazards associated with

smoke exposure.

The Electrostatic Attraction Theory's mind map, sourced from the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA), delves into the intricacies of electrostatic forces in air filtration. This

visual representation guides our efforts to enhance the filtration efficiency of our system,

showcasing the interplay between mechanical and electrostatic filtration mechanisms.

In our collaborative environment, these mind maps serve as powerful tools that facilitate a

shared understanding among our team members. By integrating theoretical foundations with

visual aids, we ensure that our product development is not only grounded in scientific rigor but

also benefits from a cohesive and collaborative approach. This synthesis of theoretical guidance

and visual representation propels our product creation, promising a meticulously crafted solution

at the intersection of theoretical excellence and applied engineering..

Research Problems

The incineration of waste in schools demands meticulous planning, strict adherence to

regulations, and a dedicated commitment to minimizing environmental impact while ensuring the

safety and well-being of the school community. This study endeavors to create a smoke suction

and air filtration device with the capability to purify the air and reduce air pollution. We will

address the following issues and questions:

1. How efficiently will the integrated smoke extractor and air filtration machine perform (Yuhua et

al., 2020) with regard to its:

 Duration of operation

 Maintenance requirements

 Overall reliability

2. What is the lifespan of the high-efficiency particulate-absorbing filter (HEPA) before

necessitating replacement or maintenance?

3. What is the dust storage capacity of the (HEPA) filter before requiring washing, and what

types of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and particulate matter (PM) can it effectively store?
Hypothesis

1. How do the dimensions of the suction tube, including its height, width, volume, and the size of

the tube hole, impact the airflow in the Integrated Smoke Extraction and Air Filtration System for

Waste Product Incineration?

2. To what extent does the (HEPA) filter demonstrate efficacy in filtering volatile organic

compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and other harmful smoke pollutants?

3. What is the typical duration for the Integrated Smoke Extraction and Air Filtration System for

Waste Product Incineration to purify smoke, transforming it into clear air?

Definition of Terms

Conceptual definitions:

Filtration – Filtration involves separating solids from liquids or gases by allowing the mixture to

pass through a medium that lets the liquid or gas through while capturing solid particles.

(American Chemical Society. 2014).

Extraction – Extraction is the process of obtaining or removing a substance from a mixture,

typically using a solvent or another selective agent. (Royal Society of Chemistry. (n.d.).
Absorption – Absorption is when one substance takes in or assimilates another substance.

(American Chemical Society. 2014).

Suction – Suction is the force created by a partial vacuum when fluid or air is removed from a

confined space, causing a pressure differential that draws in surrounding materials. (Rao, Y. F.

2018)

Diffusion – Diffusion refers to the spontaneous movement of particles from an area of higher

concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by the random motion of particles.

(Whitten, K. W., Galley, D. G., & Davis, R. E. 2009).

Electrostatic Attraction – Electrostatic attraction is the force between charged particles of

opposite polarity, drawing them together. (Khan Academy. n.d.)

Inertial Impaction – Inertial impaction involves the capturing of particles due to their inertia when

they collide with a surface, diverting them from the airflow. (Kulkarni, P., Platten, J. L., & Soo-Il

In. 2011)

Interception – Interception occurs when particles in motion are intercepted by a surface or

barrier, preventing them from continuing their path. (Hinds, W. C. 1999)

Sieving – Sieving involves separating particles based on their size using a barrier with specific

openings, allowing smaller particles to pass through while retaining larger ones. (Bhaumik, A., &

Verma, M. 2008).

Operational definition:

Filtration – In practical terms, filtration utilizes a porous medium like filter paper or a membrane

to separate solid particles from a liquid or gas mixture, allowing the liquid or gas to pass through

while retaining the solids.

Extraction – In practice, extraction involves using a solvent or selective agent to isolate a

specific substance from a mixture, often employing techniques like solvent extraction or steam

distillation.

Absorption – Operationally, absorption is evident as a material takes in another substance, often

measured by changes in the concentration or quantity of the absorbed substance within the

absorbing material.

Suction – In a practical sense, suction results from creating a partial vacuum in a confined

space, leading to the inward flow of surrounding materials. It can be measured by assessing the

pressure differential created during the removal of fluid or air.

Diffusion – In a practical sense, diffusion can be measured by observing the gradual spread of a

substance through space over time.

Electrostatic Attraction – Operationally, electrostatic attraction can be measured by assessing

the degree of particle collection on a charged surface, where opposite charges attract and hold

particles.

Inertial Impaction – In a device or system, inertial impaction can be quantified by measuring the

collection of particles on a surface as a result of their inertia during airflow.

Interception – Operationally, interception is assessed by measuring the accumulation of

particles on a surface that intercepts the particle flow.

Sieving – In a practical context, sieving is carried out by passing a mixture of particles through a

sieve and collecting the particles that either pass through or are retained.
 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

In the intricate landscape of our comprehensive research, we have judiciously embraced the

Randomized Control Trial (RCT) as the cornerstone of our methodological framework. This

meticulous and systematic approach has been strategically chosen to delve into the depths of

assessing the causal impact of a specific intervention on a meticulously defined outcome. The

randomized nature of this trial is not merely a procedural step but an indispensable element that

plays a pivotal role in ensuring the authenticity of our findings (Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., &

Campbell, D. T., 2002). By randomizing the subjects, we aim to untangle the intricacies that may

arise from pre-existing design characteristics, thus establishing a solid foundation for attributing

any observed variations in outcomes unequivocally to the intervention itself.

The strategic implementation of the RCT design goes beyond the rudimentary aspects of

experimental design; it serves as a formidable instrument to augment internal validity. This

rigorous approach acts as a bulwark against biases and confounding variables, affording us a

heightened level of confidence in the accuracy and precision of our evaluation of the

intervention's effectiveness. The choice of RCT is not arbitrary; rather, it is a deliberate

commitment to scientific rigor that ensures a meticulous exploration of causal relationships.

Furthermore, the efficacy of the RCT design extends its reach into the realms of hypothesis

testing and the extraction of causal inferences (Jadad, A. R., Moore, R. A., Carroll, D.,
Jenkinson, C., Reynolds, D. J., Gafni, A., & Devereaux, R. V., 1996). This methodological

approach, grounded in its commitment to eliminating extraneous variables and confounding

factors, stands as a beacon for evidence-based decision-making. Its versatility is evident in its

application across diverse fields, ranging from the intricate domain of healthcare to the

multifaceted landscape of social sciences. The implementation of a Randomized Control Trial, in

essence, transcends the mere adoption of a research methodology; it signifies our unwavering

dedication to a methodologically rigorous and credible investigation, laying a robust groundwork

for impactful insights across various academic and practical spheres.

Sampling Technique

Employing a prototype-based purposive sampling technique, this study seeks to

conduct a meticulous examination of the smoke-elimination apparatus's performance. The

essential components serving as participants in this research include the modified (HEPA) Filter,

the formulated filtration system prototype, Highly Efficient Particulate Absorber, one 12V Battery,

12V DC Motor, one Propeller, and a 2.5M 32mm Flexible Hose. The selection criteria are

carefully defined to encompass variations in design and functionality within each component,

forming the foundation for a detailed exploration. The systematic testing of each prototype under

controlled conditions will be undertaken to measure crucial performance metrics, including air

purification efficiency, suction power, and overall functionality. The ensuing data will offer

valuable insights into how different configurations impact the device's effectiveness. The sample

size will be determined by the number of distinct prototype variations and configurations,

ensuring a comprehensive examination of potential differences in device performance. This

prototype-based purposive sampling approach provides a focused and comprehensive strategy

for gaining a nuanced understanding of how diverse components contribute to the overall

efficacy of the smoke-elimination apparatus.

Research Prototypes

Three distinct prototypes of smoke-elimination apparatus have been conceived based

on provided materials, each tailored to different performance objectives. The first prototype,

dubbed the Enhanced Filtration Prototype, is designed to prioritize heightened filtration

capabilities. It features a modified High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter and a formulated

filtration system prototype. Sample 2, known as the Compact and Portable Prototype, maintains

core components while emphasizing portability for versatile applications. Lastly, Sample 3, titled

the Energy-Efficient and High-Performance Prototype, combines modified filtration components

with a focus on energy efficiency and overall enhanced performance. These prototypes are

equipped with essential elements including the Highly Efficient Particulate Absorber, 12V

Battery, 12V DC Motor, Propeller, and 2.5M 32mm Flexible Hose. They serve as the foundation

for systematic experimentation, aligning with the outlined sampling method and data collection

plan. The variations among the samples cater to specific performance objectives, facilitating a

comprehensive evaluation of their effectiveness in improving air quality under different

conditions. Adjustments and refinements can be iteratively implemented during the testing

phase to optimize each prototype's functionality.

The Enhanced Filtration Prototype, Sample 1, is engineered to excel in filtering out particulate

matter and contaminants from indoor air. It integrates a modified HEPA filter known for its

exceptional filtration efficiency, along with a specially formulated filtration system prototype. This

prototype aims to provide superior air purification capabilities, particularly in environments with
high levels of pollutants or allergens. By prioritizing filtration efficiency, Sample 1 seeks to offer a

solution for improving indoor air quality in settings where air pollution poses significant health

risks.

On the other hand, Sample 2, the Compact and Portable Prototype, is designed with mobility

and versatility in mind. While retaining essential components such as the Highly Efficient

Particulate Absorber and 12V DC Motor, this prototype emphasizes portability and ease of use.

Its compact size and lightweight design make it suitable for a wide range of applications, from

classrooms to office spaces to vehicles. The portability of Sample 2 allows for on-the-go air

purification, catering to environments where mobility and flexibility are paramount.

Sample 3, the Energy-Efficient and High-Performance Prototype, strikes a balance between

filtration effectiveness and energy consumption. This prototype incorporates modified filtration

components optimized for both performance and efficiency. By leveraging advanced

technologies and design principles, Sample 3 aims to deliver superior air purification while

minimizing energy usage. This makes it an ideal choice for environments where energy

efficiency is a priority, such as schools seeking to reduce their carbon footprint and operating

costs.

In conclusion, the development of these three distinct prototypes reflects a strategic approach to

addressing indoor air quality concerns through innovative design and engineering. Each

prototype offers unique advantages and caters to specific performance objectives, providing

researchers with a comprehensive toolkit for systematic experimentation. Through iterative

testing and refinement, these prototypes hold the potential to significantly improve indoor air

quality in various settings, ultimately benefiting the health and well-being of occupants.

Description of the cite

The research device is an innovative smoke suction apparatus specifically engineered to

mitigate environmental challenges arising from garbage incineration at Occidental Mamburao

National High School (OMNHS). Featuring a robust design, the device incorporates a high-

efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter to effectively capture and filter smoke particles, ensuring

the release of cleaner air into the surroundings.

At its core, a turbine mechanism, driven by a DC motor powered by a rechargeable

battery, plays a pivotal role in enhancing the device's smoke suction capabilities. This turbine

system optimizes the airflow, facilitating efficient smoke extraction and filtration. The utilization of

a HEPA filter further enhances the overall filtration process, capturing minute particles and

contaminants from the incineration process.

The apparatus is poised to undergo rigorous testing within the OMNHS environment,

where garbage incineration is prevalent. By conducting trials in this real-world setting, the

device aims to demonstrate its effectiveness in reducing air pollution and improving air quality

during waste disposal activities. The integration of sustainable power sources, such as the

battery-powered DC motor, aligns with a commitment to eco-friendly solutions, making the

research device a promising tool for addressing air quality concerns associated with waste

management practices.

Research Instruments

To comprehensively gather data on the performance of the smoke-elimination apparatus,

a suite of essential instruments is proposed. An air quality monitor will establish baseline

parameters, facilitating a comparative analysis of the apparatus's impact. An anemometer will

measure air velocity, crucial for assessing suction power. A particle counter will categorize

airborne particles, providing insights into the efficiency of the filtration system. A pressure gauge

will monitor air pressure changes, contributing to the overall assessment of the apparatus's

functionality. A data logger will ensure the systematic recording of data from various sensors

and instruments, creating a comprehensive record of performance metrics over time. Visual

documentation will be facilitated by a camera or video recorder, aiding in qualitative analyses of

the apparatus in operation. The testing enclosure will provide a controlled environment for

consistent experimental conditions. A battery voltage tester will verify the stability and efficiency

of the power supply. Calibration tools will be employed periodically to maintain the accuracy of

sensors and measurement devices. If human participants are involved, a structured

questionnaire or interview protocol will capture qualitative insights into user experiences and

perceptions. This diverse array of instruments collectively forms a robust methodology for a

thorough and multidimensional assessment of the smoke-elimination apparatus's performance.

1. Air Quality Monitor Device – A tool designed to measure and assess the levels of various

pollutants in the air. These devices typically measure parameters such as particulate matter,

gases like carbon dioxide and ozone, as well as other pollutants that can impact air quality. They

provide real-time data to help individuals, communities, or authorities understand and respond

to air pollution levels.

Figure 1

2. Anemometer – An anemometer is a device solely dedicated to measuring wind speed. It

typically consists of rotating cups or blades that capture the wind's force, translating it into a

measurable speed reading.

 Figure 2

3. Vacuum - A vacuum gauge is an instrument used to measure the level of vacuum (the

absence of air or other gases) in a closed system. It typically consists of a pressure sensor or

gauge connected to the system being measured, along with a display that indicates the level of

vacuum

Figure 3

4. Camera - A cell phone is a handheld electronic device equipped with a camera and video

recording capabilities, allowing users to capture moments, events, and scenes in both still

image and video formats.

 Figure 4

5. Voltage Tester - A voltage tester is a handheld tool used to determine the presence and level

of electrical voltage in a circuit or electrical device.

Figure 5

Data collection

The data collection process outlined integrates a sophisticated array of instruments

essential for a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of three distinct air filtration system

samples. The systematic stages commence with precise equipment calibration, setting the
foundation for meticulous assembly of each sample configuration, which includes Highly

Efficient Particulate Absorbers, 12V Batteries, 12V DC Motors, Propellers, and 2.5M 32Mm

Flexible EVA Hose Tube Pipes. In the controlled environment where experiments unfold,

baseline measurements are conducted to establish initial air quality conditions. The activation of

each sample initiates the systematic collection of air samples at specified intervals, capturing

concentrations of Small Particulate Matters (PM) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). This

elaborate process is iteratively conducted through multiple trials for Sample 1, Sample 2, and

Sample 3, ensuring the reliability and consistency of results across diverse configurations.

The recorded data spans critical variables, including time, air volume processed, and

concentration reduction, providing a comprehensive dataset for subsequent analysis. Following

the data collection phase, inferential statistical analysis is systematically applied to interpret the

results, facilitating a rigorous comparative assessment of the efficacy of each sample

configuration. This structured approach, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative

dimensions, aims to unveil nuanced insights into the performance of the air filtration system

under varied conditions. The results obtained through this meticulous methodology are

anticipated to contribute valuable information for the optimization of air filtration systems,

ultimately enhancing environmental and health outcomes.

In conjunction with the aforementioned data collection process, a suite of instruments

has been carefully selected to augment the depth of the evaluation. An air quality monitor

establishes a baseline, while an anemometer and particle counter contribute vital data on air

velocity and particle concentration. The integration of a pressure gauge ensures the meticulous

monitoring of air pressure changes, providing additional context to the apparatus's functionality.
Temperature and humidity sensors offer insights into environmental influences. A data logger

systematically records information from these instruments, and visual documentation via a

camera or video recorder adds a qualitative dimension to the assessment. The controlled

testing environment, facilitated by a testing enclosure, ensures consistency in experimental

conditions. Furthermore, periodic calibration with dedicated tools safeguards the accuracy of

measurements. These additional layers of instrumentation fortify the robustness of the

methodology, fostering a comprehensive understanding of the smoke-elimination apparatus's

performance under diverse configurations. The multifaceted approach adopted in this study

aims to uncover not only quantitative metrics but also qualitative aspects, creating a holistic

narrative of the apparatus's effectiveness.

Data Analysis

The analysis of the meticulously collected data follows a systematic and multifaceted

approach to unravel the intricacies of the smoke-elimination apparatus's performance under

diverse configurations. Beginning with descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency and

dispersion provide an initial overview, setting the stage for a comprehensive understanding.

Time-series analysis tracks trends and variations in air quality parameters over the course of

experiments, offering a dynamic perspective on the apparatus's performance. A comparative

analysis across Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3 delves into key metrics, such as air volume

processed, concentration reduction, and operational efficiency, seeking patterns and

differences. Inferential statistical tests validate observed variations, while correlation analysis

explores relationships between variables, linking operational factors to air quality outcomes.

Qualitative data from user experiences further enriches the analysis. Visual representations aid
in illustrating trends and patterns, enhancing the interpretability of complex datasets. Sensitivity

analysis identifies critical variables influencing apparatus efficacy, contributing to a nuanced

understanding. The synthesis of findings and recommendations for optimization conclude the

analytical journey, offering insights into potential enhancements for the apparatus's design and

operation to elevate environmental and health outcomes.

The analytical process extends to a deeper exploration through sensitivity analysis’

scrutinizing how variations in specific variables or parameters influence the overall performance

of the smoke-elimination apparatus. This nuanced examination identifies critical factors that play

pivotal roles in shaping the apparatus’s efficacy under different conditions. The outcomes of this

sensitivity analysis contribute valuable insights into the apparatus’s robustness and its potential

susceptibility to variations in key parameters. This knowledge is instrumental for fine-tuning and

optimizing the apparatus’s design, components, or operational aspects, ensuring a heightened

adaptability to diverse environmental scenarios. By gaining a profound understanding of

sensitivity, the analysis becomes a strategic tool for refining the apparatus’s capabilities and

fortifying its performance against potential challenges or variations in real-world usage. This in-

depth exploration adds a layer of precision to the overall analysis, paving the way for informed

and targeted recommendations for further refinement.

Ethical Considerations

In recent years, there has been a growing concern regarding indoor air quality in educational

institutions, particularly schools. Poor indoor air quality can have detrimental effects on students'

health, academic performance, and overall well-being. In response to this issue, researchers
have been exploring innovative solutions to enhance indoor air quality, one of which involves the

implementation of an integrated smoke extraction and air filtration system for waste product

incineration. While such research holds the promise of addressing a critical public health

concern, it is imperative to recognize and address the ethical considerations inherent in

conducting studies of this nature. This essay will delve into the crucial ethical considerations

surrounding the research on enhancing indoor air quality in schools, focusing on aspects such

as informed consent, participant safety, privacy, equity, and community engagement.

Informed consent is a fundamental principle in research ethics, emphasizing the importance of

respecting individuals' autonomy and right to make informed decisions about their participation

in research. In the context of the study on indoor air quality enhancement in schools, obtaining

informed consent from all participants is essential. This includes not only students and teachers

who may be directly involved in the study but also other stakeholders such as school

administrators, parents, and community members.

To ensure informed consent, researchers must provide participants with comprehensive

information about the nature and purpose of the study, potential risks and benefits, procedures

involved, and their rights as participants. Given the potential risks associated with prototype

testing and exposure to potentially harmful substances, such as those involved in waste product

incineration, it is crucial to convey this information clearly and transparently. Additionally,

participants should be informed about their right to withdraw from the study at any time without

repercussions.
Ensuring the safety of participants is paramount in any research endeavor, particularly when it

involves potential risks to their health and well-being. In the case of the study on indoor air

quality enhancement, researchers must take meticulous measures to mitigate risks associated

with prototype testing and exposure to pollutants. This may include implementing strict safety

protocols, providing appropriate protective gear, and monitoring participants for any signs of

adverse effects.

Furthermore, researchers should conduct thorough risk assessments prior to initiating the study

and continuously monitor conditions throughout its duration. Any potential hazards should be

promptly addressed, and adjustments made to minimize risks to participants. Additionally,

researchers should be prepared to provide medical assistance or support services in the event

of any adverse incidents.

Protecting the privacy and confidentiality of participants is essential for upholding their trust and

maintaining the integrity of the research process. In the context of the study on indoor air quality

enhancement, researchers must implement robust measures to safeguard the privacy of

participants' personal information and research data.

This may involve anonymizing data whenever possible to prevent the identification of individual

participants. Researchers should also limit access to sensitive information to authorized

personnel only and ensure that data storage and transmission methods comply with relevant

privacy regulations and standards.

Moreover, researchers must obtain explicit consent from participants before collecting any

personally identifiable information and clearly communicate how their data will be used, stored,

and protected. Any breaches of privacy or confidentiality must be promptly addressed, and

appropriate measures taken to mitigate any harm or damage caused.

Ensuring equitable participation in research is essential for upholding ethical principles and

promoting social justice. In the context of the study on indoor air quality enhancement,

researchers must strive to include participants from diverse backgrounds and ensure that all

individuals have an equal opportunity to participate.

This requires proactive efforts to identify and address barriers to participation, such as language

barriers, socioeconomic disparities, or cultural differences. Researchers should adopt inclusive

recruitment strategies and provide accommodations as needed to ensure that all individuals can

effectively engage in the research process.

Moreover, researchers must be vigilant against discrimination and bias in all aspects of the

study, from participant recruitment to data analysis and interpretation. Any instances of

discrimination or bias must be promptly addressed, and corrective actions taken to rectify the

situation.
Active community engagement is essential for fostering trust, transparency, and accountability

in research endeavors. In the context of the study on indoor air quality enhancement,

researchers must engage with the school community and other relevant stakeholders from the

outset to ensure their involvement and input throughout the research process.

This may involve establishing advisory committees or working groups comprised of

representatives from the school administration, faculty, parents, students, and community

organizations. These groups can provide valuable insights, feedback, and perspectives on the

research design, implementation, and outcomes.

Furthermore, researchers should strive to communicate their findings in a clear, accessible

manner and actively solicit feedback from the community on how best to translate research

findings into actionable recommendations or interventions. By engaging stakeholders in

meaningful dialogue and collaboration, researchers can build trust, foster mutual respect, and

ensure that the research benefits the broader community.

In conclusion, the research on enhancing indoor air quality in schools holds significant promise

for addressing a critical public health concern. However, it is essential to recognize and address
the ethical considerations inherent in conducting such research. By upholding principles such as

informed consent, participant safety, privacy, equity, and community engagement, researchers

can ensure that their studies are conducted ethically and responsibly, ultimately benefiting the

well-being and rights of all participants and fostering a sense of inclusivity and respect within the

school community.

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